The isotopic composition (δ18 О, δ 2 Н) of ice sampled during core drilling of a glacier in the crater of the Ushkovsky volcano in the summer of 2022 (new core) was studied. The ice core 14 m long dates from 2006 to 2022 and covers 16 years of accumulation. The values of δ18 О and δ2 Н of the ice vary from −16 to −24‰ and from −110.5 to −177.7‰ at average values of −20.5 and −150.2‰, respectively. The deuterium excess varies in depth from 8.7 to 21.3‰ at an average value of 13.7‰. In the isotope diagram, the values of δ18 О and δ2 Н form a linear trend described by the equation δ2 Н = 7.47 × δ18 О + 2.9 (R² = 0.98), the slope of the line, different from the global meteoric water line, reflects the mixing of summer and winter precipitation. Ice formed by summer precipitation has high values of δ18 О (δ 2 Н) against a background of low d-excess, while ice of the winter season, on the contrary, has low values of δ18 О (δ 2 Н) and high d-excess. Changes in the values of δ18 O and δ 2 H of ice in depth proceed in antiphase with changes in d-excess, which reflects the dominant role of seasonal accumulation in the formation of the isotope record. The differences in the average values of δ18 O and δ 2 H of the ice from the new core and similar values of ice from the core previously taken in the same crater of the Ushkovsky volcano are due to a change in the structure of the glacier’s alimentation – an increase in the amount of precipitation in the summer-spring season and a decrease in precipitation in the winter period. In addition to changes in the proportion of accumulation of the seasonal precipitation, the isotopic composition of ice is influenced by changes in the source of water vapor, from where air masses bring precipitation to Kamchatka. The use of the d-excess value allowed us to establish that the isotopic parameters of the ice of 2011−2012 and 2021−2022 annual layers were influenced by a pronounced positive anomaly in ocean surface temperatures, which is confirmed by HadSST observations. Thus, the isotopic parameters of glacial ice may serve as an indicator of climate change in the Pacific region.

The isotopic signature (δ18О, δ2Н, d-excess) of the glacier ice in Ushkovskii volcano (Kamchatka Peninsula) was studied. A new shallow ice core was obtained in 2022 in the Gorshkov crater. The 14 m long ice core was dated by counting the annual layers, which were also compared with known eruptions in recent years. The upper 14 m of the glacier were formed over the last 16 years (from 2006 to 2022). The values of δ18О vary from −16 to −24‰, and the values of δ2Н, from −110.5 to −177.7‰, while the mean values are −20.5 and −150.2‰, respectively. The d-excess values vary with depth from 8.7 to 21.3‰ at a mean value of 13.7‰. For winter horizons at low values of δ18О and δ2Н, an increase in d-excess is noted. Such features are associated with the origin of moisture brought to Kamchatka. The source of moisture is the Pacific Ocean, the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Sea of Japan, for which there are pronounced differences in the conditions of moisture evaporation between summer and winter. The trends of increases in the δ18О and δ2Н values from 2006 to 2022 are accompanied by a decrease in the deuterium excess, indicating an increase in summer precipitation. However, in addition to changes in the seasonal proportions of precipitation, the d-excess values of ice may reflect climatic changes in the source of moisture.

In this study, we adapted the ECOMAG model of the runoff formation for analysis of the Terek River basin using comprehensive hydrometeorological information as well as data on soils, landscape, and glaciation. To take account of regional characteristics of the glaciation, the additional ice module was used with the model. This improvement has resulted in a satisfactory agreement between the modeled runoff hydrographs and the observed ones. In our simulations we used the updated glacier cover predictions from the- global glaciological model GloGEMflowdebris together with regional climate projections from the CORDEX experiment to determine possible future changes in the Terek River flow in the 21st century. The results show that the runoff will change between −2% and +5% according to the RCP2.6 scenario, and from −8% to +14% in the RCP8.5 scenario. The directedness of the runoff changes in particular subbasins of the River will essentially depend on the altitude position of the snow and glacier feeding zones, that is responsible for the intensity of their degradation. Thus, in the RCP8.5 scenario, the flow of the Chegem River will begin to decrease significantly in the second half of the 21st century. In contrast, the predicted increasing of the runoff in Malka and Baksan rivers, which are primarily fed by meltwater from glaciers and snow on Elbrus and other high-mountain zones, is expected to be continued until the end of the century. But this increase may be caused only by a growth of a part of the snowmelt feeding due to greater winter precipitation. The model estimates confirm the present-day observed trends within the intra-annual runoff distribution, demonstrating the earlier start of the spring flood, a decrease in summer runoff volumes and then its increase in the autumn months. The results of the research may be used for more efficient management of water resources in the North Caucasus in the future, including electricity generation and water supply.

The isotopic composition (delta(18)& Ocy;, delta(2)& Ncy;) of ice sampled during core drilling of a glacier in the crater of the Ushkovsky volcano in the summer of 2022 (new core) was studied. The ice core 14 m long dates from 2006 to 2022 and covers 16 years of accumulation. The values of delta(18)& Ocy; and delta(2)& Ncy; of the ice vary from -16 to -24% and from -110.5 to -177.7% at average values of -20.5 and -150.2%, respectively. The deuterium excess varies in depth from 8.7 to 21.3% at an average value of 13.7%. In the isotope diagram, the values of delta(18)& Ocy; and delta(2)& Ncy; form a linear trend described by the equation delta(2)& Ncy; = 7.47 x delta(18)& Ocy; + 2.9 (R-2 = 0.98), the slope of the line, different from the global meteoric water line, reflects the mixing of summer and winter precipitation. Ice formed by summer precipitation has high values of delta(18)& Ocy; (delta(2)& Ncy;) against a background of low d-excess, while ice of the winter season, on the contrary, has low values of delta(18)& Ocy; (delta(2)& Ncy;) and high d-excess. Changes in the values of delta O-18 and delta H-2 of ice in depth proceed in antiphase with changes in d-excess, which reflects the dominant role of seasonal accumulation in the formation of the isotope record. The differences in the average values of delta O-18 and delta H-2 of the ice from the new core and similar values of ice from the core previously taken in the same crater of the Ushkovsky volcano are due to a change in the structure of the glacier's alimentation - an increase in the amount of precipitation in the summer-spring season and a decrease in precipitation in the winter period. In addition to changes in the proportion of accumulation of the seasonal precipitation, the isotopic composition of ice is influenced by changes in the source of water vapor, from where air masses bring precipitation to Kamchatka. The use of the d-excess value allowed us to establish that the isotopic parameters of the ice of 2011-2012 and 2021-2022 annual layers were influenced by a pronounced positive anomaly in ocean surface temperatures, which is confirmed by HadSST observations. Thus, the isotopic parameters of glacial ice may serve as an indicator of climate change in the Pacific region.

The reduction in the area and volume of glaciation in all mountain regions of the Earth has strongly accelerated for the last decades. In this work, we analysed the trends of the main climatic parameters which caused the glacier recession in the Kamchatka Peninsula. It was shown that the glaciers of the northern part of the Sredinny Range decreased by 125 km2 (35.6%) from 1950 to 2016-2017. The average rate of their reduction in the period from 2002 to 2016-2017 (1.45%/year) increased approximately 4.3 times compared to the period 1950-2002 (0.34%/year). The greatest reduction is observed in small glaciers with an area of less than 0.1 km2 and in glaciers with southeastern and southern expositions. On the Kronotsky Peninsula, the glacier area reduction for 1957-2019 was equal to 32.1 km2 (35.6%), and the rates were almost the same in the periods of 1957-2000 (0.61%/year) and 2000-2019 (0.67%/year). According to the data of weather stations and ERA5 reanalysis, it was shown that, in the ablation (summer) period the warming rate was minimal (0.3 degrees C/10 years) and in the accumulation period a significant decrease in precipitation (5%-10%/10 years) was revealed in some areas. At the same time, a significant increase in the radiation balance was revealed in the warm season along with a tendency in downward shortwave radiation increase for the last two decades due to a decrease in cloud amount. These trends are in good agreement with the growth of the geopotential height over the North Pacific during the warm season in the 21st century, and with the growth of velocity divergence in the middle troposphere and the intensification of downward air movements. All this confirms an increase in anticyclone frequency in the warm season, which could be the cause of a radiation balance increase and, consequently, an increase in glacier ablation. Kamchatka glaciers shrank significantly in recent decades: the glacier area of the northern part of the Middle Range (NpMR) and Kronotsky Peninsula (KP) decreased by 35.6% from the middle of the XX century. The most likely reasons for this strong reduction are the winter precipitation decrease and surface radiation balance increase in the warm season (May-September), partly due to the cloud cover decrease, associated with the anticyclone's frequency increase in the North Pacific region at the beginning of the XXI century.image

New estimates of the glaciation in the Taimyr Peninsula were obtained on the basis of the satellite data. The glaciation of the Byrranga Mountains was analyzed. These are the northernmost continental mountain glaciers, represented mainly by small forms of glaciation. They were in a relatively stable state until the end of the 20th century, but by 2003 the total area of them had decreased by 17% (Landsat images) compared to the USSR Catalog of Glaciers (1967). And even more (by 35–46%), of their area had decreased by 2022 (Sentinel-2) (CORONA images, 1966) in different basins that have been determined for all groups of glaciers. The use of the ArcticDEM database made it possible to correct the boundaries of the ice divides between the glaciers in the center of the glaciation. If we compare the results of 2022 with the 1967 Catalog, the contraction becomes more intensive – from 48.8 to 56%. Accordingly, the comparison with the Corona images of 1966 demonstrated a certain discrepancy with data of the 1967 Catalog – from 3 to 20% for different basins. Estimates of climatic changes in this region have been made, against the background of which the Byrranga glaciers are shrinking. The most intensive warming in Russia occurred here, on the Taimyr, during the period 1966–2021. The average annual air temperature had risen by 4–5 °C, but in summer the rate of warming was 2 times lower than the annual means. This means that in addition to the air temperature rise, other factors contribute to the accelerated melting of the glaciers. Thus, according to the ERA5-Land reanalysis, a significant increase in the radiation balance was identified (up to 3 W/m2/10 years, which for the period 1966–2021 amounted to 5% of the regional mean), which probably occurred due to a decrease in the surface albedo.

Downward long-wave radiation plays a significant role in the formation of the net radiation regime on the surface of a mountain glacier. For this reason, it should be taken into account in glaciological calculations, especially in the warm period of the year, during the melting season. Glaciological models often ignore particular components of the long-wave radiation flux, for example, radiation reflected from the mountain slopes surrounding the glacier. The choice of the algorithm for parameterization of downward radiation and cloudiness affects the accuracy of model calculations. In the article, we analyze the well-known parameterization algorithms for atmospheric downward radiation from the point of view of their applicability in glaciological modeling in a specific geographical region, in the Inner Tien Shan. The results of calculation are compared with the measurements on the Karabatkak glacier (the northern slope of the Terskey Ala-Too ridge). We substantiate the choice of algorithms simple cloud parameterization scheme and consider the influence of the surrounding relief.

Solar irradiance is the most important factor which determines the thermal conditions of mountain glaciers. We use trigonometric formulae to calculate direct solar radiation incoming on any arbitrary oriented surface under the condition of absence of the atmosphere. Shading effect from the surrounding relief can also be evaluated rather precisely. Nevertheless, in order to obtain correct results, it is necessary to take into account atmospheric transmissivity, diffuse radiation, and influence of cloudiness. The paper presents a model for calculation of shortwave radiation, utilizing up-to-date data on the atmospheric composition and schemes for parameterization of the atmospheric transmissivity, which have never been implemented in glaciological applications before. Validation of the model was carried out using observational data on the global radiation on two weather stations established on Karabatkak glacier (Inner Tien Shan).

Extreme precipitation in summer is classified in terms of belonging to the certain baseline probability distribution. The Pareto distribution can be used as its approximation. Events deviating from the baseline distribution are represented by the largest daily total precipitation. For them, the compliance with the probability (or the average repetition time) is completely lost, that is, any anomalies can occur, but they do not exceed some limit values typical of the Arctic. Thus, for the entire set of extremes, a specific distribution law of random variables can be introduced, that describes anomalies not exceeding certain absolute values; the presence of the boundary is felt only when approaching it. For 50 analyzed years at each station in the European Arctic, approximately four such anomalies were recorded. Synoptic objects in which super-large precipitation anomalies occur are determined: these are cyclones or pressure troughs with high water vapor content in the air (exceeding ~25 kg/m2) and with mesoscale systems embedded into the fronts, which are characterized by the vertical wind shear.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ТЕМПЕРАТУРНОГО РЕЖИМА У ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ЗЕМНОГО ШАРА В 2019 году

High-quality prognostic fields of meteorological parameters with high spatial resolution are needed for good prediction of glaciers geometry and volume in the Caucasus region. Appropriate source of such data is a subset of regional climate model calculations. In this study, the surface air temperature and monthly precipitation sums in the Caucasus region calculated by the regional climate model SMHI RCA4 from CORDEX experiment for historical (1971-2000) and 2 prognostic periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2100) are considered. Model data for the historical period were compared with the gridded observational dataset CRU TS v4.04.

The study analyzes modern climate change based on the data of the climate monitoring performed by the Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology. A brief description of the surface climate monitoring database and its real-time updating is given. Changes in surface temperature over the Earth's land with detailing over the territory of Russia and its regions, as well as changes in the precipitation regime in Russia during the period of modern warming are considered. Changes in the statistics of temperature extremes in Russia are analyzed. Some extreme summer seasons are characterized in terms of accompanying their circulation conditions.

The urban heat island (UHI) in Moscow was for the first time studied not only at the ground air level, but also at different heights, depths and on the surface using stationary, radiosonde and satellite data. Long-term dynamics of the UHI intensity in the ground air layer has been estimated since the end of the 19th century both as traditional 'maximal intensity' (the difference between the city centre and rural zone), and as 'average intensity' (the difference between all urban and all rural stations). In recent years they have been 2.0 and 1.0 degrees C, respectively. The quasi-stabilization of both parameters in the second half of the 20th century was probably the result of extensive city growth at that time; the new increase in the UHI intensity seems to be connected with the densification of urban development and heat sources in the last 20 years. The mean daily vertical extension of the UHI in the atmosphere is approximately 300 m. In the upper soil layer (up to 160 cm deep) the maximal UHI intensity was about 1.6-1.7 degrees C half a century ago. The average UHI intensity at the field of the surface temperature in recent years is 2.7 degrees C.

В зависимости от конфигурации окружающего рельефа лавинное питание может играть существенную роль в динамике горного ледника.Лавины также являются причиной перемещения массы снега и внутри границ ледника.В этом случае перемещения массы из-за границ ледника не происходит, однако меняются физические свойства поверхности и толщина снежного покрова на отдельных участках ледника, что оказывает воздействие на формирование поверхностного баланса массы ледника, и следовательно, в определенной степени меняет его динамический режим.Для формализации лавинного

Одна из ключевых проблем в математическом моделировании динамики горных ледников заключается в корректном расчете накопления и перераспределения твердых осадков.Хотя эти процессы достаточно хорошо изучены, однако применяемые в настоящее время методы приложимы, главным образом, к краткосрочным прогнозам.В статье рассмотрен расчетный алгоритм описания переноса и накопления снега для последующего включения в модель поверхностного баланса массы горного ледника для построения долгосрочных проекций эволюции горного оледенения.Алгоритм основан на

Резюме.Анализируются данные о температурном режиме у поверхности Земного шара в 2017 году и его изменчивости за 1901-2017 гг.Рассматриваются аномалии приповерхностной температуры и ее тренды на различных временных и пространственных масштабах -от глобального до локального, на континентах и акваториях океанов.Показано, что в целом по Земному шару и в Северном полушарии 2017 г. вошел в тройку самых теплых лет в истории наблюдений (вместе с лидирующими 2016 и 2015 гг.).В Южном полушарии 2017 г. оказался первым (самым теплым) по температуре приземного воздуха над сушей, но по температуре

В настоящей работе исследуются характеристики ледника Джанкуат (площадь, объем, толщина льда) при изменении двух переменных -температуры воздуха и осадков.В ходе численных экспериментов, длительностью 150 модельных лет, были получены равновесные конфигурации ледника.Была подтверждена высокая чувствительность ледника к повышению температуры и несколько меньшая -к сокращению общего количества

Considerable areas on the surface of valley and complex valley glaciers in Central Caucasus are covered with debris.In order to correctly carry out prognostic calculations of glacial run-off, it is necessary to account for amplifying or insulating role of the debris layer (dependently on the thickness of the latter).We focus our study on Djankuat glacier, which is a typical one in the region because of its morphometrical properties.Besides, a map of debris thickness was built for Djankuat.We elaborated a special model block and carried out numerical experiments with real climatic conditions.Insulating role of the debris layer was confirmed.On average melting rate under debris cover reduced by the factor of two.