Background. The role of autophagy markers in prostate tumor recurrence has not been sufficiently investigated. We hypothesized that autophagy activation may be one mechanism by which prostate cancer cells survive exposure to high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Aim. To compare tissue expression of autophagic LC3B marker in prostate biopsies before and after treatment of localized prostate cancer by HIFU ablation. Materials and methods. 45 patients with localized morphologically confirmed prostate cancer were examined: group 1 – 25 patients of 65.6 ± 8.4 years without signs of recurrence or progression of the disease; group 2 – 20 patients of 67.5 ± 7.9 years with tumor recurrence proven during morphological examination. Immunohistochemical examination was performed by streptavidin-biotin method. In all cases, Anti-LC3B antibody ab48394 was used. The reaction results were quantified using the Histochemical score (Hs) system. Results. Prior to treatment, all patients of group 1 showed moderate cytoplasmic expression (Hs = 111 [111; 115]) of antibodies against LC3B in prostate adenocarcinoma cells, 5 % of patients – weak cytoplasmic expression in muscle connective stromal cells (Hs = 47 [43; 50]), 10 % of patients – weak positive LC3B reaction in the vessel wall (Hs = 28 [20; 35]). After treatment, the expression of LC3B in adenocarcinoma cells became negative, in the cytoplasm of muscle connective stromal cells weak (Hs = 75 [67.5; 80.0]), in the endothelium of the vascular wall even weaker (Hs = 55 [45.5; 60.0]) ( p <0.001). Prior to treatment in group 2, LC3B expression in tumor tissue was moderate in 89 % of patients (Hs = 151.5 [137.5; 160.0]), weak in muscle connective stromal cells in 12 % of patients (Hs = 44 [35; 51.5]), and weak in the vascular wall in 5 % of patients (Hs = 30 [25; 35]). After treatment, LC3B expression in adenocarcinoma cells became pronounced (Hs = 260 [250; 285]), in muscle connective stromal cells – moderate (Hs = 118 [100; 130]), in the vascular wall – weak (Hs = 45 [30; 55]) ( p <0.001). There was a significant correlation between tumor recurrence and LC3B overexpression (r = 0.51; p <0.001). Conclusion. The development of prostate cancer recurrence is associated with increased expression of autophagic LC3B protein. Increased LC3B expression, which is interpreted as evidence of autophagy activation and correlates with the risk of disease progression, is used by the tumor as an oncogenic advantage.

КОРРЕЛЯЦИИ ДИАМЕТРОВ СТРУКТУР МИКРОСОСУДИСТОГО РУСЛА МИОКАРДА1 Малыхина Т.В., 2 Музурова Л.В., 2 Фомкина О.А., 2 Гладилин Ю

ТИПОВАЯ И БИЛАТЕРАЛЬНАЯ ВАРИАБЕЛЬНОСТЬ ЛИНЕЙНЫХ РАЗМЕРОВ КЛЫКОВОЙ ЯМКИ У МУЖЧИНГалактионова Н.А., Анисимова Е

ВАРИАНТЫ АРТЕРИАЛЬНОГО КРУГА БОЛЬШОГО МОЗГА МУЖЧИН И ЖЕНЩИН В СВЯЗИ С МАССОЙ ГОЛОВНОГО МОЗГА И ТИПОМ ТЕЛОСЛОЖЕНИЯГладилин Ю.А. 1 , Фомкина О

УДК 611.94 ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНАЯ ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТЬ ДЛИНЫ ТЕЛА, ДЛИНЫ ТУЛОВИЩА И ЕГО ОТДЕЛОВ У ЮНОШЕЙ 17-19 ЛЕТ С РАЗЛИЧНЫМИ СОМАТОТИПАМИ Музурова Л.В., Фомкина О

Background. The morphometric parameters of the cerebral cortex area on the upper surface of the temporal lobe, located between the transverse temporal bends and the end of the lateral groove of the cerebrum in this area of the temporal lobe, have been poorly studied by anatomists. The lateral sulcus is anatomically closely connected with the middle cerebral artery, which must be taken into account in the surgical treatment of intracerebral islet tumors. The anatomy of the lateral sulcus is also of great importance for angiography. The purpose of this research is to identify sexual, bilateral and age-related variability in the length of the sulcus lateralis (SL), the length and width of the operculum temporale (OT) in adults. Material and methods. 79 formalin-fixed encephalon preparations obtained in autopsy of 60 men and 19 women aged 22–73 years were examined. The study material is divided into 3 age groups: 1st and 2nd periods of mature and old age. Results and conclusions. The length of the SL does not differ between men and women (p > 0.05). The left SL in men is 12.5 % longer, in women 13.7 % (p < 0.001–0.05) longer than the right. In the 1st mature age period, the left SL is longer – by 13.9 %; in the 2nd period of maturity – by 11.4 %; in the elderly, it is 2.2 % shorter than the right (p < 0.001–0.05). No significant age differences were recorded. The width of OT in men is 8 % more (p < 0.05). No significant bilateral differences were found in men and women as well as in the age groups studied. In the 2nd maturity period, it is 9.0 %, and in old age it is 16.8 % already than in the 1st maturity period (p < 0.05). The length of OT does not differ between men and women (p > 0.05). Left OT is longer than right in men by 50.0 %, in women by (28.7 %) (p < 0.001–0.05). The left OT is longer than the right in the 1st mature age period – by 44.4 %; in the 2nd mature age period – by 54.7 % (p < 0.001–0.05). No significant age differences were recorded.

Background. To determine the morphometric parameters of the lower jaw and evaluate their relationship with the circumference of the skull in adults. Materials and methods. The study material was 187 skulls from the collection of the Department of Human Anatomy of the Saratov State Medical University named after V. I. Razumovsky. The skull circumference and the following linear dimensions of the lower jaw were measured: length, condylar and angular widths, the distance between the mental foramens. The material was processed using variation statistics, correlation and regression analyzes. Results and conclusions. Average data were obtained of the skull circumference and lower jaw parameters, a statistically significant predominance of all these parameters in men was proved by 3,2–10,5% (p<0,05). The condylar and angular widths refer to the distance between the mental foramens in men as 2,6:2, 3:1; in women as 2,6:2, 2:1. The ratio of the condylar width to the angular width of the mandible in men is 1,15; in women – 1,22. Correlations of moderate strength were revealed: the length of the lower jaw with the skull circumference, the angular width and the distance between the mental foramens; angular and condylar widths. On the grounds of statistically significant correlations, empirical linear regression equations were obtained to calculate the length of the lower jaw and the distance between the mental foramens.

OBJECTIVE:To study the survival rate of patients without biochemical recurrence according to the Stuttgart and Phoenix criteria in terms of their correlation with four different PSA nadir values as predictors of clinical recurrence in patients with localized prostate cancer who underwent total HIFU prostate ablation.MATERIAL AND METHODS:The object of the study was patients with morphologically proven localized RP by biopsy results, who were treated with prostate cancer by HIFU ablation on the Ablatherm Integrated Imaging apparatus (EDAP TMS, France). The study included 658 patients in whom HIFU ablation was used as primary treatment of localized prostate cancer (stages T1 - T2) without previous use of other methods (hormonal, radiation therapy) For the analysis, a continuous sample of patients was selected, which were divided into four groups depending on the PSA nadir level: less or equal 0.2 ng / ml (1 group), 0.21-0.5 ng / ml (group 2), 0.51-1 ng / ml (group 3) and> 1 ng / ml (group 4). sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and 5-year biochemical relapse-free survival according to the Stuttgart definition and the Phoenix definition in the PSA nadir groups.RESULTS:The median (range) of the observation period for the patients was 5.3 (3-7) years, the mean time to reaching PSA nadir was 14.5+/-2.6 weeks. PSA nadirs less or equal 0.2, 0.21-0.5, 0.51-1.0 and > 1 ng/ml were achieved in 231 (35.1%), 132 (20.0%), 105 (15, 9%) and 190 (28.8%) patients, respectively. Survival without biochemical relapse in accordance with the Stuttgart definition in the four groups allocated for the PSA nadir was 82, 65, 43 and 32%, respectively (p<0.001), according to the Phoenix definition - 94, 74, 66 and 47% (p<0.001) respectively. According to the results of the control biopsy, 601 (91.3%) patients in the 1st and 2nd groups had a negative oncological status (approximately 85%).CONCLUSION:This study confirms that PSA nadir after HIFU ablation predicts biochemical recurrence-free survival and is a reliable marker that is easy to integrate into routine clinical practice.

Numerous studies have shown that morphological parameters of aneurysms are associated with their rupture.However, literature data on the values of these parameters vary significantly.The objective of this study is to identify image-based morphological parameter values which correlate with cerebral aneurysm rupture and can be used during preoperative planning to detect aneurysms prone to rupture.Mean values of the morphological factors such as aspect ratio and size ratio were chosen from the literature.These factors were sampled for ruptured and unruptured aneurysms.Statistical analysis of these factors was performed.Statistically significant differences were obtained between mean values in samples of size ratio and aspect ratio for ruptured and unruptured aneurysms.There were no statistically confirmed differences between size ratios for ruptured and unruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysms.In contrast, such differences were revealed for both of examined parameters for posterior communicating artery and middle cerebral artery.ROC analysis revealed critical values of aspect ratio and size ratio which distinguish ruptured aneurysms from unruptured ones.High correlation was obtained between size ratio and aspect ratio.Mean values of aspect ratio and size ratio published in recent articles are smaller than the values published 10-15 years ago.Diagram size ratioaspect ratio showed threshold value of aspect ratio.It was shown that among considered morphological factors, aspect ratio was meaningful.Moreover, aspect ratio correlates with size ratio, and therefore we assume that size ratio is redundant.The obtained criterion value of AR = 1.2 in our opinion is logical.It was also confirmed by ROC analysis.

The aim of research - to identify the features of the biomechanical parameters of the arteries of the brain in the II period of adulthood. Materials and methods. The samples of anterior (ACA), middle (MCA), posterior cerebral (PCA), posterior connective (PCoA), basilar arteries (BA) and intracranial parts of vertebral arteries (VA) seized at autopsy of 40 corpses of men andwomen aged 35-60 years were studied. In the longitudinal tension experiment on the tensile testing machine Tira Test studied the overall strength, tensile strength, maximum relative deformation and young's modulus of walls.Results. The paper describes the average values and variability parameters of the studied biomechanical parameters of arteries. The results of the comparative analysis with the average values typical for the population of adults aged 21-90 years are presented. Conclusion. Biomechanical properties of cerebral arteries are characterized by significant variability. The least changeable is the overall strength of the artery wall. The data obtained differ from the average values typical for the population of adults aged 21-90 years. The greatest differences were found for the ultimate strength of the vascular wall. In the II period of adulthood, this parameter in MCA, PCA, BA, ACA and BA is 8-15% more, and in PCoA is 22% less than the average value.

The temporal operculum is a region of the temporal lobe upper surface, which is bounded at the front by transverse temporal gyri, and from behind – by the end of the lateral cerebral sulcus. Aim of study: to identify the shape and the dimensional features of the temporal operculum in people aged 1–21. Fixed brain preparations (n = 47) were used to measure the depth of the lateral sulcus at the level of the temporal operculum, and the temporal operculum length along its outer edge; the temporal operculum area was calculated as well. The studied material was divided into groups following age periodization: early childhood (n = 8); the first period of childhood (n = 18); the second period of childhood (n = 7); adolescence (n = 5), youthhood (n = 9). The study produced average values for the lateral sulcus depth, the temporal operculum length and area in people aged 1–21. The triangular shape of the temporal operculum has been found to be the most common. The temporal operculum area in early childhood and the first period of childhood, as well as the temporal operculum length in early childhood prevail in the left hemisphere (p <0.05). Viewed from the age aspect, the depth of the lateral sulcus varies less significantly than the length and the area of the temporal operculum. The temporal operculum area correlated more with the operculum length rather than with the depth of the lateral sulcus

Uneven growth, leading to an abnormal ratio of the upper and lower jaws, underlies the development of various occlusion issues . The respective literature holds it that the dental anomalies variability in different areas ranges from 11% to 90%. The high prevalence of occlusion issues should be attributed primarily to the difficulty associated with their correct and timely diagnostics . The research carried out to identify occlusion anomalies reveal the lack of a decrease trend, which means there are stable mechanisms triggering the development of this pathology, which keep its prevalence at a stable level . Besides, this pathology is complicated with occlusive and musculo-articular disorders .

| 2 0 1 9 | v o l . 9| n u m . 1 | estimation of surgiCal treatment effiCienCy for young Children with hip dysplasia based on x-ray anatomiCal data i n t r o d u C t i o nHip joint (HJ) dysplasia is a set of pathological anatomical and functional anomalies, including poor development of the hip socket (HS), the proximal femur (PF), ligamentous apparatus failure, which is accompanied by a disturbed relationship of the joint parts [1][2][3][4].Joint radiography in young children still remains the only reliable way for diagnosing and identifying the severity of dysplastic changes in the HJ [5,6], which determines the treatment [7-10].One of the major objectives for treating HJ dysplasia is the approximation of the joint bone structures relationships to the age norms. Aim of study.To propose an effective system for assessing the severity of HJ dysplastic changes in young children, which would help determine the treatment method, and comparing the joint radiological parameters prior to surgical treatment and in the early postoperative period.Objects and methods of study.

Purpose: to generalize and systematize the information available in the literature about the anatomy of the posterior connective arteries in adults. Scientific works (monographs, articles, dissertations and abstracts of dissertations) of native and foreign authors for the period from 1928 to 2017 were worked out to achieve the goal. Data on the variants of artery discharge, areas of blood supply and major anomalies are presented. The size characteristics of arteries (length, outer diameter, wall thickness and lumen diameter) are presented taking into account bilateral, age and sexual differences.

Aim: to analyze the correlation between the unfavorable factors at newborn patients and children and the peculiarities of the course of urolithiasis in adults. Material and Methods. The data were received from questioning of 286 patients and their relatives, analysis of case histories and past medical histories. The material was statistically worked out. Results. The early development of urolithiasis (at patients under 30) was associated with the threat of termination of pregnancy, prematurity, excretory and digestive disorders at childhood in case of severe anamnesis of urolithiasis, and also malnutrition. Bilateral lesions of the urinary system were determined to be associated with artificial feeding and prematurity, digestive diseases and complicated anamnesis of urolithiasis, malnutrition, deprived living conditions and low income. Stones in calyces occurred at patients with different complications at birth. More frequent cases of stone formation in renal pelvis were observed at premature and malnutrition patients and patients with cardiovascular diseases occurred during the childhood. Stones in ureters were considered as a result of respiratory diseases effect. Conclusion. Unfavorable factors occurred at birth and childhood, factors concerned with deprived social conditions and psychological problems influence the onset and the course of urolithiasis.

The information about anatomy of middle cerebral artery in adults has been summarized on the basis of data analysis of domestic and foreign scientific literature. Material concerning options for arteries discharge, area of blood supply, major anomalies and size characteristics (outer diameter, wall thickness, lumen diameter) has been represented in this work.

The article is devoted the 60th anniversary of the honored worker of higher school of the Russian Federation, professor Vladimir Nikolaevich Nikolenko.