Wide variations of 87Sr/86Sr (0.70825‒0.70924) have been established at the Porozhinsk deposit in manganese ores and carbonates ascribed to the Pod’’emsk Formation. These data, together with variations in the carbon (δ13C = –14.6…2.0‰, PDB) and oxygen (δ18О = 19.4…28.3‰, SMOW) isotope composition indicate different conditions of the formation of the studied rocks. The 87Sr/86Sr values in the studied dolomites of the Porozhinsk deposit are much higher than those of carbonate rocks (dolomites, limestones) of the Pod’’emsk Formation from the Chapa River section. The position of the 87Sr/86Sr values of dolomites from the Porozhinsk deposit on the secular 87Sr/86Sr variation curve for Late Proterozoic ocean (Kuznetsov et al., 2014) suggests that the carbonate rocks attributed to the Pod’’emsk Formation at the Porozhinsk deposit have younger age than carbonates of the Pod’’emsk Formation from the Chapa River section. The Mn/Sr values usually taken as a criterion for the degree of secondary alteration of carbonates (in interpreting 87Sr/86Sr variations and discussing the suitability of the material for chemostratigraphic constructions) are not suitable for rocks formed in manganese ore sedimentation basins.

The chemical and isotopic compositions of manganese carbonate and oxide ores and host dolomites of the Porozhinsk deposit are studied. Manganese carbonates are characterized by low values of δ13C (–19.0 to –8.4‰, PDB) and δ18O (8.8 to 27.3‰, SMOW). These data indicate the participation in their formation of the isotopically light carbon from oxidized organic matter, and the water of ore-depositing solutions was most likely meteogenic. The host dolomites (Pod”emsk Formation, Chapa Group) are characterized by a heavier isotopic composition of carbon (2.3‒2.6‰) and oxygen (22.5‒31.3‰) that are typical of marine sedimentary carbonates in the Late Proterozoic sedimentation basin. The simplest organisms played a significant role in the genesis of manganese ores. Microbial structures were preserved in manganese carbonates and oxides.

Abstract The development of heavy oil fields has been actively on the agenda. The problem arises due to the depletion of deposits with easily recoverable reserves, as well as due to the large reserves of shale oil and gas. Modern technology is gradually reaching an acceptable level of profitability. Many tasks remain to reduce environmental pressure on the environment. An important step in this direction was made with the introduction of electric fracturing technology. Technologies for isolating the mining zone are being developed. A variety of approaches are used to recover heavy oil. Use formation heating in various ways. Separate formation fluids into fractions in order to diversify recovery methods. Great prospects are opened using combined methods of exposure to kerogen. At the same time, many questions remain on methods for the further development of shale hydrocarbons. This is the development of norms and rules for the development of heavy oil. Coordination of actions of law-enforcement bodies and activity of technology developers is required. It is necessary to develop technological approaches that have shown their environmental effectiveness.

Based on model concepts, the technique of maintaining the stability of the permafrost layer is analyzed. An injection well is considered as a reference channel for injecting a mixture of liquid and gas. The purpose of this technology is to control the flow of heat. The development of hydrocarbon deposits in the extreme north requires the preservation of perennial frozen soils in a stable solid state. Stable condition of frozen soils is a guarantee of well operability. An injection well is used to inject refrigerant into the frozen soil zone. When using packers to separate said portion, the injection process to maintain reservoir pressure may continue in the usual manner. Permanent frozen soils are conditioned using a mixture of liquid and gas. This mixture allows you to control the parameters of temperature, pressure and heat capacity over a wide range. The directions of the mixture are formed using a packer system. Packers are installed in the tubing and in the annulus. The formation of a coolant agent is organized directly in the well above the working formation. The technique of ejector pumps is used. The ejector is a device for controlling the parameters of the mixture. The components of the mixture are fed through columns (pipes). The organization of the movement of components is considered as an additional degree of freedom. The proposed technology allows you to use an additional option for the operation of the existing layout of wells in the oil and gas field. The usual practice of the operation of the fishery may remain unchanged.

Abstract The Baikal natural gas deposits are ten times higher than the Orenburg oil and gas condensate field in terms of helium content. The Orenburg field is the raw material base of the Orenburg helium plant, which is part of Gazprom Dobycha Orenburg. Helium is characterized by increased ability to leak out. It is no coincidence that two deposits of Eastern Siberia geographically gravitate towards the deep Baikal fault. Hydrocarbon deposits in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory characterized by an increased fracturing system may have interconnections with deep faults. The study of such geological conditions in the development process is promising for increasing the raw material base of helium mining. Helium production technology is based on low-temperature gas condensation. The application of membrane gas separation technology is promising. Separation blocks can be incorporated into the infrastructure of compressor stations. This approach to the deployment of helium production capacities will increase the efficiency of capital investments. Relatively small volumes of productive helium can be transported without reference to pipeline systems. The proximity to the Yenisei and the Northern Sea Route makes the issue of the development of gas condensate production relevant. Placing production wells near the intersection of several fracturing faults is also effective in terms of high inflows. Of particular interest are wells drilled near discontinuous faults. Under these conditions, one can rely on helium inflows through microcrack systems from deep horizons.

An active geological study of promising areas for oil and gas is being conducted in areas where geological signs of associated hydrocarbon manifestations are detected. The development of deposits contributes to a developed system of cracks in the surrounding rocks. Fluid supply to fractured reservoirs occurs through the channels of deep faults. Prolonged winter freezing of rocks inhibits the release of gases into the Earth’s atmosphere. The accumulation of hydrocarbon gases in the near-surface cavities creates risks of gas emissions, fires and explosions. Prediction and rapid diagnosis of gas emissions is based on planetary observations from satellites of ozone concentration in the atmosphere. V.L. Syvorotkin experimentally showed a causal relationship between hydrogen degassing and the formation of “Ozone Holes”. Satellite measurements of ozone concentrations in the atmosphere allow daily monitoring of hydrogen degassing sites from the Earth’s surface. The state of the soil surface in the areas of deep degassing is determined by secondary features. These are griffins, soil emissions, ring-shaped structures of gray soil (falling fertility), and hummocks of specific morphology. Such hummocks are formed as a result of the vital activity of “Hydrogen bacteria” and are markers of gas emission on the ground. In combination, methane with hydrogen is capable of detonation at concentrations ranging from 1%. The danger increases in the presence of iron-containing minerals that can catalyze the oxidation reaction. Preventive measures are proposed to prevent the sudden release of flammable gases: by drilling a network of control waste wells with a depth of 100 to 200 meters. Such wells are similar to ventilation wells in areas of coal mining.

The use of Web-microscopy to determine the morphological forms of minerals is discussed. Like other branches of technology, the development of computer crystallography and the recognition of geological minerals are relevant. The perspective direction: express diagnostics by means of electronic gadgets. Web cameras have become publicly available image recording tools. Focusing of the rays on the sensor requires the use of a lens with a short focal length. The lens arrangement is optimized as close as possible to the recording matrix. In this way, high-resolution photographs are obtained for the optical region of the spectrum. The digital form of presentation of graphics creates conditions for the use of software for pattern recognition. A variety of forms based on a single mineral can be classified using deep training techniques.