Проанализированы данные пятилетнего полевого опыта, заложенного в овощном севообороте в 2007 г. в Гдовском районе Псковской области на контрастной структуре почвенного покрова в форме мозаики литогенного происхождения. Одной из целей исследования была оценка изменений агрофизических свойств дерново-подзолистых почв различных гранулометрического состава и уровня окультуренности под действием зональной (ЗСУ) и точных (ТСУ) органоминеральных систем удобрения. Почвы опыта характеризовались гранулометрическим составом от песчаного до среднесуглинистого, окультуренностью – от слабой до хорошей; рНKCl 4,34-6,35, содержание гумуса – 0,92-2,50 %, подвижных соединений фосфора – 125-550 и калия – 22-400 мг/кг. Схема опыта, наряду с неудобренным контролем, включала три варианта органоминеральной системы удобрения. В варианте ЗСУ известковые, органические и минеральные удобрения вносили равномерно, исходя из средних показателей почвенных свойств и планируемой урожайности. В варианте ТСУ-2 аналогичное ЗСУ количество удобрений распределялось дифференцированно, исходя из фактических свойств почвенной разности. В варианте ТСУ-1 перед закладкой опыта выполнено точное окультуривание слабоокультуренных почвенных разновидностей. Установлено значительное преимущество вариантов точной системы удобрения по показателям агрономической эффективности и степени снижения пространственной вариабельности продуктивности овощного севооборота. Прибавка продуктивности относительно контроля достигла 115-122 %, относительно варианта ЗСУ – 10-14 %. Её пространственная вариабельность снилась с 36 % на контроле и 19 % в ЗСУ до 9 % в вариантах ТСУ-1 и ТСУ-2. Уровень положительного влияния систем удобрения на физические свойства почвы зависел от доз удобрений и исходных свойств почвы. Наиболее существенные позитивные изменения наблюдали в варианте с предварительным прецизионным окультуриванием почвы. Среднее увеличение доли фракций физической глины достигло 1,5 % (у слабоокультуренного вида 2 %), макроструктурных агрегатов – 11 % (у слабоокультуренного вида 23,7 %), уменьшение средней плотности – 0,11 г/см3. We analyzed the data of a five-year field experiment, started in 2007 in a vegetable crop rotation in the Gdovsky district of the Pskov region. The soil cover was contrasting, in the form of a mosaic of lithogenic origin. One of the objectives of the study was to assess changes in the agrophysical properties of sod-podzolics soils of various granulometric composition and level of cultivation under the influence of zonal (ZFS) and precise (PFS) organo-mineral fertilization systems. The soils of the experiment were characterized by a granulometric composition from sandy to medium loamy; the cultivation level was from weak to good; pH(KCl) value was 4.34–6.35, the humus content was 0.92-2.50%. The content of mobile phosphorus and potassium compounds was 125-550 mg/kg and 22–400 mg/kg, respectively. The experimental design included non-fertilized control and three variants of the organic and mineral fertilization systems. In the ZFS, lime, organic and mineral fertilizers were applied evenly, based on the average soil properties and the planned yield. In variant PFS-2, the amount of fertilizers equal to ZFS variant was applied differentially, based on the actual properties of the soil plots. In variant PFS-1, we had precisely cultured poorly cultivated soil sites before the experiment was established. Precision fertilization systems were significantly better in terms of agronomic efficiency and the degree of reduction in spatial variability in the vegetable crop rotation productivity. The increase in productivity relative to the control reached 115-122%, relative to the ZFS it was 10–14%. The spatial variability of productivity reduced from 36% in the control and 19% in the ZFS to 9% in PFS-1 and PFS-2 variants. The level of the positive influence of fertilization systems on the physical properties of the soil depended on the doses of fertilizers and the initial properties of the soil. The most significant positive changes were achieved in the variant with preliminary precision soil cultivation. The fraction of physical clay increased on average by 1.5% (in poorly cultivated soil – by 2%), of macrostructural aggregates – by 11% (in poorly cultivated soil – by 23.7%); the average density decreased by 0.11 g/cm3.

Spatial and temporal variability of growing conditions which affects the production process management is characteristic of agrophytocenosis.Spatial heterogeneity of soil essential properties is widely reported.A precision fertilization should be effective tool to control crop productivity.The highest potential of such fertilization could be expected for vegetable crops in the favorable soil and climatic conditions of the Nechernozemie of North-West Russia.In a microvegetation stationary two-factor experiment, plastic bottom-less pots of 1 m 2 area were used to artificially form the upper part of the soil profile (A arable 0-22 cm and А 2 В 22-40 cm horizons) simulating natural lithogenic mosaics of agro sod-podzolic sandy, sandy loam, light loam and medium loam soils subjected to weak and good cultivation.Their minimum, maximum, and average parameters for the 0-22 cm horizon were as follows: рН KCl of 4.34-6.35and 5.40, humus content (by Tyurin) of 0.92-2.50and 1.72 %, labile phosphorus and potassium (according to Kirsanov) of 125-550 and 390 mg/kg and 22-400 and 209 mg/kg, respectively.The vegetable crop rotation included black radish (Raphanus sativus L.)-potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)-beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.)-cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.)carrot (Daucus sativus L.).For a comparison, we used different system of fertilization, i.e. control (no fertilizers); zonal system (ZS); precision fertilization 1 (PF-1); precision fertilization 2 (PF-2).In the ZS providing for a uniform application of the fertilizers based on the average soil properties, we used lime (4.5 t/ha + N 95 Р 20 К 125 ) for black radish; manure (45 t/ha) + N 100 Р 30 К 90 for potatoes; N 130 Р 50 К 150 for beetroot; lime (2.1 t/ha) + manure (50 t/ha) + N 120 Р 10 К 90 for cabbage; and N 100 Р 40 К 130 for carrot.In the PF-1, two months before the radish was sown a precision soil cultivation has been performed using lime at 0-20 and 6.6 t/ha, peat at 0-900 and 390 t/ha; phosphorite flour at 0-750 and 94 kg/ha; potassium sulfate at 0-1710 and 407 kg/ha (as min-max and average).Further application of organic and mineral fertilizers before sowing (planting) was uniform, i.e.N 70 К 60 for black radish; manure (45 t/ha) + N 80 К 100 for potatoes; N 100 Р 30 К 130 for beetroot; manure (50 t/ha) + N 100 Р 10 К 70 for carrot; N 100 Р 10 К 120 for white cabbage.In PF-2 providing average doses of all fertilizers equal to these in ZS, but differentiated for each pot based on actual soil parameters, we used lime (0-12 t/ha) + N 70-120 Р 0-90 К 60-200 for black radish; manure (30-65 t/ha) + N 80-110 Р 0-110 К 70-150 for potato; N 90-170 Р 0-150 К 80-240 for beetroot; lime (2.1 t/ha) + manure (30-70 t/ha) + N 110-135 Р 0-60 К 40-120 for cabbage; N 85-115 Р 10-90 К 79-180 for carrot.The experiments were arranged in four replications.In a field experiment the precision fertilization provided an increase in the productivity of vegetable crop rotation of 22.3 and 43.5 t/ha in control and ZS, respectively, to 47.9-49.4t/ha.PF-1 and PF-2 resulted in the Сv reduction from 32 % and 16 % in the control and ZS to 9 %, and in an increased natural profitability of fertilizers by 21-49 %.A responsiveness of vegetable crop rotation to precision fertilization depended on biological features, the specific farming techniques and soil conditions.A decreasing responsiveness was as follows: black radish > car-rot  beet > potatoes > cabbage.A uniform application of high doses of organic fertilizers was the factor reducing precision fertilization effectiveness.Significant advantage of PF-1 compared to PF-2 was established only for black radish, beet and carrot.When designing precision fertilization technologies, one should take into account the following decrease in sensitivity of vegetable crops in crop rotation to optimized (reduced) doses of fertilizers in the well-cultivated parts of a field: cabbage > beet > carrot > radish black > potatoes.Due to differentiated doses of ameliorants and fertilizers and integrated optimization of soil properties, the precision fertilization eliminates the effect of soil heterogeneity in cultivation and granulometric composition on crop production and allows to increase productivity and payback of natural fertilizers to [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][30][31][11][12][13][14][15][16] when compared to ZS.