BACKGROUND:Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disease that poses challenges in both early intervention and long-term development for children with DD. However, there is a lack of a standardized and comprehensive tool for the diagnosis of DD in Mainland China. AIM:To develop a standardized tool (i.e., Developmental Dyslexia Scale for Standard Mandarin [DDSSM]) for the diagnosis of DD in Mainland China and evaluate its reliability and validity. METHODS AND PROCEDURES:DDSSM consists of 10 subtests. The initial draft was created after Delphi expert consultation, and the final version was revised to improve discriminability with a pilot study involving 450 children from grades 1-3. The reliability and validity were then confirmed with 53 children from grades 1-2. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS:The Delphi expert consultation demonstrated that the expert panel had good authority, and that all agreed on the subtest setup. The DDSSM exhibited great internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the model aligns with the theoretical structure (P > 0.05, χ2/df < 2.00, root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) < 0.08, comparative fit index (CFI) > 0.90, TLI > 0.90). The Dyslexia Checklist for Chinese Children and children's academic performance agreed well with the DDSSM. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS:The DDSAM is reliable and valid for assessing and diagnosing DD in Standard Mandarin-speaking primary school children from grades 1-2. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS?: Although a number of scales and tools have been proposed for assessing developmental dyslexia (DD) in Chinese, there is still a lack of diagnostic tools for Mandarin Chinese in Mainland China. In this study, we developed one of the most comprehensive diagnostic tools for DD in Mandarin Chinese for lower graders. We included visual-spatial attention (VA) and compounding awareness (CA), two tests that have been recently suggested as reliable measures for identifying DD in the Chinese language. This assessment tool has been verified for robust reliability and validity. This study also provided confirmation of the core deficits of DD in Chinese, which were orthographic awareness (OA). In addition, VA, rapid automatized naming (RAN) and morphological awareness (MA) were found to be the most important cognitive abilities for word reading in Chinese lower graders in this study.

As medical advances and surgical techniques have improved the survival rates of children with congenital heart disease (CHD), more and more studies have begun to focus on the quality of survival and long-term development of children with CHD. Cognitive and psychological developmental deficits in children with CHD have been well documented. With the development of brain function assessment and neuroimaging techniques in recent years, it has become possible to elucidate the mechanisms of neurocognitive impairment in patients with CHD from a brain science perspective. Providing targeted early follow-up interventions for the population with CHD and promoting their social adaptation have a great clinical significance. This review summarized recent research findings on neurocognitive developmental outcomes in children with CHD from the perspective of behavioral medicine and brain science. This paper focuses on reviewing the mechanisms of brain microstructure damage and brain network dysfunction which may explain neurocognitive impairment in children with CHD, and further explores the early monitoring and intervention programs suitable for clinical development, aiming to suggest possible directions for improving long-term neurocognitive developmental outcomes for CHD population.

BACKGROUND & AIM:Sleep disorder is a growing concern, and calcium supplementation is often recommended as a potential intervention for sleep disorders. However, the causal relationship between calcium levels and the incidence of sleep disorders remains unclear. Mendelian randomization techniques utilizing genetic variants that affect calcium levels, can provide valuable insights into causality. This study aims to examine the association between calcium levels and sleep disorders in a diverse population that includes both adolescents and adults, and investigate the effects of calcium levels on sleep disorders. METHODS:Mendelian randomization analysis was conducted using data from UK Biobank and FinnGen datasets. The inverse-variance weighting (IVW) was selected as the primary method. In addition, traditional mediation analysis was performed on a subset of the NHANES data spanning from 2007 to 2018. RESULTS:Our findings provide evidence supporting a causal relationship between calcium intake and reduced risk of sleep disorders (beta = -0.079, SE = 0.0395, P = 0.0457). While not reaching statistical significance, other MR methods such as weighted median and Mr-Egger exhibited similar directional trends. Analysis of the NHANES cohort revealed a negative association between calcium levels and the prevalence of sleep disorders in male, black, and physically active populations. However, this association was not observed in other demographic groups. CONCLUSION:Our results suggested that there is no significant correlation between calcium levels and sleep disorder in non-exercise populations. This raises concerns about the long-term high-dose calcium supplementation in clinical practice, which requires further investigation.

发展性阅读障碍是指拥有正常学习条件和动机的智力正常儿童出现识别文字及拼写解码能力的落后而造成的读写困难,它是一种具有神经基础的特殊学习障碍.对发展性阅读障碍早期干预的缺乏,可导致学业落后,进而对个人认知、情感及职业发展产生负面影响.中文发展性阅读障碍的发病率为 5%～10%,但尚缺少标准化的中文发展性阅读障碍评估及管理系统.该文总结对比了4种语言体系下阅读障碍相关评估工具的特点和优势,为制定中文早期筛查工具及标准评估管理体系提供可能的方向.

目的 了解2岁以下儿童不同体型匀称度的流行现状及其风险因素,为制定早期干预措施提供依据.方法 数据来源于2020-2022年上海市儿童医院儿童保健科生长发育评估与随访系统,共计纳入8 474名2岁以下儿童,测量体格生长发育指标,并回顾性收集儿童出生及父母情况等构建数值表,采用SPSS 26.0软件分析不同体型匀称度的流行情况和风险因素,组间比较采用x2检验,回归采用多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 研究纳入2岁以下常规健康体检男童3 813例,女童4 661例,其中消瘦、超重、肥胖总检出率分别为1.5％,19.0％,7.8％,男童超重、肥胖的检出率均高于女童(x2分别为17.597、12.653,P＜0.01).出生体质量＞4 000g、大于胎龄儿、头围偏大儿童发生超重和肥胖的风险均增加,出生体质量＜2 500g儿童发生肥胖的风险高于正常组,头围偏小、小于胎龄儿人群的消瘦风险较高(P＜0.05).父母超重或肥胖的儿童发生超重肥胖风险高于正常人群(P＜0.05),剖宫产为儿童期肥胖的风险因素(RR=1.33,95％CI:1.15～1.53,P＜0.01).Logistic回归分析结果显示,男童、头围、相对于胎龄的出生体质量、父母BMI是儿童超重、肥胖的有效预警指标(P＜0.01).结论 2岁以内儿童超重、肥胖检出率较高,消瘦现象仍然存在,儿童体格良性发展需多方共同努力,实现早期预防和干预.