The extraction of uranium from seawater is a promising strategy to secure the long-term supply of nuclear fuel, yet remains challenging for conventional polyamidoxime (PAO) based adsorbents due to their slow adsorption kinetics and low utilization rate of amidoxime groups. Herein, a novel macroporous PAO hydrogel was fabricated via a scalable saponification-casting method. The in situ generated sodium laurate phase cast a loofah-like, interconnected macroporous structure with high total intrusion volume (2.12 mL g- 1) and total pore area (32.75 m2 g- 1). The resulting saponification-cast macroporous PAO (SMPAO) hydrogel particles were further embedded into a polyurethane (PU) matrix to construct ultrathin PU@SMPAO composite membranes with good mechanical robustness. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of macroporous architecture and ultrathin membrane design, PU@SMPAO membranes exhibit rapid uranium adsorption kinetics, along with excellent selectivity, antifouling performance, and reusability. Moreover, excellent uranium adsorption efficiencies of 99.1-99.9% were achieved in U-spiked real seawater (C0 = 54-2004 mu g L-1). Notably, PU@SMPAO membranes can extract uranium effectively from natural seawater, achieving capacities of 6.59 mg g- 1 (20 days) in 10 L and 9.14 mg g- 1 (25 days) in 50 L. All these results highlight the great potential of PU@SMPAO membranes for practical uranium recovery from seawater.

Background Thiram, a representative dithiocarbamate pesticide, has been widely applied in agriculture to prevent fungal infections in crops. However, its excessive residues in food and aquatic products pose serious health risks, including hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. Conventional detection techniques such as chromatography and mass spectrometry, though accurate, require complex instrumentation, skilled operation, and laboratory conditions, making them unsuitable for on-site testing. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a portable, rapid, and sensitive sensing platform capable of in-situ detection to ensure food safety and environmental protection in real-world settings. Results To address this challenge, we fabricated a flexible fluorescent hydrogel microneedle biosensor (PAAP) by embedding DNA-AgNPs into a polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel matrix. The incorporation of DNA-AgNPs provided stable probe immobilization and enhanced fluorescence response. Upon exposure to thiram, the fluorescence of the hydrogel was significantly quenched, enabling rapid and highly sensitive visual detection with a detection limit of 6.57 nM. The PAAP hydrogel displayed excellent mechanical flexibility, biocompatibility, and environmental stability, allowing conformal contact with curved biological surfaces such as fish skin. Moreover, the sensor maintained strong anti-interference capability against coexisting ions and organic substances, and could be easily adapted into patch-like or microchip configurations for field applications, demonstrating robust reliability in complex sample environments. Significance This work provides a novel and practical approach for in-situ and field-deployable pesticide detection. The integration of fluorescent DNA-AgNPs and flexible hydrogel architecture enables non-destructive, real-time analysis on biological surfaces. Such a design holds great promise for ensuring food quality control, promoting environmental monitoring, and advancing the development of next-generation smart sensing technologies for public health protection.

Protein-based functional hydrogels have attracted wide attention due to their biocompatibility, tunable structures, and functional diversity. We developed a novel spirulina peptide-functionalized hydrogel (SPP), integrating the intrinsic fluorescence of natural peptides with a highly hydrated, mechanically flexible polymer network. Spirulina peptides were embedded into a dual-network hydrogel, preserving fluorescence while maintaining high hydration and mechanical performance. Acting as both Hg2+-selective fluorescent probes and structural components, the SPP exhibits pronounced fluorescence quenching upon Hg2+ exposure, enabling sensitive detection with a linear range of 50-150 mu g/L and a detection limit of 4.3 mu g/L. Engineered into microneedle arrays, the developed hydrogel showed enhanced adhesion and interfacial adaptability on soft, curved, and moist surfaces. Meanwhile, fluorescence signals can be rapidly digitized via smartphone and analyzed with convolutional neural networks, achieving up to 97.73% quantification accuracy under complex interfaces. This study presents a versatile strategy for efficiently incorporating natural protein functionalities into hydrogel networks, offering a promising platform for biointerface materials and intelligent protein-based functional systems.

Epidemiological studies indicate associations between exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with reproductive disorders (e.g., early puberty). However, the scientific evidence remains limited, particularly in studies on clinically diagnosed precocious puberty (PP), and the specific pollutant drivers underlying this condition are poorly characterized. Identifying the key hazardous substances contributing to PP thus represents a critical research priority. This study conducted a population-based case-control study to profile the internal exposure to organic pollutants. Using a combination of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction, we performed suspect screening and nontargeted analysis with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) (liquid chromatography-/GC-Orbitrap HRMS). Nontargeted analysis revealed a broad spectrum of EDCs, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalate esters (PAEs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), phenols, amides, and acrylates. Differential analysis between cases and controls further highlighted several pollutant classes, such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), phenols, and chlorinated paraffins. These pollutants were significantly elevated in the PP group. These findings provide new internal exposure data and methodological support for environmental health research. They also offer a scientific foundation for targeted source-control strategies to reduce children's exposure to harmful pollutants, supporting the broader public health objectives of "Healthy China 2030".

Bromophenols (BPs) are ubiquitously present in aquatic environments due to industrial discharge and natural biosynthesis, yet their aquatic photochemical transformation is not fully elucidated. Herein, we investigate the phototransformation of 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), a widely used BP, with a particular focus on debromination pathways under ·OH-involved conditions. Using a combination of mass spectrometric screening, H218O labeling, spin-trapping experiments, quantum chemical calculations, and hierarchical clustering of transformation products, we demonstrate that TBP undergoes radical-coupling pathways driven by bromophenoxy radicals besides photohydrolytic and hydroxyl radical-mediated debromination. Elevated ·OH not only accelerate TBP attenuation but also significantly alter transformation pathways. ·OH-promoted radical coupling generates a markedly broader spectrum of dimeric products such as hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) and polyhydroxylated dibenzo-p-dioxins (OH-PBDDs). Toxicity prediction highlights that these dimeric products exhibit stronger potential for bioaccumulation than TBP. These findings show broad implications for understanding the phototransformation of BP and structurally related halogenated phenols under ·OH-involved conditions.

Chlorinated benzenes are ubiquitously generated in thermal processes, and their continuous transformation into toxic pollutants has caused great concern. However, direct observation of key intermediates in the chlorobenzene oxidative pyrolysis remains inadequate. Here, using synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry, we conducted in situ observation of the products and intermediates during chlorobenzene oxidative pyrolysis. Products such as chlorophenol, naphthalene, and chloro-dibenzofuran were detected. Our research directly observed a sequence of radicals, including propargyl (C3H3•), cyclopentadienyl (C5H5•), 2-ethynylphenyl (C8H5•), and 2-vinylphenyl (C8H7•). Temperature-dependent analysis revealed that oxygen promoted chlorobenzene transformation to chlorophenol and phenol at low temperatures. Both phenoxy transformation and phenyl addition had a significant effect on aromatic growth. Diphenyl ether was identified, indicating a key route of phenyl-phenoxy reaction in the formation of dibenzofuran. These findings provided new experimental insights to deepen our understanding of the evolution of chlorobenzene in thermal industrial processes, especially its transformation into naphthalene and dibenzofuran.

Discriminating and selective detection of structurally similar multi-analytes remains a major challenge in chemical sensing due to severe cross-response interference from shared molecular skeletons and functional groups. To address this, we report a novel zeolite-based nanopore sensing strategy that leverages the uniform nanopore channels and tunable adsorption properties of zeolites for achieving high selectivity in multi-analyte systems. Using bisphenol AF (BPAF) and bisphenol S (BPS)-two electrochemically overlapping phenolic pollutants with extreme similar structure-as model targets, we engineered and studied four zeolites: hydrophilic H beta, surface-hydrophobic OS-H beta (prepared by organosilane modification of H beta), and two hydrophilic Y-type zeolites with contrasting Si/Al ratios (HY-686 and NaY-5). Notably, these materials exhibited distinct nanopore adsorption preferences: H beta selectively adsorbed BPS, whereas OS-H beta favored BPAF only; HY-686 adsorbed both bisphenols, while NaY-5 showed negligible uptake. Mechanistic studies revealed that for Beta-type zeolites with similar nanopore sizes, surface hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity governs selectivity, whereas for hydrophilic Ytype zeolites, nanopore size plays the decisive role. Building on this principle, we developed an innovative electrochemical nanopore sensing platform that integrates selective molecular absorption, in situ electrocatalysis, and interference-free detection, enabling accurate discrimination and quantification of BPAF and BPS in complex samples. This work not only resolves a persistent sensing challenge for structurally analogous analytes but also establishes a generalizable molecular-sieving nanopore sensing principle for selective adsorption, electrocatalysis, and sensing applications.

The fragmentation behavior of isomeric hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) remains poorly elucidated, although LC-MS/MS is essential for their analysis. This study systematically characterizes their fragmentation behavior by LC-ESI-MS2, elucidating relationships between product ions, structural features, and instrument detection limits. Results demonstrated congener-specific variability in the signal intensity of [M-H]-, particularly among isomers. Fragmentation behavior is highly dependent on the hydroxyl location on the diphenyl ether scaffold, as well as the bromine substituent pattern. Three distinct mechanisms are identified: (1) Br abstraction via free radical-mediated rearrangement cleavage in meta-hydroxylated PBDEs, (2) preferential formation of the [Br]- ion via γ-elimination in ortho-hydroxylated PBDEs, and (3) characteristic formation of bromobenzoquinone anions via multistep fragmentation mechanisms in para-hydroxylated PBDEs. Furthermore, the ortho-effect, particularly pronounced in 2'-OH substituted congeners, significantly alters the fragmentation pathways. While the elucidated fragmentation pathways provided structural insights, the inherent weak signals challenged detection. A sensitivity-enhancing precolumn derivatization protocol with dansulfonyl chloride was introduced to solve the problem. The MS2 fragmentation of these derivatives was conveniently dominated by the cleavage of the C-S bond within the dansyl group, yielding abundant diagnostic ions that greatly aided in structural confirmation. As predicted, the derivatization strategy achieved a remarkable up to 15-fold improvement in the sensitivity. This investigation advances the understanding of OH-PBDE fragmentation, establishes an identification framework using specific patterns and diagnostic ions, and demonstrates a practical derivatization approach for enhanced sensitivity, elucidating structure-fragmentation relationships in brominated aromatics and providing methodological guidance for future analysis.

Flexible fluorescent hydrogels offer great potential for on-site heavy-metal sensing, but their practical use is often limited by a fundamental trade-off: materials that provide strong fluorescence responses typically suffer from poor stability in oxidative environments, while hydrogel matrices with good robustness or adhesion rarely support reliable fluorescence signaling. Here, we introduce a phycocyanin-polyacrylamide (PC-PAAM) hydrogel that resolves this conflict by integrating high mechanical flexibility and strong underwater adhesion with stable red fluorescence and intrinsic antioxidative protection. PC acts simultaneously as a fluorescent cross-linker and ROS-scavenging component, enabling the hydrogel to maintain signal integrity while undergoing rapid fluorescence quenching upon Hg2+ coordination. The detection limit of the sensor achieves 6.21 nM. It demonstrates conformal contact on irregular biological surfaces, enabling nondestructive detection on fish. Coupled with a deep-learning model trained on hydrogel fluorescence images, the system further enables accurate, portable, and visual quantification of Hg2+ contamination using smartphone imaging. This work provides a flexible, adhesive, and intelligent sensing platform for environmental and food-safety monitoring.

Spontaneous chemical transformations, including simultaneous reduction and oxidation at air-water interfaces on microdroplets, provides an important pathway for atmospheric chemistry processes. As an emerging tire-derived contaminant, N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q) has drawn intense scrutiny owing to its ubiquitous formation in the atmospheric environment and acute toxicity effects. Herein, we demonstrate that 6PPD-Q undergoes spontaneous, ultrafast transformation at the air-water interface of microdroplets under room temperature and atmospheric conditions. This reaction exhibits a remarkably short half-life of <2 min, representing a 1176-fold acceleration relative to its degradation rate in bulk water. Integrated microdroplet experiments and molecular simulations suggest that the reductive-oxidative species synergy effect (ROSE) is triggered by the strong electrification on the surface of the microdroplets. The simultaneous air-water interfacial redox reaction of 6PPD-Q occurs, mediated by ROSE, with the generation of emerging derivatives, of which hydroquinone derivatives are computationally predicted to have higher acute and chronic toxicity, as well as human health risks, than their parent 6PPD-Q by up to 1.1-2.6-fold. This study reveals a previously overlooked route for toxic hydroquinone derivatives generation, which enhances insights into the atmospheric chemistry of 6PPD-Q and raises critical concerns regarding their elevated toxicity.

Enzyme therapeutics operating in harsh physiological microenvironments are inherently constrained by rapid unfolding, proteolytic degradation, and acid-induced deactivation, especially in stomachs. These vulnerabilities severely limit catalytic longevity and practical efficacy, particularly for acetaldehyde detoxification in humans. Achieving durable enzymatic function in such hostile conditions requires a protective strategy that can physically armor enzymes while preserving molecular accessibility to substrates-an unresolved challenge in current biomaterial designs. Here, we introduce a bioarmored enzyme cascade by embedding an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) dual-enzyme system within a villus-structured hydrogel (ADH/ALDH@VH). This collagen-based microscale grid and artificial villus architecture construct a hierarchical protective shell that mechanically stabilizes the enzymes, offers microenvironmental protection, prevents denaturation, and simultaneously preserves efficient mass transport. This bioarmoring strategy reconciles the long-standing conflict between enzyme protection and catalytic efficiency, yielding exceptional mechanical robustness and enhanced enzymatic kinetics (Kcat/Km increased by ∼1.1-fold relative to free enzymes). As a result, ADH/ALDH@VH retains high activity under acidic gastric conditions where free enzymes rapidly inactivate, enabling a 3020% enhancement in acetaldehyde metabolism under harsh environments. This bioarmored cascade establishes a generalizable platform for safeguarding fragile biocatalysts in hostile biological niches, opening opportunities for enzyme therapeutics in environments previously considered inaccessible.

This study presents a dual-signal biosensing platform for glucose detection based on alginate hydrogel beads (AlgelBeads). Its primary innovation lies in the integration of enzyme co-encapsulation with advanced image processing and pattern-matching algorithms. Glucose oxidase, horseradish peroxidase, and bovine serum albumin-templated gold nanoclusters are co-encapsulated within the AlgelBeads, which are uniform spheres approximately 2.1 mm in diameter, featuring a unique vein-like surface pattern that provides sites for glucose recognition and substrate catalysis. Upon exposure to glucose, an enzymatic cascade reaction is initiated, producing a visible color change to blue and simultaneous fluorescence quenching. For high-throughput analysis, a custom array plate was designed. The interpretation of the dual signals (colorimetric and fluorescent) is automated and enhanced using a Hough circle algorithm for AlgelBeads localization and a dictionary-based spatial classification algorithm for robust pattern recognition. Under optimized parameters, these AlgelBeads enable quantitative detection of glucose from 0.0625 to 4.0 mg/mL. The limits of detection are 0.077 mg/mL (colorimetric) and 0.030 mg/mL (fluorescent), with both precision and accuracy falling within acceptable limits. The AlgelBeads were applied for determining 54 serum samples collected from 18 pregnant women undergoing the oral glucose tolerance test, yielding results consistent with Beckman Coulter Glucose Assay Kit. These findings affirm the AlgelBeads offer an accurate and effective platform for glucose detection, holding potential for assisting in the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus and other diabetes types in clinical settings.

Thermal treatment of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) raises environmental concerns due to toxic byproduct emissions, yet how commercial additives regulate pyrolysis pathways remains poorly understood. Here, we pyrolyzed PVC cables and pellets at 300-700 °C under air or nitrogen and comprehensively characterized products via target and non-target analysis. A total of 746 compounds were identified. Additives like phthalate esters (PAEs) and chlorinated paraffins (CPs), together with reaction conditions appeared to strongly influence secondary product formation. Additives were predominantly released at 300 °C. At higher temperatures, they degraded, forming benzoic acid and shorter-chain CPs (C8-C9). PVC skeleton pyrolysis generated substantial secondary byproducts, with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) reaching the highest emission factor (45.3 mg/g PVC), exceeding values from motor vehicles and coal combustion. Temperature-dependent pathways showed enhanced cyclization at high temperature, producing aromatics and PAHs. Oxygen promoted oxidative reactions, increasing oxygenated species like benzoquinone and furan. Notably, CPs underwent decomposition into secondary products in addition to their release from the PVC matrix, whereas PAEs facilitated interactions with PVC‑derived intermediates. Risk assessment indicated potential concern from anthracene, naphthalene and phenanthrene. Overall, this study demonstrates that plastic additives fundamentally modulate PVC pyrolysis through direct release and secondary transformation, providing mechanistic insight into pollutant emissions during PVC thermal treatment and informing improved plastic waste management strategies.

Real-time tracking of sex steroid hormones in vivo is fundamental for deciphering reproductive dynamics, yet continuous molecular monitoring in aquatic organisms remains a formidable challenge due to severe tissue biofouling, dynamic aquatic environments, and the inaccessibility of deep-seated endocrine organs. Here we show that an intelligent, minimally invasive fluorescent microneedle patch enables rapid, in situ data processing for the immediate monitoring of circulating estradiol via direct conformable attachment near the fish gonad. By embedding a conformational-switching DNA aptamer–thioflavin T (DNA–ThT) probe into a highly porous, biocompatible hydrogel network, we design a structurally stable sensing microenvironment that dramatically accelerates target enrichment while preserving probe long-term stability. When applied to target biofluids, the microneedles conformally penetrate outer tissue barriers to capture estradiol, yielding a rapid fluorescence quenching readout within minutes with a detection limit of 99 nM. Coupled with a smartphone-integrated imaging interface and a support vector machine model, the platform automatically processes multi-spectral spatiotemporal fluorescence profiles, achieving rapid, in situ computing to classify hormone levels with exceptional accuracy. In live fish models, this flexible sensor provides precise, non-destructive monitoring of systemic endocrine fluctuations. This biomechanically compliant, machine-learning-assisted microneedle platform offers a clinically translatable and field-deployable strategy for autonomous, high-throughput endocrine monitoring and point-of-care test.

This study aims to tackle water pollution caused by toxic triphenylmethane dyes-specifically malachite green (MG) and crystal violet (CV)-by developing a metal-organic framework (MOF)-based magnetic hydrogel microsphere (MMOF) using sodium alginate as the matrix. Magnetic MOF particles were embedded into the sodium alginate hydrogel to form porous, stable magnetic microsphere adsorbents. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed their morphology and structural features, showing abundant active sites and well-defined adsorption channels. Under the optimized conditions, the adsorption rate of MMOF for MG reached 97.67%, and the adsorption equilibrium time was 50 minutes. The adsorption rate of MMOF for CV was 97.33%, and the adsorption equilibrium time was 60 minutes, with maximum adsorption capacities of 1008.6 mg g-1 and 1100.1 mg g-1, respectively, demonstrating outstanding dye removal ability. These magnetic microspheres also enabled rapid solid-liquid separation under an external magnetic field, supporting convenient operation and reusability. Overall, these composite microspheres represent a promising adsorbent for efficient removal of organic dye contaminants from aquatic product matrices, with strong potential for food safety applications.

Ionogels have emerged as versatile materials with potential applications in flexible electronics and soft robotics. However, preparing high-performance ionogels with high conductivity and good mechanical strength remains challenging. Here, we report the development of a novel ionogel as a wearable device for monitoring the stimulus-response behavior of aquatic animals. The integration of silver nanowires (AgNWs) endows the ionogel with good electrical conductivity (0.56 S m-1) and mechanical robustness (strain tolerance > 1400%). The ionic liquid (IL) makes the AgIL ionogel exhibit superior adhesion properties (84.6 kPa) across diverse substrates, including biological tissues (e.g., pig skin). Furthermore, this wearable electronic exhibits an ultralow detection limit (0.5%). The wearable electronics device consists of flexible AgIL ionogels as the sensing material, a microcontroller, a signal processing circuit, and a Bluetooth transceiver. Its electrical responsiveness and stable cyclic performance highlight its potential for wearable applications. This device can clearly and continuously monitor the regular or various stimuli-induced movements of the gills, tail, and body of aquatic animals such as the Chinese sturgeon and bullfrog. Comparative studies with traditional rigid ionogels and hydrogels underscore the significant enhancements in flexibility, adhesion, and conductivity by our design. This work provides a pathway for engineering multifunctional gels tailored for next-generation soft electronic interfaces and broadens the strain sensors' application range.

Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), as a typical anthropogenic recalcitrant pollutant, exhibits poor biodegradability and facile long-distance migration, posing potential threats to the stability of the ecological environment and human health. In this work, yellow fluorescent carbon dots (Y-CDs) were successfully prepared via a hydrothermal method using o-phenylenediamine as precursor. Fluorescence performance tests show that the Y-CDs exhibit a good linear fluorescence response to PFBS over the concentration range of 5–100 μM, with a detection limit (LDO) of 1.01 μM. Through systematic characterization combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, it was confirmed that the structural units of Y-CDs are composed of aromatic rings rich in amino and hydroxyl groups, and clarified the optimal binding sites between PFBS and Y-CDs. The essential mechanism involves proton transfer from the -SO3H group of PFBS to the N sites of Y-CDs, triggering a strong electrostatic attraction. Atomic dipole moment-corrected Hirshfeld (ADCH) population analysis and an independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition (IGMH) further verify that the binding interaction between Y-CDs and PFBS is dominated by electrostatic attraction, assisted by hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces. Moreover, Y-CDs could be successfully applied to the visual detection of intracellular PFBS. This study provides a new sensing material and technical support for the rapid and accurate detection of perfluorinated compounds, and also offers a new approach to environmental toxicological response and risk control for recalcitrant perfluorinated pollutants.

The rapid advancement of implantable bioelectronics and wireless medical devices has made electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding a critical challenge, particularly for ensuring signal stability in cardiac pacemakers, neural implants, and biosensors. However, achieving stable EMI shielding without compromising biocompatibility remains a significant hurdle in these applications. In this study, we address this challenge by developing a superstretchable, biocompatible hydrogel through in situ polymerization of fish-scale-derived collagen (COL) with a liquid metal-carbon nanotube (LM-CNT) composite, achieving exceptional EMI shielding performance. Here, we present a fish-scale-derived collagen hydrogel integrated with an LM-CNT network, which simultaneously achieves exceptional EMI shielding effectiveness (56.33 dB in X-band), ultrahigh stretchability (2230%), and high conductivity (50.75 S/m). The unique three-dimensional LM-CNT architecture enables efficient electromagnetic dissipation, while the natural collagen matrix ensures full biocompatibility─critical for applications in cardiac pacemakers and neural interfaces. This combination of performance and biosafety positions the material as a versatile solution for next-generation bioelectronic shielding.

Uric acid (UA), the final metabolic product of purines, plays a crucial role in human health monitoring. The UA concentration in biological fluids serves as a diagnostic marker for various disorders, particularly kidney diseases, and represents a potential therapeutic target. Given the growing emphasis on preventive healthcare, developing methods for real-time UA detection has become increasingly significant. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of novel tumbleweed-like molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) nanostructures through a single-step hydrothermal process. The synthesized MoSe2 was subsequently hybridized with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to construct electrodes for UA sensing. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurements revealed that the MoSe2/rGO-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibited excellent UA detection capabilities under optimized conditions. The sensor demonstrated a remarkably low limit of detection (LOD) of 28.4 nM and maintained linearity across a wide concentration range (40 nM to 200 μM). Notably, the sensor showed high selectivity for UA detection even in the presence of common interfering species, including citric acid (CA), dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA), cysteine (Cys), glucose (Glu), oxalic acid (OA), sodium ions (Na+), and potassium ions (K+). The developed sensor displayed outstanding selectivity, stability, and reproducibility characteristics. This synthetic approach offers promising opportunities for developing MoSe2-based electrochemical sensing platforms suitable for diverse bioanalytical applications.