IntroductionMyocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) occurs in approximately 1 in 9 presentations with acute coronary syndrome. Cardiac MRI is guideline indicated in the investigation of aetiology for MINOCA which includes a spectrum of pathophysiology, for which there is no evidence-based therapy. The presence of ischaemic late gadolinium enhancement is prognostic in myocardial infarction and represents irreversible myocardial damage. However, factors predicting the likelihood of ischaemic late gadolinium enhancement in patients with MINOCA are unclear.Materials and MethodsThe overall aim is to undertake a prospective, registry-based clinical trial in MINOCA [NCT05198791]. Specific aims (1) assess the feasibility of enrolling patients during acute NHS care into a therapeutic trial, (2) in all-comers (registry), undertake multisystem phenotyping using objective, quantitative methods, (3) in patients stratified by invasive evidence of coronary microvascular dysfunction (PressureWire XTM, Abbott), randomise (1:1) to a vasculo-protective intervention (eplerenone 25–50 mg daily for 6 months) or treatment as usual, (4) quantify NT-proBNP (primary outcome, trial), patient reported outcome measures and clinical outcomes at baseline, 30 days and 6 months. Cardiac function and pathology are assessed (<14 days) using multiparametric cardiac MRI (CMR, Siemens AVANTO 1.5T). Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) patterns are described as ischaemic (sub-endocardial, transmural), non-ischaemic (mid-wall, epicardial), non-pathological (insertion point, septal artery) or no LGE.ResultsOf 82 patients with CMR data recruited between May 2022 and September 2023 (mean age (SD): 60 (11) years; female (%): 78 (63%), 26 (32%) had ischaemic LGE, 6 (7%) non-ischaemic LGE and 34 (41%) no LGE. Factors associated with ischaemic LGE (vs. non-ischaemic vs. no LGE) included ST-elevation at presentation, left ventricular ejection fraction <55%, lower invasive coronary flow reserve (ischaemic LGE: 3.6 (1.8) vs. non-ischaemic LGE: 6.4 (3.3), P = 0.046) and greater peak high sensitivity troponin (median [IQR] – ischaemic LGE: 804 [272, 3359] ng/L, non-ischaemic LGE: 57 [48, 404] ng/L, no LGE: 216 [56, 490] ng/L; P = 0.003).DiscussionThe presence of ischaemic LGE on CMR may help to identify patients at greater risk of adverse outcomes [PMID: 37480903]. The StratMed-MINOCA registry-based clinical trial will provide information on integrating stratified medicine within a MINOCA acute care pathway. The randomised trial will provide novel data on whether short-term (6-month) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist therapy using eplerenone, has cardio-protective effects.ConclusionIschaemic LGE is common in MINOCA, and associated factors include coronary microvascular dysfunction, peak troponin concentration and left ventricular systolic dysfunction.AcknowledgementsRobert Sykes is supported by funding from the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence (RE/18/6/34217),NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde Endowment Funding (GN21CA394) and Abbott Vascular. Professor Berry is supported by a British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence award (RE/18/6/34217) and funding from the Chief Scientist Office, UKRI (COVID-HEART, reference MC/PC/20014), EPSRC (EP/N014642/1; EP/S030875/1) and Wellcome Trust. Andrew Morrow and Colin Berry are supported by the Medical Research Council (MR/S018905/1).

BackgroundUp to 10% of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) require long term oral anticoagulation (OAC) therapy [1]. Duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in these circumstances is patient specific, balancing bleeding with ischaemic risk [2]. Longer term single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT) with OAC beyond one year is not recommended in such patients, however this is based on limited randomize clinical trial evidence [3]. Patients undergoing left main stem (LMS) PCI represent a higher risk population with the overwhelming majority of LMS PCI procedures involve the distal bifurcation. Here risks are magnified in both directions; the highest volume of myocardium is at risk in the event of stent thrombosis, yet the patient group are often multi-morbid, older, with higher bleeding risk. We performed a retrospective analysis of additional antiplatelet prescribing for patients that had undergone LMS PCI in our high volume PCI centre more than 1 year previously in whom OAC was mandated, to assess adherence to this guidance, and explore patient and procedural characteristics that may explain variations in practice.MethodsWe retrospectively identified patients that had undergone LMS PCI in our centre over a 2-year period from September 2019 to August 2021. Electronic care records were interrogated in December 2022 to identify those patients currently prescribed either OAC monotherapy or combined OAC and antiplatelet therapy. Clinical details including: indication for anticoagulation, type of anticoagulant, and bleeding risk, alongside procedural data including stent type, stent length, calcium modification usage, and bifurcation PCI strategy were collected. Patients that died within 12 months of the PCI were excluded.Results374 patients underwent LMS PCI between September 2019 and August 2021. Of these patients, 47/374 (12.5%) had an indication for and were prescribed long term OAC. More than 1 year after LMS PCI, 31/47 (66%) of patients were prescribed SAPT in addition to OAC. The remaining patients (16/47, 34%) were prescribed OAC alone. Of the 31 patients on antiplatelet and OAC, 3 were prescribed aspirin, 28 clopidogrel and no patients were prescribed either prasugrel or ticagrelor. Details of the OAC prescribed in the SAPT + OAC vs OAC only groups are provided in table 1. No significant differences were seen in either procedural or clinical characteristics in patients committed to longer term SAPT + OAC (table 2). However, a greater percentage of patients in the OAC monotherapy arm had an ACS presentation, a 2 stent bifurcation procedure, and calcium modification. These patients also tended to be older. Interestingly stent deployment optimisation using intravascular imaging did not reduce longer term antiplatelet prescribing.ConclusionIn this single center study, we found the majority of patients with an indication for OAC were prescribed additional antiplatelet therapy more than 1 year after LMS PCI. Our sample size is small but this may suggest that the decision for longer terms SAPT in LMS PCI patients is not being driven by either clinical or procedural characteristics that would increase risk of bleeding or thrombosis. This group of patients are complex and often have competing bleeding and ischaemic risks, who are often older and in some cases turned down for bypass surgery. Further evaluation with a larger dataset is warranted to better understand the decision-making process and influence on outcomes of additional antiplatelet prescribing, given the large heterogeneity in prescribing practice and variation from guideline recommended therapy encountered.Conflict of InterestNone.

Conflicts of Interest Professor Colin Berry is employed by The University of Glasgow, which holds research and consultancy agreements with Abbot Vascular, AstraZeneca, Coroventis, GSK, HeartFlow, Menarini, Neovasc, Novartis, Siemens Healthcare and ValoHealth. These companies had no involvement in this manuscript. The other authors do not have any potential conflicts of interest. Support Statement Professor Berry is supported by a British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence award (RE/18/6134217) and funding from the Chief Scientist Office, UKRI (COVID-HEART, reference MC/PC/20014), EPSRC (EP/N014642/1; EP/S030875/1) and Wellcome Trust. Dr Andrew Morrow is supported by research funding from the Medical Research Council (MR/S018905/1). Dr Kenneth Mangion is supported by research funding from the Chief Scientist Office (COV/LTE/20/10, COV/GLA/20/05). Abstract Background Myocardial infarction and non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) affects 1 in 9 patients with acute coronary syndrome. Vascular pathophysiology includes atherothrombosis and coronary vasomotion disorders. MINOCA has an unmet therapeutic need. Objectives To implement stratified medicine in patients with MINOCA by undertaking a prospective, registry-based, randomised, blinded end-point trial. Rationale There are no evidence-based, disease-modifying therapies for patients with MINOCA. Preventive therapy with antiplatelet drugs and statins is empirical. Coronary microvascular dysfunction, including increased microvascular resistance, impaired vasodilator reserve and vasospasm, is implicated in the pathogenesis of MINOCA. Targeted therapy may reduce myocardial injury, improve myocardial recovery and health status prospectively. The rationale is for a stratified medicine approach targeting microvascular dysfunction with eplerenone, a vasculoprotective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, in MINOCA patients with coronary microvascular dysfunction. Design Following informed consent, 350 patients with MINOCA will be prospectively enrolled (NCT05198791) into a registry. Coronary microvascular function will be measured during invasive angiography. Eligible patients with one or more cardiovascular risk factors and elevated index of microvascular resistance (IMR ≥25) will be randomised to receive eplerenone or standard care (n = 150) in a prospective randomised open blinded end-point design. All patients will undergo the same assessments including cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within two weeks of enrolment to establish a final diagnosis. Trial patients will also be invited to undergo repeat MRI with adenosine stress perfusion at six months. Primary outcome: Registry: the proportion of patients with MINOCA and IMR ≥25; Trial: Within-subject change in NT-proBNP at pre-defined measurement time-points: baseline, 1 and 6 months. Secondary outcomes Global hyperaemic myocardial blood flow (ml/min/g tissue); patient reported outcome measures and quality of life questionnaires; health-economics questionnaires, within-subject change in markers of collagen degradation as a marker of myocardial fibrosis vascular adhesion molecules as markers of vascular inflammation. Intravascular imaging with optical coherence tomography (OCT) will be undertaken in a sub-study (n=30). Participants will be invited to take part in a vascular sub-study, undergoing gluteal subcutaneous fat biopsy to isolate and characterise small resistance artery biology. Value Novel data on stratified medicine for MINOCA and eplerenone as potential disease-modifying therapy for this condition.

The uploaded data relate to the work of Valkovič et al. entitled "Increased Cardiac Pi/PCr in the Diabetic Heart Observed Using Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at 7T." submitted in 2022The data consist of the anonymised in vivo data of healthy volunteers and T2DM patients, in Siemens DICOM format, acquired as described in the manuscript. The uploaded data also include all analysed STEAM data results with visualised MR spectra and fitted values of PCr and Pi, used for Pi/PCr calculation.

Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) has previously demonstrated decreased energy reserves in the form of phosphocreatine to adenosine-tri-phosphate ratio (PCr/ATP) in the hearts of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Recent 31P-MRS techniques using 7T systems, e.g. long mixing time stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM), allow deeper insight into cardiac metabolism through assessment of inorganic phosphate (Pi) content and myocardial pH, which play pivotal roles in energy production in the heart. Therefore, we aimed to further explore the cardiac metabolic phenotype in T2DM using STEAM at 7T. Seventeen patients with T2DM and twenty-three healthy controls were recruited and their cardiac PCr/ATP, Pi/PCr and pH were assessed at 7T. Diastolic function of all patients with T2DM was assessed using echocardiography to investigate the relationship between diastolic dysfunction and cardiac metabolism. Mirroring the decreased PCr/ATP (1.70±0.31 vs. 2.07±0.39; p<0.01), the cardiac Pi/PCr was increased (0.13±0.07 vs. 0.10±0.03; p = 0.02) in T2DM patients in comparison to healthy controls. Myocardial pH was not significantly different between the groups (7.14±0.12 vs. 7.10±0.12; p = 0.31). There was a negative correlation between PCr/ATP and diastolic function (R2 = 0.33; p = 0.02) in T2DM. No correlation was observed between diastolic function and Pi/PCr and (R2 = 0.16; p = 0.21). In addition, we did not observe any correlation between cardiac PCr/ATP and Pi/PCr (p = 0.19). Using STEAM 31P-MRS at 7T we have for the first time explored Pi/PCr in the diabetic human heart and found it increased when compared to healthy controls. The lack of correlation between measured PCr/ATP and Pi/PCr suggests that independent mechanisms might contribute to these perturbations.

PurposePhosphorus spectroscopy (31P‐MRS) is a proven method to probe cardiac energetics. Studies typically report the phosphocreatine (PCr) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ratio. We focus on another 31P signal: inorganic phosphate (Pi), whose chemical shift allows computation of myocardial pH, with Pi/PCr providing additional insight into cardiac energetics. Pi is often obscured by signals from blood 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG). We introduce a method to quantify Pi in 14 min without hindrance from 2,3‐DPG.MethodsUsing a 31P stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) sequence at 7 Tesla that inherently suppresses signal from 2,3‐DPG, the Pi peak was cleanly resolved. Resting state UTE‐chemical shift imaging (PCr/ATP) and STEAM 31P‐MRS (Pi/PCr, pH) were undertaken in 23 healthy controls; pH and Pi/PCr were subsequently recorded during dobutamine infusion.ResultsWe achieved a clean Pi signal both at rest and stress with good 2,3‐DPG suppression. Repeatability coefficient (8 subjects) for Pi/PCr was 0.036 and 0.12 for pH. We report myocardial Pi/PCr and pH at rest and during catecholamine stress in healthy controls. Pi/PCr was maintained during stress (0.098 ± 0.031 [rest] vs. 0.098 ± 0.031 [stress] P = .95); similarly, pH did not change (7.09 ± 0.07 [rest] vs. 7.08 ± 0.11 [stress] P = .81). Feasibility for patient studies was subsequently successfully demonstrated in a patient with cardiomyopathy.ConclusionWe introduced a method that can resolve Pi using 7 Tesla STEAM 31P‐MRS. We demonstrate the stability of Pi/PCr and myocardial pH in volunteers at rest and during catecholamine stress. This protocol is feasible in patients and potentially of use for studying pathological myocardial energetics.

Rationale: The recent development of hyperpolarized 13 C magnetic resonance spectroscopy has made it possible to measure cellular metabolism in vivo, in real time. Objective: By comparing participants with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), we report the first case-control study to use this technique to record changes in cardiac metabolism in the healthy and diseased human heart. Methods and Results: Thirteen people with T2DM (glycated hemoglobin, 6.9±1.0%) and 12 age-matched healthy controls underwent assessment of cardiac systolic and diastolic function, myocardial energetics ( 31 P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy), and lipid content ( 1 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy) in the fasted state. In a subset (5 T2DM, 5 control), hyperpolarized [1- 13 C]pyruvate magnetic resonance spectra were also acquired and in 5 of these participants (3 T2DM, 2 controls), this was successfully repeated 45 minutes after a 75 g oral glucose challenge. Downstream metabolism of [1- 13 C]pyruvate via PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase, [ 13 C]bicarbonate), lactate dehydrogenase ([1- 13 C]lactate), and alanine transaminase ([1- 13 C]alanine) was assessed. Metabolic flux through cardiac PDH was significantly reduced in the people with T2DM (Fasted: 0.0084±0.0067 [Control] versus 0.0016±0.0014 [T2DM], Fed: 0.0184±0.0109 versus 0.0053±0.0041; P =0.013). In addition, a significant increase in metabolic flux through PDH was observed after the oral glucose challenge ( P <0.001). As is characteristic of diabetes mellitus, impaired myocardial energetics, myocardial lipid content, and diastolic function were also demonstrated in the wider study cohort. Conclusions: This work represents the first demonstration of the ability of hyperpolarized 13 C magnetic resonance spectroscopy to noninvasively assess physiological and pathological changes in cardiac metabolism in the human heart. In doing so, we highlight the potential of the technique to detect and quantify metabolic alterations in the setting of cardiovascular disease.

Changes in the kinetics of the creatine kinase (CK) shuttle are sensitive markers of cardiac energetics but are typically measured at rest and in the prone position. This study aims to measure CK kinetics during pharmacological stress at 3 T, with measurement in the supine position. A shorter "stressed saturation transfer" (StreST) extension to the triple repetition time saturation transfer (TRiST) method is proposed. We assess scanning in a supine position and validate the MR measurement against biopsy assay of CK activity. We report normal ranges of stress CK forward rate (kfCK ) for healthy volunteers and obese patients. TRiST measures kfCK in 40 min at 3 T. StreST extends the previously developed TRiST to also make a further kfCK measurement during <20 min of dobutamine stress. We test our TRiST implementation in skeletal muscle and myocardium in both prone and supine positions. We evaluate StreST in the myocardium of six healthy volunteers and 34 obese subjects. We validated MR-measured kfCK against biopsy assays of CK activity. TRiST kfCK values matched literature values in skeletal muscle (kfCK  = 0.25 ± 0.03 s-1 vs 0.27 ± 0.03 s-1 ) and myocardium when measured in the prone position (0.32 ± 0.15 s-1 ), but a significant difference was found for TRiST kfCK measured supine (0.24 ± 0.12 s-1 ). This difference was because of different respiratory- and cardiac-motion-induced B0 changes in the two positions. Using supine TRiST, cardiac kfCK values for normal-weight subjects were 0.15 ± 0.09 s-1 at rest and 0.17 ± 0.15 s-1 during stress. For obese subjects, kfCK was 0.16 ± 0.07 s-1 at rest and 0.17 ± 0.10 s-1 during stress. Rest myocardial kfCK and CK activity from LV biopsies of the same subjects correlated (R = 0.43, p = 0.03). We present an independent implementation of TRiST on the Siemens platform using a commercially available coil. Our extended StreST protocol enables cardiac kfCK to be measured during dobutamine-induced stress in the supine position.

Hyperpolarized [1-13 C] pyruvate MRS can measure cardiac pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) flux in vivo through 13 C-label incorporation into bicarbonate. Using this technology, substrate availability as well as pathology have been shown to modulate PDH flux. Clinical protocols attempt to standardize PDH flux with oral glucose loading prior to scanning, while rodents in preclinical studies are usually scanned in the fed state. We aimed to establish which strategy was optimal to maximize PDH flux and minimize its variability in both control and Type II diabetic rats, without affecting the pathological variation being assessed. We found similar variances in the bicarbonate to pyruvate ratio, reflecting PDH flux, in fed and fasted/glucose-loaded animals, which showed no statistically significant differences. Furthermore, fasting/glucose loading did not alter the low PDH flux seen in Type II diabetic rats. Overall this suggests that preclinical cardiac hyperpolarized magnetic resonance studies could be performed either in the fed or in the fasted/glucose-loaded state. Centres planning to start new clinical studies with cardiac hyperpolarized magnetic resonance in man may find it beneficial to run small proof-of-concept trials to determine whether metabolic standardizations by oral or intravenous glucose load are beneficial compared with scanning patients in the fed state.

Although non-invasive perfusion and viability imaging often provide the gateway to coronary revascularisation, current non-invasive imaging methods only report the surrogate markers of inducible hypoperfusion and presence or absence of myocardial scar, rather than actually visualising areas of ischaemia and/or viable myocardium. This may lead to suboptimal revascularisation decisions. Normally respiring (viable) cardiomyocytes convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO2/bicarbonate (via pyruvate dehydrogenase), but under ischaemic conditions characteristically shift this conversion to lactate (by lactate dehydrogenase). Imaging pyruvate metabolism thus has the potential to improve upon current imaging techniques. Using the novel hyperpolarisation technique of dynamic nuclear polarisation (DNP), the magnetic resonance signal of injected [1-13C]pyruvate can be transiently magnified >10 000 times over that seen in conventional MR spectroscopy, allowing the characteristic metabolic signatures of ischaemia (lactate production) and viability (CO2/bicarbonate production) to be directly imaged. As such DNP imaging of the downstream metabolism of [1-13C]pyruvate could surpass the diagnostic capabilities of contemporary ischaemia and viability testing. Here we review the technique, and with brief reference to the salient biochemistry, discuss its potential applications within cardiology. These include ischaemia and viability testing, and further characterisation of the altered metabolism seen at different stages during the natural history of heart failure.

Most published trials fail to show a benefit from coronary stenting in patients with stable obstructive coronary artery disease. However, stent technology has evolved significantly in recent years, and it is possible that newer-generation drug-eluting stents may offer different results.

Overdiagnosis, the diagnosis of clinically irrelevant pathology, incurs both overtreatment with associated financial cost and significant concern to a population destined never to have symptoms. As this journal recently pointed out, this National Health Service crisis is a crisis of undercapacity, a crisis of underfunding and a crisis of overdemand. Contributing on the demand side is a crisis of over-investigation, overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Sustainability demands clinicians engage with these concepts to keep services afloat. Specialists, however, and in particular cardiologists, remain unaware at best and complicit at worst to this issue. Engaging is now a moral imperative. We are too often choosing treatments offering marginal benefit with little regard to the opportunity cost these funds could have elsewhere within the NHS; one doctor’s waste is another patient’s delay. Culture change throughout medicine is needed to drive efficiency. When proposing treatment strategies, clinicians need to refocus on what constitutes informed consent, connecting patients to the evidence in a way they can understand with terms such as number needed to treat. Appreciating the balance of risk and benefit must be re-prioritised as a cornerstone of the effective patient consultation. The need is especially acute in cardiology given the escalating cost of its delivery. Cardiovascular disease accounts for more than 10% of all inpatient episodes among men, and spending on the disease topped £6.8 billion in 2012/2013 representing 6% of the total NHS budget. Prescriptions and operations for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease are increasing year on year. As practising cardiologists, we call upon our colleagues to prioritise the wards and clinics over debating procedural technicality, and take accountability for ensuring our patients are informed, before they are treated. Given objective information, they may make the savings for us – less is often more. Research focus, however, remains more drugs, more tests and more devices, but we need research in doing more with less. The campaign to prevent overdiagnosis broadly addresses many challenges such as shared decision-making, conflicts of interest and value-based healthcare that must be faced by modern medicine if it is to deliver effective yet sustainable care. The global interventional cardiac devices market was worth over $20 billion world-wide in 2016 and continues to grow at an annual rate of nearly 10%. Unequivocally, medical advance comes at a cost; but we must be steadfast in only providing what works. However, treatments with little or no evidence base such as the use of MitraClip in patients with severe mitral regurgitation not fit for surgery, are on the rise. Not to mention that sadly, in the era of informed decision-making, patients still regard elective coronary artery stenting as potentially ‘preventing’ a heart attack, despite the procedure being accepted as not altering prognosis or preventing myocardial infarction when undertaken for angina. Such findings lead the authors to question whether vested and not best interests render decision-making unbalanced; patients empowered by the facts is surely a pre-requisite for truly shared decision-making. Overuse in noninvasive cardiology also carries risk – nearly one in ten patients undergoing cardiac computed tomography are diagnosed with a clinically indeterminate finding, requiring further imaging or a procedure at significant cost and psychological morbidity. While advances in the diagnosis of clinically significant pathology are welcomed, it seems modern cardiology is obsessed with superlatives such as faster and smaller rather than better and kinder. Bodies such as NICE seem not immune from over medicalising the well. In 2015, following significant pressure from the General Practitioners Committee, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine; 2017, Vol. 110(10) 390–391

Primary cardiac lymphoma (PCL) is rare, accounting for 2% of all primary cardiac malignancies. Diagnosis is sometimes slow due to the non-specific nature of symptoms, causing a delay to treatment with potentially curative anthracycline chemotherapy. We report an unusual presentation of primary cardiac lymphoma in an immunocompetent man presenting with subacute isolated right-sided heart failure with pericarditis on a background of chronic anaemia and constitutional upset. Echocardiography demonstrated a pericardial mass invading the right atrium and compressing the tricuspid annulus. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was diagnosed after biopsy. This case highlights the importance of early imaging and hospitalisation in pericarditis with high-risk features such as high inflammatory markers, myocardial involvement (with troponin elevation), fever, immunosuppression or evidence of heart failure. The differential and diagnostic pathway of an intracardiac mass, and the treatment and prognosis of PCL, are discussed.

EditorialFree Access Maximising the benefits and minimising the harms of statins Aseem Malhotra MRCP, Aseem Malhotra MRCPSearch for more papers by this authorAndrew Apps MRCP, Andrew Apps MRCPSearch for more papers by this authorSimon Capewell MD, DSc, Simon Capewell MD, DScSearch for more papers by this author Aseem Malhotra MRCP, Aseem Malhotra MRCPSearch for more papers by this authorAndrew Apps MRCP, Andrew Apps MRCPSearch for more papers by this authorSimon Capewell MD, DSc, Simon Capewell MD, DScSearch for more papers by this author First published: 19 January 2015 https://doi.org/10.1002/psb.1293Citations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume26, Issue1-2January 2015Pages 6-7 RelatedInformation