We present the DECam Mapping the Ancient Galaxy in CaHK (MAGIC) survey, a 54-night NOIRLab Survey Program to image ≳5,000deg^2 of the southern hemisphere using a metallicity-sensitive narrow-band filter covering the CaiiH K lines centered at 3955A. This filter is installed on the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), mounted on the 4-m NSF Víctor M. Blanco Telescope. The survey reaches typical 10σ depths of mag_CaHK≈ 22.5, 3-4mag deeper than comparable surveys in the southern hemisphere. By combining photometry from this CaiiH K filter with existing DECam g,r,i broadband photometry from the DECam Local Volume Exploration (DELVE) survey, MAGIC is deriving photometric metallicities for red giant branch stars down to the magnitude limit of usable proper motions from Gaia data release 3 (DR3). MAGIC has already imaged ∼3,000deg^2, supplemented by other affiliated observing programs that have used this filter to image star clusters, dwarf galaxies, and stellar streams. We overview MAGIC's survey strategy, describe data processing through the derivation of metallicities and photometric distances, and summarize early science results that have been published with this dataset. In addition, we present several new results, including the confirmation of a distant (>5 r_h) member of the Reticulum II ultra-faint dwarf galaxy, on-sky density maps of low-metallicity stars into the distant Milky Way halo (∼150kpc) recovering 13/14 ultra-faint dwarf galaxies in the current footprint, and a validation of our initial targeting of extremely metal-poor stars. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the MAGIC dataset enables cutting-edge studies of the faint, low-metallicity regime of the Milky Way and its substructures.
The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) are the Milky Way's nearest interacting galaxy pair, offering a unique laboratory for studying tidal effects on galactic disks. Despite extensive survey efforts, the 3D geometry of the Magellanic Clouds, particularly the putative warp of the LMC, remains poorly constrained due to incompleteness in their crowded centers and the low stellar density of their peripheries, which demand wide-field coverage. Using red clump (RC) stars as standard candles, corrected for age- and metallicity-dependent population effects with empirically calibrated color-magnitude relations and spatially resolved star formation histories, we construct the most detailed distance map of the Magellanic system to date. Based on similar to 2.3 million RC stars from Gaia Data Release 3 combined with modern reddening maps, we measure median heliocentric distances of 50.62 +/- 2.32 kpc for the LMC (to similar to 23 degrees) and 60.75 +/- 2.85 kpc for the SMC (to similar to 12 degrees). The maps reveal substructures including the LMC Northern Arm, southern hooks, the Magellanic Bridge, and SMC peripheral overdensities, with refreshed distance estimates. Fitting the LMC disk within 7 degrees yields a global inclination of i=25.degrees 32 +/- 0.degrees 10 and a line-of-nodes position angle of theta=142.degrees 34 +/- 0.degrees 21 . Most strikingly, we find the LMC periphery is warped azimuthally into a U-shaped structure reaching a vertical amplitude of similar to 7 kpc at a radius of similar to 15 kpc. In future work, we will perform detailed comparisons with live N-body simulations to assess possible formation scenarios for the LMC warp.
We report the discovery of three Milky Way satellite candidates: Carina IV, Phoenix III, and DELVE 7, in the third data release of the DECam Local Volume Exploration survey (DELVE). The candidate systems were identified by cross-matching results from two independent search algorithms. All three are extremely faint systems composed of old, metal-poor stellar populations (tau greater than or similar to 10 Gyr, [Fe/H] less than or similar to -1.4). Carina IV (M-V = -2.8; r(1/2) = 40 pc) and Phoenix III (M-V = -1.2; r(1/2) = 19 pc) have half-light radii that are consistent with the known population of dwarf galaxies, while DELVE 7 (M-V = 1.2; r(1/2) = 2 pc) is very compact and seems more likely to be a star cluster, though its nature remains ambiguous without spectroscopic follow-up. The Gaia proper motions of stars in Carina IV (M-star = 2250(-830)(+1180 )M(circle dot)) indicate that it is unlikely to be associated with the LMC, while DECam CaHK photometry confirms that its member stars are metal poor. Phoenix III (M-star = 520(-290)(+660 )M(circle dot)) is the faintest known satellite in the extreme outer stellar halo (D-GC > 100 kpc), while DELVE 7 (M-star = 60(-40)(+120 )M(circle dot)) is the faintest known satellite with D-GC > 20 kpc.
The properties of Milky Way satellite galaxies have important implications for galaxy formation, reionization, and the fundamental physics of dark matter. However, the population of Milky Way satellites includes the faintest known galaxies, and current observations are incomplete. To understand the impact of observational selection effects on the known satellite population, we perform rigorous, quantitative estimates of the Milky Way satellite galaxy detection efficiency in three wide-field survey datasets: the Dark Energy Survey Year 6, the DECam Local Volume Exploration Data Release 3, and the Pan-STARRS1 Data Release 1. Together, these surveys cover similar to 13,600 deg2 to g similar to 24.0 and similar to 27,700 deg2 to g similar to 22.5, spanning similar to 91% of the high-Galactic-latitude sky (divided by b divided by >= 15 degrees). We apply multiple detection algorithms over the combined footprint and recover 49 known satellites above a strict census detection threshold. To characterize the sensitivity of our census, we run our detection algorithms on a large set of simulated galaxies injected into the survey data, which allows us to develop models that predict the detectability of satellites as a function of their properties. We then fit an empirical model to our data and infer the luminosity function, radial distribution, and size-luminosity relation of Milky Way satellite galaxies. Our empirical model predicts a total of 265-47+79 satellite galaxies with -20 <= MV <= 0, half-light radii of 15 <= r1/2, (pc) <= 3000, and galactocentric distances of 10 <= DGC(kpc) <= 300. We also identify a mild anisotropy in the angular distribution of the observed galaxies, at a significance of similar to 2 sigma, which can be attributed to the clustering of satellites associated with the LMC.
We present the discovery of a compact Milky Way satellite in the constellation of Gemini. This system was discovered by cross-matching detections from two independent search algorithms applied to Blanco/DECam data from the third data release of the DECam Local Volume Exploration survey (DELVE DR3), and confirmed with deeper imaging from Gemini/GMOS-N. Based on these data, we determine that the system is an ultra-faint (M_V = -2.1^+0.4_-0.6), compact (r_1/2 = 8.6^+1.4_-1.2 pc) system located at a heliocentric distance of 120^+7_-6 kpc. These physical properties place the system in the regime of ambiguous, ultra-faint compact Milky Way halo satellites that cannot be confidently classified as dwarf galaxies or star clusters from morphology alone; we therefore name the system DELVE 8/Gemini I. From medium-resolution Keck/DEIMOS spectroscopy, we securely identify four members including two blue horizontal branch stars, confirming the system as a bound satellite moving at a mean radial velocity of v_ hel = -82.7^+3.7_-3.9 km s^-1. We also use these spectra to place an upper limit of [Fe/H] ≲ -2.5 on the metallicity of DELVE 8/Gemini I's brightest star, supporting the classification of the system as either an ancient star cluster or ultra-faint dwarf galaxy. The discovery of faint, distant systems similar to DELVE 8/Gemini I is expected to become more common with upcoming surveys.
Stellar streams are dynamically fragile structures formed by the tidal disruption of dwarf galaxies and stellar clusters. These objects are valuable tracers of the gravitational potential and accretion history of the Milky Way, and are key probes for the presence and interactions of starless dark matter subhalos. The Jet stream is a ∼ 30^∘-long stellar stream that is situated at 30.4 kpc and originates from a disrupted globular cluster. It consists of metal-poor stars that follow a retrograde orbit, reducing the impulse imparted from the Milky Way bar and making it especially sensitive to gravitational perturbations from dark matter subhalos. This paper investigates the known extent of the Jet stream by leveraging photometric metallicities derived from a narrowband filter centered on the Ca II H K lines at ∼3950A on the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), as part of the Mapping the Ancient Galaxy in CaHK (MAGIC) survey. The wide field-of-view of DECam enables the efficient derivation of photometric metallicities for stars across the full extent of the stream, allowing for a metallicity-based selection to identify likely members. We demonstrate the efficacy of photometric metallicities in isolating stream members when used with Gaia DR3 proper motions, identifying a sample of 213 candidate Jet stream member stars. This then allows for the study of stream morphology, through which we identify a clear fanning of the stream toward the end farther from the Milky Way bar. We provide a list of candidate members, enabling spectroscopic follow-up of the Jet stream to facilitate further studies of its dynamics.
We present the largest galaxy weak lensing mass map of the late-time Universe, reconstructed from 270 million galaxies in the DECADE and DES Year 3 datasets, covering 13,000 square degrees. We validate the map through systematic tests against observational conditions (depth, seeing, etc.), finding the map is statistically consistent with no contamination. The large area covered by the mass map makes it a well-suited tool for cosmological analyses, cross-correlation studies and the identification of large-scale structure features. We demonstrate its potential by detecting cosmic filaments directly from the mass map for the first time and validating them through their association with galaxy clusters selected using the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect from Planck and ACT DR6.
We present deep, wide-field Magellan/Megacam imaging of the ultra-faint Milky Way (MW) satellites Grus II (Gru II) and Horologium II (Hor II), with the aim of deriving improved constraints on their distances, luminosities, and structural parameters, while also searching for possible signs of tidal disturbance. Our photometry reaches approximately 3 magnitudes deeper than the discovery data, enabling robust measurements of these quantities. Both systems exhibit color-magnitude diagrams consistent with old (∼12.5 Gyr), very metal-poor stellar populations. We find Gru II to be at a distance of 52.3 ± 1.9 kpc, with a half-light radius of 6.8 ± 0.5 arcmin (103 ± 9 pc), ellipticity ε= 0.25 ± 0.07, and absolute magnitude M_V = -4.07 ± 0.50 mag. Hor II is further away at a distance of 72.4^+5.9_-5.5 kpc and more compact, with r_h = 2.1 ± 0.2 arcmin (44^+6_-5 pc), ε= 0.32^+0.20_-0.16, and M_V = -2.10 ± 0.44 mag. Both galaxies lie within the typical size-luminosity locus of MW ultra-faint dwarfs. Gru II shows an asymmetric morphology including multi-directional clumpy features, some of which may be suggestive of tidal disturbance. We further identify and spectroscopically confirm a new distant member just outside 3r_h in Gru II, providing independent evidence for member stars at large projected radii. In contrast, Hor II appears regular, with no significant extended structure detected to the surface-brightness limits of our data.
We present constraints on models of cosmology and astrophysics using cosmic shear data vectors from three datasets: the northern and southern Galactic cap of the Dark Energy Camera All Data Everywhere (DECADE) project, and the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year 3. These data vectors combined consist of 270 million galaxies spread across 13,000 deg^2 of the sky. We first extract constraints for ΛCDM cosmology and find S_8= 0.805^+0.019_-0.019 and Ω_ m = 0.262^+0.023_-0.036, which is consistent within 1.9 σ of constraints from the Planck satellite. Extending our analysis to dynamical dark energy models shows that lensing provides some (but still minor) improvements to existing constraints from supernovae and baryon acoustic oscillations. Finally, we study six different models for the impact of baryons on the matter power spectrum. We show the different models provide consistent constraints on baryon suppression, and associated cosmology, once the astrophysical priors are sufficiently wide. Current scale-cut approaches for mitigating baryon contamination result in a residual bias of ≈ 0.3σ in the S_8, Ω_ m posterior. Using all scales with dedicated baryon modeling leads to negligible improvement as the new information is used solely to self-calibrate the baryon model on small scales. Additional non-lensing datasets, and/or calibrations of the baryon model, will be required to access the full statistical power of the lensing measurements. The combined dataset in this work represents the largest lensing dataset to date (most galaxies, largest area) and provides an apt testing ground for analyses of upcoming datasets from Stage IV surveys. The DECADE shear catalogs, data vectors, and likelihoods are made publicly available.
We present Magellan/IMACS and Magellan/MIKE spectroscopy of the ultra-faint dwarf (UFD) galaxy Pictor~II (Pic~II) that is located only 12 kpc from the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). From the IMACS spectroscopy, we identify 13 member stars and measure a mean heliocentric velocity of , a velocity dispersion of , a mean metallicity of , and an upper limit on the metallicity dispersion of . We measure detailed elemental abundances for the brightest star, finding [Fe/H]=−3.3, high [ α/Fe] ratios, and no detectable neutron capture elements, similar to stars in other UFDs. However, this star has an unusually high [Sc/Fe] ratio. The dynamical mass-to-light ratio ( M/L=760−420+910M⊙L⊙−1), size, and chemical abundances confirms that Pic~II is a dark matter-dominated dwarf galaxy. We perform detailed orbit modeling of Pic~II in a combined Milky Way (MW) and LMC potential and find that Pic~II is highly likely to be a long-term LMC satellite. Furthermore, we find that Pic II is likely still bound to the LMC today. Pic~II is the seventh LMC-associated UFD and among the most metal-poor UFDs known. We further update the morphological parameters with deeper Dark Energy Camera (DECam) photometry, compute the dark matter properties for dark matter indirect detection searches, verify the extremely low metallicity with narrowband CaHK imaging, and briefly discuss tidal influences of the LMC and MW.
We report the discovery and spectroscopic confirmation of an ultra-faint Milky Way satellite in the constellation of Leo. This system was discovered as a spatial overdensity of resolved stars observed with Dark Energy Camera (DECam) data from an early version of the third data release of the DECam Local Volume Exploration (or DELVE) survey. The low luminosity ( MV=-3.56-0.37+0.47 ; LV=2300-700+1200L circle dot ), large size ( R1/2=90-30+30 pc), and large heliocentric distance ( D=111-6+9 kpc) are all consistent with the population of ultra-faint dwarf galaxies (UFDs). Using Keck/DEIMOS observations of the system, we were able to spectroscopically confirm nine member stars, while measuring a tentative mass-to-light ratio of 700-500+1400M circle dot/L circle dot and a nonzero metallicity dispersion of sigma[Fe/H]=0.19-0.11+0.14 , further confirming Leo VI's identity as a UFD. While the system has a highly elliptical shape, & varepsilon;=0.54-0.29+0.19 , we do not find any conclusive evidence that it is tidally disrupting. Moreover, despite the apparent on-sky proximity of Leo VI to members of the proposed Crater-Leo infall group, its smaller heliocentric distance and inconsistent position in energy-angular momentum space make it unlikely that Leo VI is part of the proposed infall group.
We present the discovery of Aquarius III, an ultra-faint Milky Way satellite galaxy identified in the second data release of the DECam Local Volume Exploration survey. Based on deeper follow-up imaging with DECam, we find that Aquarius III is a low-luminosity (M-V = -2.5(-0.5)(+0.3); L-V = 850(-260)(+380) L-circle dot), extended (r(1/2) = 41(-8)(+9) pc) stellar system located in the outer halo (D-circle dot = 85 +/- 4 kpc). From medium-resolution Keck/DEIMOS spectroscopy, we identify 11 member stars and measure a mean heliocentric radial velocity of v(sys) = -13.1(-0.9)(+1.0) km s(-1) for the system and place an upper limit of sigma(v) < 3.5 km s(-1) (sigma(v) < 1.6 km s(-1)) on its velocity dispersion at the 95% (68%) credible level. Based on calcium-triplet metallicities of the six brightest red giant members, we find that Aquarius III is very metal-poor ([Fe/H]= - 2.61 +/- 0.21) with a statistically significant metallicity spread (sigma([Fe/H]) = 0.46(-0.14)(+0.26) dex). We interpret this metallicity spread as strong evidence that the system is a dwarf galaxy as opposed to a star cluster. Combining our velocity measurement with Gaia proper motions, we find that Aquarius III is currently situated near its orbital pericenter in the outer halo (r(peri) = 78 +/- 7 kpc) and that it is plausibly on first infall onto the Milky Way. This orbital history likely precludes significant tidal disruption from the Galactic disk, notably unlike other satellites with comparably low velocity dispersion limits in the literature. Thus, if further velocity measurements confirm that its velocity dispersion is truly below sigma(v) less than or similar to 2 km s(-1), Aquarius III may serve as a useful laboratory for probing galaxy formation physics in low-mass halos.
We present cosmological constraints from the Dark Energy Camera All Data Everywhere (DECADE) cosmic shear analysis. This work uses shape measurements for 107 million galaxies measured through Dark Energy Camera (DECam) imaging of $5,\!412$ deg$^2$ of sky that is outside the Dark Energy Survey (DES) footprint. We derive constraints on the cosmological parameters $S_8 = 0.791^{+0.027}_{-0.032}$ and $\Omega_{\rm m} =0.269^{+0.034}_{-0.050}$ for the $\Lambda$CDM model, which are consistent with those from other weak lensing surveys and from the cosmic microwave background. We combine our results with cosmic shear results from DES Y3 at the likelihood level, since the two datasets span independent areas on the sky. The combined measurements, which cover $\approx\! 10,\!000$ deg$^2$, prefer $S_8 = 0.791 \pm 0.023$ and $\Omega_{\rm m} = 0.277^{+0.034}_{-0.046}$ under the $\Lambda$CDM model. These results are the culmination of a series of rigorous studies that characterize and validate the DECADE dataset and the associated analysis methodologies (Anbajagane et. al 2025a,b,c). Overall, the DECADE project demonstrates that the cosmic shear analysis methods employed in Stage-III weak lensing surveys can provide robust cosmological constraints for fairly inhomogeneous datasets. This opens the possibility of using data that have been previously categorized as ``unusable'' for cosmic shear analyses, thereby increasing the statistical power of upcoming weak lensing surveys.
Extra-tidal features around globular clusters (GCs) are tracers of their disruption, stellar stream formation, and their host's gravitational potential. However, these features remain challenging to detect due to their low surface brightness. We conduct a systematic search for such features around 19 GCs in the DECam Local Volume Exploration (DELVE) survey Data Release 2, discovering a new extra-tidal envelope around NGC 5897 and find tentative evidence for an extended envelope surrounding NGC 7492. Through a combination of dynamical modeling and analyzing synthetic stellar populations, we demonstrate these envelopes may have formed through tidal disruption. We use these models to explore the detectability of these features in the upcoming Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), finding that while LSST's deeper photometry will enhance detection significance, additional methods for foreground removal like proper motions or metallicities may be important for robust stream detection. Our results both add to the sample of globular clusters with extra-tidal features and provide insights on interpreting similar features in current and upcoming data.
We present the Dark Energy Camera All Data Everywhere (DECADE) weak lensing dataset: a catalog of 107 million galaxies observed by the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) in the northern Galactic cap. This catalog was assembled from public DECam data including survey and standard observing programs. These data were consistently processed with the Dark Energy Survey Data Management pipeline as part of the DECADE campaign and serve as the basis of the DECam Local Volume Exploration survey (DELVE) Early Data Release 3 (EDR3). We apply the Metacalibration measurement algorithm to generate and calibrate galaxy shapes. After cuts, the resulting cosmology-ready galaxy shape catalog covers a region of $5,\!412 \,\,{\rm deg}^2$ with an effective number density of $4.59\,\, {\rm arcmin}^{-2}$. The coadd images used to derive this data have a median limiting magnitude of $r = 23.6$, $i = 23.2$, and $z = 22.6$, estimated at ${\rm S/N} = 10$ in a 2 arcsecond aperture. We present a suite of detailed studies to characterize the catalog, measure any residual systematic biases, and verify that the catalog is suitable for cosmology analyses. In parallel, we build an image simulation pipeline to characterize the remaining multiplicative shear bias in this catalog, which we measure to be $m = (-2.454 \pm 0.124) \times10^{-2}$ for the full sample. Despite the significantly inhomogeneous nature of the data set, due to it being an amalgamation of various observing programs, we find the resulting catalog has sufficient quality to yield competitive cosmological constraints.
The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC and SMC) are the Milky Way's nearest interacting galaxy pair, offering a unique laboratory for studying tidal effects on galactic disks. Despite extensive survey efforts, the three-dimensional geometry of the Clouds, particularly the putative warp of the LMC, remains poorly constrained due to incompleteness in their crowded centers and the low stellar density of their peripheries, which demand wide-field coverage. Using red-clump (RC) stars as standard candles, corrected for age- and metallicity-dependent population effects with empirically calibrated color-magnitude relations and spatially resolved star-formation histories, we construct the most detailed distance map of the Magellanic System to date. Based on ∼2.3 million RC stars from Gaia DR3 combined with modern reddening maps, we measure median heliocentric distances of 50.62 ± 2.32 kpc for the LMC (to ∼23^∘) and 60.75 ± 2.85 kpc for the SMC (to ∼12^∘). The maps reveal substructures including the LMC Northern Arm, southern hooks, the Magellanic Bridge, and SMC peripheral over-densities, with refreshed distance estimates. Fitting the LMC disk within 7^∘ yields a global inclination of i = 25.32^∘± 0.10^∘ and line-of-nodes position angle of θ= 142.34^∘± 0.21^∘. Most strikingly, we find the LMC periphery is warped azimuthally into a U-shaped structure reaching vertical amplitudes of ∼7 kpc at radii of ∼15 kpc. We interpret this warp as a tidal response to the most recent close passage of the SMC ∼300 Myr ago, providing new constraints on the orbital history and dynamical evolution of the Magellanic Clouds.
We present the pipeline for the cosmic shear analysis of the Dark Energy Camera All Data Everywhere (DECADE) weak lensing dataset: a catalog consisting of 107 million galaxies observed by the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) in the northern Galactic cap. The catalog derives from a large number of disparate observing programs and is therefore more inhomogeneous across the sky compared to existing lensing surveys. First, we use simulated data-vectors to show the sensitivity of our constraints to different analysis choices in our inference pipeline, including sensitivity to residual systematics. Next we use simulations to validate our covariance modeling for inhomogeneous datasets. Finally, we show that our choices in the end-to-end cosmic shear pipeline are robust against inhomogeneities in the survey, by extracting relative shifts in the cosmology constraints across different subsets of the footprint/catalog and showing they are all consistent within 1σ to 2σ. This is done for forty-six subsets of the data and is carried out in a fully consistent manner: for each subset of the data, we re-derive the photometric redshift estimates, shear calibrations, survey transfer functions, the data vector, measurement covariance, and finally, the cosmological constraints. Our results show that existing analysis methods for weak lensing cosmology can be fairly resilient towards inhomogeneous datasets. This also motivates exploring a wider range of image data for pursuing such cosmological constraints.
The metallicity distribution function (MDF) and internal chemical variations of a galaxy are fundamental to understand its formation and assembly history. In this work, we analyze photometric metallicities for 3883 stars over 7 half-light radii ( r _h ) in the Sculptor (Scl) dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxy, using new narrowband imaging data from the Mapping the Ancient Galaxy in CaHK (MAGIC) survey conducted with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) at the 4 m Blanco Telescope. This work demonstrates the scientific potential of MAGIC using the Scl dSph galaxy, one of the most well-studied satellites of the Milky Way. Our sample ranges from [Fe/H] ≈ –4.0 to [Fe/H] ≈ –0.6, includes six new extremely metal-poor candidates ([Fe/H] ≤ –3.0), and is almost 3 times larger than the largest spectroscopic metallicity data set in the Scl dSph. Our spatially unbiased sample of metallicities provides a more accurate representation of the MDF, revealing a more metal-rich peak than observed in the most recent spectroscopic sample. It also reveals a break in the metallicity gradient, with a strong change in the slope: from −3.26 ± 0.18 dex deg ^−1 for stars inside ∼1 r _h to −0.55 ± 0.26 dex deg ^−1 for the outer part of the Scl dSph. Our study demonstrates that combining photometric metallicity analysis with the wide field of view of DECam offers an efficient and unbiased approach for studying the stellar populations of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group.
We present the photometric redshift characterization and calibration for the Dark Energy Camera All Data Everywhere (DECADE) weak lensing dataset: a catalog of 107 million galaxies observed by the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) in the northern Galactic cap. The redshifts are estimated from a combination of wide-field photometry, deep-field photometry with associated redshift estimates, and a transfer function between the wide field and deep field that is estimated using a source injection catalog. We construct four tomographic bins for the galaxy catalog, and estimate the redshift distribution, n(z), within each one using the Self-organizing Map Photo-Z (SOMPZ) methodology. Our estimates include the contributions from sample variance, zeropoint calibration uncertainties, and redshift biases, as quantified for the deep-field dataset. The total uncertainties on the mean redshifts are σ_⟨ z ⟩≈ 0.01. The SOMPZ estimates are then compared to those from the clustering redshift method, obtained by cross-correlating our source galaxies with galaxies in spectroscopic surveys, and are shown to be consistent with each other.