Introduction The present aimed to examine the mental health conditions of children, ages 7-11 years, living in conditions of war and conflict conditions in two districts of a Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan. Objectives The study surveyed teachers of 617 primary school children (mean age 8.9, SD 1.24; 50.7% female) across nine schools in Agdam and Karabakh districts. Methods The children were evaluated with the previously validated Azerbaijani version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) Teacher Form. The total difficulty and five subscale scores (emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems, and prosocial behavior) were assessed. Results About a third of children (32.7%) had abnormal total scores, and a fifth (21.4%) were in borderline range. The SDQ subscale scores included emotional problems (19.4%); conduct problems (20.3%), hyperactivity/inattention (12.2%), peer relationship problems (31.1%), and pro-social behavior difficulties (13.1%). Boys had higher level of difficulties than females (p<.01) with a negative correlation of children’s school performance with maternal education. Conclusions The findings of the study show that more than half of the children living in the war zone in Azerbaijan have significant mental health problems. The psychological effects of the war environments have a profund effect on child development and education and need to be revisited under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. These include the provision of implicit supports in terms of their emotional, behavioral, psychosocial development and education of children and protection of children from wars, conflicts, and persecution. Disclosure No significant relationships.

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We report on the investigation of the final state in interactions of quasi-real photons with protons. The data were taken with the H1 detector at the HERA ep collider. Evidence for hard interactions is seen in both single particle spectra and jet formation. The data can best be described by inclusion of resolved photon processess as predicted by QCD.

A method to determine the emission measure and hence the effective extension of solar flares is described. The conditions for the Balmer continuum to be visible in disk flares is also considered. The concept of the effective mass is introduced and it is shown that this mass is a little less than that of a plasma filling the whole spectroscopic volume and including thin and dense filaments and the intervals between them as well. In this connection it is necessary to have high energy electron fluxes. It is assumed that these electrons maintian a high temperature in the interval volume; being a source of powerful X-rays, such hot intervals can heat cool filaments and they in their turn reradiate in the visible and ultraviolet regions of the flare spectrum. Taking one flare as an example, we give curves of the emission measure, effective mass and numbers of hydrogen atoms in the second quantum state versus time. These curves agree qualitatively with the light curve characteristics for most of the flares.