Neodymium (Nd) and yttrium (Y), two rare earth elements, play a crucial role in a wide range of technologies, and their separation is a challenging process. Adsorption-based approaches offer a sustainable and cost-efficient substitute for the most widely used solvent extraction procedure. Here, we assess the potential of cellulose citrate (CC) as an adsorbent for the removal of Y and Nd through both experimental and computational approaches. CC was successfully synthesized by reacting raw cellulose extracted from Spartium junceum (Spanish broom) with molten citric acid using a green approach that does not require any solvent. The final goal is to shed light on the mechanism of adsorption by citrate-functionalized cellulose by interpreting the adsorption measurements through kinetics and isotherm adsorption models, as well as Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and molecular mechanics (MM) simulations. Adsorption properties of the sorbent are investigated at different contact times, pH values, and metal concentrations. Cellulose citrate has proven to be a highly effective material for the adsorption of the two metals, exhibiting a slight preference for Y at low-to-medium concentrations and for Nd at higher concentrations, suggesting a different binding stoichiometry of the two cations. The adsorption process is found to be pH-dependent, with equilibrium being reached after approximately 60 min. Interestingly, a certain degree of selectivity toward Nd is observed, which becomes more pronounced at pH values below 3 and at higher metal concentrations. DFT and MM modeling confirm the experimental results and allow an adsorption mechanism to interpret the measured performance of this material.

Abstract Separation of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) remains an open challenge for their closely related coordination chemistry and hydration. Neodymium (Nd) and yttrium (Y) form an exemplary pair for this open problem, since Nd is a priority target for recovery from end-of-life magnets while yttrium closely mimics the ionic radius and coordination behavior of heavy rare earth elements, which are common cocontaminants of Nd. Membrane-based separation has been recognized as an efficient and eco-friendly alternative to the conventional solvent extraction procedures. In this context, the development of novel membrane coatings with specific selectivity represents a fundamental challenge that encourages the search for nanostructures equipped with tailored binding sites. In this work, a Density Functional Theory study was conducted to elucidate the adsorption behavior of Y3+ and Nd3+ ions on citrate-functionalized carbon nanotube (CNT-Cit), with the aim of evaluating the potential of this functionalized nanostructure for selective membrane coatings. Adsorption, binding, and deformation energies, in addition to adsorption free energies, were systematically evaluated to quantify the adsorption and stability of metal complexes as a function of the binding topology. The study establishes a structure–energy relationship governing the REEs binding on the citrate-functionalized CNT. The work shows that the adsorption strength and coordination geometry are strongly dependent on the metal ion and functionalization topology. In particular, adsorption at the CNT sidewall site, involving the central carboxylate of citrate, is predicted to be exergonic for Nd and endergonic for Y, whereas adsorption at the CNT tip site was found to be too strong for ion transport. The exergonic and endergonic adsorption of Nd and Y on the citrate functional group at the CNT sidewall suggests that CNT-Cit will be selective for neodymium over yttrium. Although the present study does not directly simulate site-to-site hopping barriers or fluxes in assembled CNT networks, it provides molecular-level guidelines for the design of selective CNT-based networks to be used as membrane coatings for REE recovery.

Building on our earlier work on graphene oxide (GO)-impregnated clinoptilolite for methylene blue (MB) removal, this study directly compares GO-modified zeolite (GOZ) with an ascorbic-acid-reduced analogue (rGOZ) prepared on the same clinoptilolite matrix by liquid-phase impregnation and evaluated under identical batch conditions. Spectroscopic/microscopic, elemental (CHNS) and textural analyses (UV–Vis, FT-IR, SEM/EDS, N2 sorptiometry and thermogravimetry) confirm successful attachment of the carbon phases ( 9

Synthetic dyes represent a major environmental concern because of their toxicity, persistence and resistance to biodegradation. Among them, methylene blue (MB) is widely used as cationic dye and may pose risks to aquatic ecosystems when improperly discharged. In this work, sulfonated polyethersulfone (sPES)-based nanocomposite films incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and covalently linked MWCNTs-TiO2 nanohybrid fillers were prepared and evaluated for MB removal from water and UV-assisted regeneration. FT-IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis confirmed preservation of the sPES structure after filler incorporation, while revealing filler-dependent changes in the hydrophilic/hydrophobic interfacial environment. Batch adsorption experiments showed that MB removal is primarily governed by the sulfonated polymer matrix, with complete dye uptake under the investigated conditions and pseudo-first-order kinetics. MWCNTs alone slightly slowed adsorption, likely because of reduced film hydrophilicity and lower accessibility of internal sulfonic sites, whereas the TiO2/MWCNT formulation preserved fast adsorption, suggesting improved filler dispersion and interfacial accessibility. UV-assisted regeneration experiments demonstrated that TiO2-sPES films can bleach adsorbed MB and be reused over consecutive adsorption/regeneration cycles. The adsorption kinetics became faster after repeated cycles, attributed to swelling-induced hydration and progressive exposure of internal binding sites. Nitrate, total nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon analyses revealed that photocatalytic regeneration is strongly controlled by the MB/composite mass ratio. At low dye loading, nitrate formation reached the theoretical value expected for complete mineralization of MB-derived nitrogen within approximately 4 h at an equilibrium pH around 4, relevant to acidic industrial effluents. At higher loading, nitrogen release remained far below the theoretical value, while DOC increased more rapidly. FT-IR monitoring of highly loaded films during UV exposure showed progressive attenuation of diagnostic MB bands, indicating gradual photoconversion of adsorbed MB and involvement of lateral phenyl rings.

This study investigates the composition and quality of natural food gums, with a focus on Tara gum, a commonly used thickener in the food industry. Although often labeled as "pure," commercial Tara gum may be adulterated with cheaper alternatives like Guar, Konjac, or Xanthan gum, leading to variations in its properties. To assess this, here we analyzed pure samples and mixtures of Tara gum (containing 5-25 % of the other gums) using thermal (TGA, DSC), spectroscopic (FTIR), and viscosity measurements. Advanced statistical tools, including multivariate analysis (MDVA) and classification models (SIMCA and PLSDA), were used to identify the composition of these samples. The analysis revealed that most unknown samples matched the profile of pure Tara gum, though a few showed evidence of Guar or Konjac content. Xanthan gum was excluded from some comparisons because its strong influence significantly altered the properties of the mixtures, making them stand out in the statistical models. The SIMCA model identified borderline cases in the Cooman's plot, indicating potential low-level adulteration. Overall, the study provides useful tools for detecting gum adulteration and supports better quality control in the food industry.

The use of graphene oxide (GO) in combination with mesoporous materials has gained interest in the development of adsorbents. In this study, GO was impregnated into zeolite at three concentrations (ZGO2.5, ZGO5, and ZGO10) through a simple thermal process to enhance the adsorption of methylene blue (MB). Characterization of the resulting materials was performed using spectroscopic techniques such as UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, and EDS, confirming the presence of GO on zeolite. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate their performance, analyzing contact time, pH effect, and adsorption kinetics. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich kinetic models were applied, and the adsorption mechanism was studied using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin II, and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms at different temperatures. Optimal adsorption was achieved at 273 K, 100 mg L−1 of MB, adsorbent mass of 100 mg, 250 rpm, and pH 5–9, with 90% removal efficiency after 70 min. The pseudo-second-order, Freundlich, and D-R models best described the process (R2 > 0.98), suggesting a mixed physisorption–chemisorption mechanism. The maximum adsorption capacity from the D-R isotherm reached 119 mg g−1 at 333 K. Thermodynamic studies showed that adsorption was a spontaneous and endothermic process. These findings highlight the potential of GO-impregnated zeolite as an effective adsorbent for MB.

The design of sustainable hydrogel materials with tunable mechanical and thermal properties is essential for emerging applications in flexible and wearable electronics. In this study, hydrogels based on natural gums such as Guar, Tara, and Xanthan and their composites with Cellulose Citrate were developed through a mild physical crosslinking process, ensuring environmental compatibility and structural integrity. The effect of cellulose citrate pretreatment under different alkaline conditions (0.04%, 5%, and 10% NaOH) was systematically investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and dynamic rheology. Overall, the results show that the composites exhibit different properties of the hydrogel networks compared to the pure hydrogel gums, strongly depending on the alkaline treatment. In all composite hydrogels, a significant increase in the number of interacting rheological units occurs, though the strength of the interactions decreases in Guar and Tara composites, which exhibit partial structural destabilization. In contrast, Xanthan-Cellulose Citrate hydrogels display enhanced strong gel character, and crosslinking density. These improvements reflect stronger intermolecular associations and a more compact polymer network, due to the favorable H-bonding and ionic interactions among Xanthan, Cellulose and Citrate mediated by water and sodium ions. Overall, the results demonstrate that Xanthan-Cellulose Citrate systems represent a new class of eco-friendly, mechanically robust hydrogels with controllable viscoelastic and thermal responses, features highly relevant for the next generation of flexible, self-supporting, and responsive soft materials suitable for wearable and stretchable electronic devices.

The complexation behaviour of quercetin and luteolin with first-row transition metals (Cr(III), Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II)) in aqueous solutions was systematically investigated using potentiometric titrations, UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This study aimed to elucidate the stability, stoichiometry, and preferred binding sites of these flavonoid-metal complexes in an entirely aqueous solution at 37 °C as a function of pH under controlled ionic strength. Speciation analysis revealed the formation of 1 : 1, 1 : 2, and 1 : 3 metal-to-ligand complexes, with coordination occurring primarily at the 4,5- or 3,4-binding site, depending on the metal ion and ligand structure. UV-Vis and IR spectral changes confirmed complex formation, while computational modeling provided insights into binding site selectivity and free energy changes associated with coordination. Results highlight the influence of the ligand structure on metal affinity and stability, with quercetin forming more stable complexes than those formed by luteolin owing to the presence of an additional hydroxyl group at position 3. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of flavonoid-metal interactions, with potential implications for antioxidant activity, metal chelation therapy, and environmental applications.

Materials capable of tunable optical absorption and fluorescence properties in response to multiple external stimuli, while providing a readable signal, have garnered significant scientific interest. Such materials hold promise for applications in wearable electronics, anticounterfeiting technologies, self-powered light sources and displays, human-machine interfaces, and intelligent sensing systems. A highly effective approach to achieving multi-stimuli optical responsiveness is to integrate various functionalities into a single structure, such as reversible electrochemistry, ion and electronic charge transport, photoluminescence, and supramolecular organization (e.g., mesomorphism). Here, we introduce a new class of thermotropic smectic ionic liquid crystals, composed of the bistriflimide salts of pi-conjugated fluorenoviologen dications. The dications feature a central fluorene core functionalized in position 2,7 with two pyridine moieties, whose nitrogen atoms are alkylated with promesogenic alkyl chains of varying lengths. In their bulk liquid crystalline phases, these materials exhibit ON/OFF electrofluorochromism (under UV photoexcitation), with voltage-triggered fluorescence quenching and a shift from yellow to dark electrochromism. Additionally, they display thermofluorochromism, showing a striking fluorescence color change from green to blue on going from the crystalline solid phase at room temperature to the liquid crystalline phases at high temperatures.

This study investigates the spatial and temporal dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and several other chemical-physical parameters concentrations in a Mediterranean headwater catchment (Turbolo River catchment, southern Italy) equipped with two multi-parameter sondes providing multiple-year (from 2019 to 2023) high-frequency measurements, complemented by discrete monitoring campaigns. The sondes were installed in two nested sections, a quasi-pristine upstream sub-catchment and a downstream outlet with anthropogenic water quality disturbances. Altogether, sixteen chemical-physical parameters were assessed: temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, pH, ORP, ammonia nitrogen (N-NH4+) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in continuous mode; alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), free CO2, not purgeable organic carbon (NPOC), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), anionic and cationic content for discrete monitoring. In particular, DOC estimates were achieved by correcting the fluorescent dissolved organic matter -fDOM - values through an original procedure that did not require extensive laboratory measurements. Then, parameter dynamics at the seasonal and storm event scales were analyzed.Results showed that all parameters have values consistent with those expected for fluvial water. Furthermore, the majority of the parameters generally recorded the highest values during the autumn season, showing then a decrease to spring lows and a new rise with the arrival of the driest months of the year. In particular, the seasonal scale analysis confirmed the climate control on DOC production, with increasing background concentrations in hot and dry summer months. On the other hand, the hydrological regulation proved crucial for DOC mobilization and export, with the top 10th percentile of discharge associated with up to 79% of the total DOC yield. The analysis at the storm scale using flushing and hysteresis indices highlighted substantial differences between the two catchments. In the steeper upstream catchment, the limited capability of preserving hydrological connectivity over time with DOC sources determined the prevalence of transport as the limiting factor to DOC export. In the downstream catchment, transport- and source-limited processes were observed almost equally. The correlation between the hysteretic behaviour and antecedent precipitation was not linear since the process reverted to transport-limited for high accumulated rainfall values. The influence of storm events was also verified for other parameters, which were either positively (turbidity, N-NH4+) or negatively (electrical conductivity, TDS and salinity) correlated with the streamflow variation.Exploiting high-resolution measurements, the study provided insights into DOC and several other chemical-physical parameter dynamics in nested headwater catchments at multiple time scales. Reference: Senatore et al., Water Resources Research, 2023, 59(11), e2022WR034397, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR034397

Mercury pollution poses a global health threat due to its high toxicity, especially in seafood where it accumulates through various pathways. Developing effective and affordable technologies for mercury removal from water is crucial. Adsorption stands out as a promising method, but creating low-cost materials with high selectivity and capacity for mercury adsorption is challenging. Here we show a sustainable method to synthesize low-cost sulfhydrylated cellulose with ethylene sulfide functionalities bonded glucose units. Thiol-functionalized cellulose exhibits exceptional adsorption capacity (1325 mg g-1) and selectivity for Hg(II) over other heavy metals (Co, Cu, Zn, Pb) and common cations (Ca++, Mg++) found in natural waters. It performs efficiently across a wide pH range and different aqueous matrices, including wastewater, and can be regenerated and reused multiple times without significant loss of performance. This approach offers a promising solution for addressing mercury contamination in water sources.

Poor-quality water containing a high concentration of soluble salts is used to irrigate cropland worldwide, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, the limited rainfall is insufficient to wash away salts from the root zone, which builds up salt in the soil and affects soil properties, causing secondary soil salinization. This risk makes it necessary to monitor the variation of salinization in the irrigated perimeters through physico-chemical analyses. In Tunisia, soils affected by salts occupy an area of 1.5 million hectares, about 10

Herein we show all-in-one electrochromic and electrofluorochromic devices where the ethyl viologen cathode is coupled to different arylamine-BT-arylamine anodes, by which modulation of light absorption and emission in the vis-NIR range is achieved.

<p>Hydrological factors are known to contribute to regulate the DOC balance at the reach scale. Interannual, intra-annual (seasonal) and event-based hydrological variability, particularly in headwater streams, affects stream-hillslope organic matter exchanges and river network connectivity, leading to significant space and time variations in sources and processes regulating DOC dynamics.</p> <p>This paper contributes to the ongoing effort to improve understanding of the related dynamics of streamflow and DOC concentration spatial variability across different timescales. Our investigation focused on a Mediterranean headwater catchment (Turbolo River, southern Italy) characterized by dry and hot summer climate enhancing network intermittency. The catchment was equipped with two multi-parameter sondes providing more than two-year (May 2019 to November 2021) continuous high-frequency measurements of several DOC-related parameters (fluorescent dissolved organic matter - fDOM, streamwater temperature and turbidity). The sondes were installed in two nested sections. The upstream sonde was located in a quasi-pristine sub-catchment, while the downstream sonde was placed at the Fitterizzi outlet, where some anthropogenic disturbances on water quality could be observed. Furthermore, streamflow data were acquired at both sites, while weather parameters were monitored at the catchment outlet. DOC estimates were achieved by correcting the fDOM values through an original procedure that did not require extensive laboratory measurements. Then, DOC dynamics at the seasonal and storm event scales were analyzed for both sites.</p> <p>At the seasonal scale, results confirmed the climate control on DOC production, with background concentrations that increased in hot and dry summer months. The hydrological regulation proved crucial for DOC mobilization and export, with the top 10<sup>th</sup> percentile of discharge being associated with up to 79% of the total DOC yield. The analysis at the storm scale examined 19 events per site using flushing and hysteresis indices. Our results highlighted substantial differences between the two catchments. In the steeper upstream catchment, the limited capability of preserving hydraulic connection in time with DOC sources determined the prevalence of transport as the limiting factor to DOC export. Downstream, transport- and source-limited processes were observed almost equally. The correlation between the hysteretic behaviour and antecedent precipitation was not linear since the process turned to be transport-limited for high accumulated rainfall values. Overall, the study demonstrated the importance of high-resolution measurements to explain DOC dynamics at multiple time scales with a quantitative approach.</p>

Three arylamino-dibenzothiophene derivatives (Ary2-DBT, Ary2-DBTSO and Ary2-DBTSO2), based on a molecular architecture D-π-D, have been designed and synthesized. The three compounds, showing different oxidation states of the S-heterocycle (sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone), have been studied in order to investigate the effects of both the neutral and radical species on the photophysical properties. To this purpose, cyclic voltammetry, UV/Vis-NIR and fluorescence spectroscopy, TDDFT calculation, and EPR spectroscopy measurements were performed. Moreover, spectroelectrochemical measurements have demonstrated the ability of these molecular systems to shift their colour output by following a change in the applied voltage. Finally, as a proof of concept, electrochromic devices have been fabricated to demonstrate the functionality of these dyes as anodic components.

Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting compound with estrogenic behavior, is of great concern within the scientific community due to its high production levels and increasing concentration in various surface aquifers. While several materials exhibit excellent capacity for the photocatalytic degradation of BPA, their powdered nature and poor chemical stability render them unsuitable for practical application in large-scale water decontamination. In this study, a new class of nanocomposite membranes based on sulfonated polyethersulfone (sPES) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes decorated with TiO2 nanoparticles (MWCNTs-TiO2) were investigated as efficient and scalable photocatalysts for the photodegradation of BPA in aqueous solutions. The MWCNTs-TiO2 hybrid material was prepared through a facile and inexpensive hydrothermal method and extensively characterized by XRD, Raman, FTIR, BET, and TGA. Meanwhile, nanocomposite membranes at different filler loadings were prepared by a simple casting procedure. Swelling tests and PFG NMR analyses provided insights into the impact of filler introduction on membrane hydrophilicity and water molecular dynamics, whereas the effectiveness of the various photocatalysts in BPA removal was monitored using HPLC. Among the different MWCNTs-TiO2 content nanocomposites, the one at 10 wt% loading (sP-MT10) showed the best photoactivity. Under UV irradiation at 254 nm and 365 nm for 240 min, photocatalytic oxidation of 5 mg/L bisphenol A by sP-MT10 resulted in 91% and 82% degradation, respectively. Both the effect of BPA concentration and the membrane regenerability were evaluated, revealing that the sP-MT10 maintained its maximum BPA removal capability over more than 10 cycles. Our findings indicate that sP-MT nanocomposite membranes are versatile, scalable, efficient, and highly reusable photocatalysts for the degradation of BPA, as well as potentially for other endocrine disruptors.

Electrochromism/electrofluorochromism is the reversible tuning of the absorption/photoluminescence by redox processes. Dual functional electrochromic/electrofluorochromic materials can be exploited in, for example, smart windows, encryption/anticounterfeiting technologies, displays, and biomedical sensors. While electrofluorochromic materials showing tunable fluorescence intensity are relatively widespread, those with tunable color emission are not. Moreover, electrofluorochromic materials with tunable emission in the near‐infrared (NIR) range are seldom encountered. Here, this work shows a new molecular approach to afford both the above functionalities, in addition to red–NIR electrochromism, by combining the properties of highly stable arylamine radical cation mixed valence species, with those of donor–acceptor systems exhibiting the photoinduced twisted intramolecular charge transfer mechanism.

This study investigates the spatial and temporal dynamics of DOC concentration in a Mediterranean headwater catchment (Turbolo River catchment, southern Italy) equipped with two multi-parameter sondes providing more than two-year (May 2019 to November 2021) continuous high-frequency measurements of several DOC-related parameters. The sondes were installed in two nested sections, a quasi-pristine upstream sub-catchment and a downstream outlet with some anthropogenic disturbances on water quality. DOC estimates were achieved by correcting the fluorescent dissolved organic matter - fDOM - values through an original procedure not requiring extensive laboratory measurements. Then, DOC dynamics at the seasonal and storm event scales were analyzed. At the seasonal scale, results confirmed the climate control on DOC production, with increasing background concentrations in hot and dry summer months. The hydrological regulation proved crucial for DOC mobilization and export, with the top 10th percentile of discharge associated with up to 79% of the total DOC yield. The analysis at the storm scale using flushing and hysteresis indices highlighted substantial differences between the two catchments. In the steeper upstream catchment, the limited capability of preserving hydraulic connection in time with DOC sources determined the prevalence of transport as the limiting factor to DOC export. Downstream, transport- and source-limited processes were observed almost equally. The correlation between the hysteretic behaviour and antecedent precipitation was not linear since the process reverted to transport-limited for high accumulated rainfall values. The study demonstrated the importance of high-resolution measurements to explain DOC dynamics at multiple time scales using a quantitative approach.

Mercury is a global pollutant, very dangerous for the aquatic ecosystems and for human health. The sources of mercury in the environment are either anthropogenic or natural. However, historical mining activities and current anthropogenic activities, have led to a significant increase of its level in the environment. Its removal by efficient and cost-effective technologies, is of the utmost importance in order to help restore it back towards natural levels. Here we show that a novel cellulose citrate biopolymer, produced by the reaction of cellulose and citric acid, is an efficient adsorbent of inorganic mercury with a distribution constant close to 105 l/g and an estimated record high maximum adsorption capacity of 1600 mg/g. Moreover, due to the large fraction of citrate moieties on its surface, its adsorption selectivity toward inorganic mercury, is the highest after that for Pb(II), among a series of divalent heavy metals, in different aqueous matrices. Finally, cellulose citrate can be reused for several adsorption cycles by a simple regeneration process without significant adsorption performance loss.

BACKGROUND Biocompatible Pickering emulsions (PE) stabilized by tailor-made antioxidant-loaded particles have been known for some time now, but antioxidant-rich natural plant particle-based emulsions are much less well known. This study aimed to investigate the physico-chemical properties of commercial Zingiber officinale powders obtained from biological and conventional agricultural practice and ginger powder-based PE. RESULTS The physico-chemical and biological properties of Zingiber officinale powders (GDPs) obtained from conventional (GDPC1 and GDPC2) and biological agricultural (GDPBIO) practices, and the properties of derived PE (PE_GDPs) were examined. All GDPs showed weak aggregation in aqueous media and a sufficiently hydrophobic surface to stabilize oil-in-water (O/W) PE against coalescence for at least 1 month. Zingiber officinale powders (2% w/w) derived from biological agricultural practices (GDPBIO) demonstrated the best emulsifying properties. The Zingiber officinale powders and PE_GDPs were also characterized by their phytochemical profiles. All the investigated samples exhibited ferric reducing ability power greater than the positive control, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), with values ranging from 91.21 to 102.63 mu mol L-1 Fe (II) g(-1) for GDPC2 and 05PE_GDPC1 (O/W=1:1), respectively. In beta-carotene bleaching test the following trend GDPC1 > GDPBIO > GDPC2 was observed. A 05PE_GDPBIO sample with the oil volume fraction equal to 50% was stable to oxidation and exhibited a promising alpha-amylase inhibitory activity. CONCLUSION The results suggest that ginger powder should be used as a starting point to design biocompatible PEs for different applications in the functional food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. In fact, powder and based PE are characterized by a promising antioxidant activity, carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme and lipase inhibitory properties. Further in vivo studies are necessary to confirm these findings. (c) 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.