This study investigated the influence of maternal socialization (i.e., maternal support, discussion of emotion, negative affect) on children's emotional understanding in 24 neglectful mother-child dyads and a matched control group. Mothers and children were administered an interaction task. Mothers were also assessed for negative emotional experience, and children were assessed for emotional understanding and expectations of maternal support. Findings indicated that neglectful mothers, compared with nonneglectful mothers, provided less support in response to their children's emotional displays, engaged in less emotional discussion, and reported more negative emotion. As well, neglected children demonstrated lower levels of emotional understanding than nonmaltreated children. Further, maternal support mediated the relation between neglect and children's emotional understanding. Findings are discussed from the functionalist approach to emotional development, emphasizing the importance of social context and socialization on children's emotional understanding.

Objective: The primary goal of this pilot study was to examine emotion management skills (i.e., emotional understanding, emotion regulation) in children who had experienced neglect and a control group to determine the ways that neglect may interfere with children's emotional development.Method: Participants included children 6-12 years of age and their mothers (neglect group, N=24; control, N=24). Participants completed questionnaires and an interview that assessed children's emotional understanding and emotion regulation.Results: Findings indicated that neglected children, compared to their nonmaltreated peers, demonstrated lower understanding of negative emotions (i.e., anger, sadness) and fewer adaptive emotion regulation skills. Further, neglected children expected less support and more conflict from mothers in response to displays of negative emotion and reported that they were more likely to attempt to inhibit the expression of negative emotion.Conclusions: Findings suggest that neglect may interfere with the normal acquisition of emotional understanding and emotion regulation skills, highlighting the importance of addressing these skills in the context of clinical intervention with neglected children. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This presentation reviews modeling transportation systems which include port operations and the extended railroad network used by port related traffic. The case study presented encompasses the port systems and rail networks of the Pacific Northwest. A new approach for unloading and loading ships at port is introduced in this presentation. Traditionally, a ship is completely unloaded and then loaded. The new approach greatly reduces turn around time by allowing the crane to make an unload move followed immediately by a load move, reducing the number of empty moves made by the crane. Shipments are then transferred away from the port and sorted at an inland interface center. Simulation modeling is used to determine if the current railroad infrastructure can accommodate the increased throughput of improved port operations and aid decision makers in determining the ideal location for inland interface centers.