BACKGROUND:Suicide is a leading cause of death among young males in Australia. Tomorrow Man's "Breaking the Man Code" workshops aim to challenge potentially harmful masculine norms and promote positive attitudes towards help-seeking among adolescent boys in schools. METHODS:Our stratified cluster randomized trial was undertaken with 1225 boys (mean (SD) age = 15.04 (0.74) years) across 24 Australian secondary schools: 13 randomized to intervention, 11 to waitlist control. Primary outcome was mean change in intentions to seek help for personal or emotional problems 4 to 8 weeks from baseline. Secondary outcomes included conformity to masculine norms, depression risk, perceived social support, and quality of life. Purpose-designed closed-ended questions captured other behavioral and attitudinal changes. The trial was prospectively registered with ANZCTR. RESULTS:Estimated mean change in scores from baseline between the two groups on the primary outcome was -0.07 (95% confidence interval: -1.75, 1.62; p = 0.937). Purpose-designed questions revealed increased help-offering, connection with friends, and some potential barriers to change. CONCLUSIONS:Further research is needed to understand the impacts of school-based interventions for boys. TRIAL REGISTRATION:Prospectively registered with ANZCTR: ACTRN12620001134910.

Elevated suicide rates among adolescent boys in Australia reflect a critical need to address restrictive masculine norms that hinder help-seeking. Tomorrow Man's 'Breaking the Man Code' workshop-a school-based gender transformative programme-aims to increase authentic self-expression and meaningful dialogue among adolescent boys. Evidence of the impacts of gender transformative programmes is limited. Within a cluster randomized trial, 183 boys (Years 10 upwards) from 11 Australian schools completed open-ended survey questions about their experiences of the 'Breaking the Man Code' workshop and its perceived impact on help-seeking with friends and family. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Three themes were developed: (i) the workshop normalized struggle and strengthened connection, creating a safe space for self-expression and peer connection; (ii) defining the 'man code' postworkshop: many participants expressed desires for increased self-expression and to support others; and (iii) talking openly with friends and family postworkshop. Greater relational impacts were described with friends, including increased compassion, trust, connection, and use of active listening skills. Perspectives within themes varied: while many discussed positive attitudinal and behavioural change, others reported no changes. The lack of reported change was largely attributed to pre-existing open communication practices; others gave no explanation; some noted difficulties implementing changes. Future research should further explore varied impacts among diverse boys. Analysis suggests that many adolescent boys in this sample desired and perceived that they could shift towards a positive masculinity characterized by deeper social connections, providing examples of this change within their relationships with friends and family postworkshop.

Time is a foundational concept in historical studies. The past is located 'in time', of course, such that time guides and bounds 'what happened' to a 'when'. There have also been increasing theorisations that understand 'time' itself as temporally and culturally bound. As well as historicising, then, time itself must be historicised. Using Australian historiography as a case study, this paper explores the changing concept of 'time' over time. It sets out a provisional timeline of Australian history's understanding and deployment of historical time, contributing a much-needed historicisation of time to a growing field of historical theory. In charting a history of time in Australian historiography, it demonstrates the historicity of 'time'. This paper shows how the concept of time not only reflects, but in turn shapes and defines, historical practice and research.

In recent decades, the role of the history discipline as part of the architecture of colonization has become more visible and better understood. Such acknowledgement reflects foundational shifts in historical practice and theory prompted by transdisciplinary and transnational scholarship in fields such as postcolonial and settler-colonial studies, First Nations knowledges, and historical perspectives and practices contextualized by transatlantic slavery. Their intervention in turn prompted a vital question: How do we map settler-colonial historiography if the discipline has been complicit in the settler-colonial project? Using Australian historiography as a case study, this article explores how History has been part of the architecture of colonization, policing whose stories can be told and by whom. Drawing on the work of Indigenous history-makers and knowledge-holders, it also points to ways that researchers might reach outside the traditional scope of historiography to map and contemplate the range of history-making that comprises history in the settler colony.

History journals are disciplinary time capsules. Like textbooks and syllabuses, their usefulness extends beyond the currency of their content. Taken together, their volumes reveal radical breaks, methodological challenges and changing historical focus across generations of historians. They also expose the inheritance of disciplinary values over time, showing how certain methods and practice endure as others are augmented. This review of History Australia’s first 20 years explores research and disciplinary trends advanced by the journal, as well as its contribution to understanding the role and function of Australian history.

Abstract Introduction Heavy vehicle drivers (HVDs), carrying approximately 75% of non-bulk domestic freight on Australian roads, are at risk of drowsiness due to night-time, long drives, or short sleep. Drowsiness comprises 46% of all driver-impairment-related factors in HVDs fatalities. However, the specific role of sleep loss in HVDs' drowsiness is less known. This study assessed the association of sleep loss, independent of other work metrics, with real-time drowsiness in HVDs. Methods Eight HVDs aged 49.8± 8 years, 27± 10.3 years of experience, worked for 3-28 (13± 6) shifts. A composite ocular measure of drowsiness (John's Drowsiness Score) and drivers' sleep-wake was monitored by Optalert glasses and Actiwatches, respectively. The drowsiness event (response variable) was defined as at least one event of JDS≥ 2.6 /h, and sleep loss (exposure) as the variation of sleep opportunity pre-shift from the 9-hour recommended rest break in Europe. Multivariate logistic regression assessed the odds of drowsiness events under sleep loss when adjusted for time of day, shift start time and hours of drive. Results Data comprised 1061 observations of work metrics or JDS and 694 records of sleep duration. Sleep loss ranged from 1 to 6.3 hours (3.4 ± 1.1h). Compared with a 1- 2.5-hour sleep loss, sleep loss> 4 hours doubled the likelihood of drowsiness events when controlled for other covariates (p=0.019). Discussion Sleep loss increases the odds of drowsiness events in HVDs with similar work schedule metrics. Further research should assess if Australia's 7-h minimum break provides adequate sleep under different schedule conditions.

Males in Australia and many other countries account for three-quarters of all deaths by suicide. School-based programs to support young men’s wellbeing have become increasingly common in recent years and show much promise to tackle the issue of male suicide by fostering protective factors and mitigating harmful factors. However, only a few of these programs have been evaluated. This trial seeks to address the lack of knowledge about the potential for school-based gender-transformative programs to have a positive impact on boys. Breaking the Man Code workshops, delivered by Tomorrow Man in Australia, challenge and transform harmful masculinities with young men with a view to ultimately reducing their suicide risk. The trial aims to examine whether adolescent boys who participate in the Breaking the Man Code workshop demonstrate an increase in their likelihood of seeking help for personal or emotional problems compared to boys waiting to take part in the workshop. A stratified cluster randomized controlled superiority trial with two parallel groups will be conducted. Schools will be randomly allocated 1:1, stratified by location of the schools (rural or urban), state (Victoria, NSW, or WA), and mode of workshop delivery (face-to-face or online), to the intervention group and waitlist control group. The Breaking the Man Code workshops show great promise as a school-based prevention intervention. The trial will fill a gap in knowledge that is critically needed to inform future interventions with boys and men. Some methodological challenges have been identified related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, such as delays in ethics approvals and the need for Tomorrow Man to introduce an online delivery option for the workshop. The trial protocol has been designed to mitigate these challenges. The findings from the trial will be used to improve the workshops and will assist others who are designing and implementing suicide prevention interventions for boys and men. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ( ACTRN12620001134910 ). Registered on 30 October 2020

To assess parental experience of their child’s obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) detection process and inform the development of interventions and health communication strategies to improve OSA detection. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 30 parents of children (ages 3–14) who snored and were referred for an overnight polysomnogram (PSG). Parents (60.0

Abstract Introduction Heavy vehicle drivers (HVDs) frequently experience reduced sleep due to travelling long distances under non-standard work hours. Short sleep in HVDs can increase risk of motor vehicle crashes and falling asleep while driving. This study sought to examine the influence of break duration between shifts, break onset time, and prior shift duration on HVDs’ total sleep time (TST) between consecutive work shifts, and the interaction between break duration and break onset time. Methods Twenty-seven HVDs’ sleep and shift work were monitored for up to nine weeks through actigraphy, sleep diaries, and work diaries. Differences in TST between consecutive shifts and days off were assessed. Linear mixed models and pairwise comparisons evaluated the impact of break duration, break onset time, and prior shift duration on TST between shifts. Results TST was significantly lower between consecutive shifts (M=6.38-hours) compared to days off (M=7.63-hours), p Discussion HVDs’ TST between workdays are independently impacted by break duration and break onset time. Break durations between 7-11-hours, reflecting Australian and European break guidelines, result in insufficient sleep. Work regulations must evaluate appropriate break durations and break onset times to allow adequate sleep in HVDs.