Fifteen fluorescent pseudomonads, isolated from the rhizosphere of agricultural plants, were similar in both their phenotypic properties and the chemical nature of produced pigments, to the previously described Pseudomonas fluorescens var. pseudoiodinum. DNA-DNA hybridisation data showed their genetic similarity (but not identity) to different biovars of P. fluorescens. A family of antibiotics-fluviols belonging to pyrazolo-[4,3-e]as-triazine derivatives was isolated from studied strains; isolation, properties, antimicrobial and antitumour activity of fluviols are described.

The use of chemical and UV-induced mutageneses allowed us to increase the biosynthetic activity of the strain capable of producing new antistaphylococcal antibiotic, batumin. The strain ofPseudomonas batumici N17 producing 87–100 mg batumin per liter culture liquid was selected. Its activity was 3.5-5 times higher than the activity of the most potent natural strain.P. batumici N17 was shown to be stable in relation to the synthesis of batumin.

Antagonistic and entomopathogenic properties of ten strains of Pseudomonas aureofaciens were examined. There was a parallelism of their abilities to produce derivatives of phenazine displaying an antibiotic activity and their inhibitory effects on the growth of phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria, including ice-nucleating strains of Pseudomonas syringae. Strains of P. aureofaciens limited the population size of fifth-instar larvae of apple codling moth (26-85% mortality) and fourth-instar larvae of Colorado beetle (25-30% mortality). The insect mortality was due to septicemia and the effects of an entomopathogenic toxin. Strains of P. aureofaciens were shown to be resistant to chemical means of plant protection.

The integrated insectofungicidal preparation Gaupsin was developed on the basis of the Pseudomonas aureofaciens strains UKM V-111, which is active against bacterial and fungal phytopathogens, and UKM V-306, active against codling moth larvae. Gaupsin is an effective means for protection of orchards against moths and fungi. A method for production of Gaupsin in the liquid form with a titer of not less than 1 x 10(10) cells/ml under aeration conditions was elaborated. After spraying, the preparation remained on apple leaves for seven days. The efficiency of Gaupsin against codling moth was 88-94%. The effect of a fungal attack decreased 10 to 25-fold.

The effect of storage conditions on the survival of Pseudomonas aureofaciens UKM B-111 in fine materials and on its antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic fungi was investigated. The best survival of the bacterium in clay minerals was observed at a storage temperature of 4 degrees C, In their ability to maintain bacterial survival, fine materials ranked in the following descending order: montmorillonite > palygorskite > Aerosil A-300. Granular preparations of P. aureofaciens based on clay minerals showed high survival, preservation of fungicidal activity, and stability of composition during long-term storage.

Four strains of marine, aerobic, agar-decomposing bacteria with one polar flagellum and with DNA G + C contents of 38.9-40.2 mol% were isolated from the Far-Eastern mussels Crenomytilus grayanus and Patinopecten yessoensis. These four strains were identified as Pseudoalteromonas; however, they were phenotypically different from species described previously according to carbon compound utilization tests and the BIOLOG identification system. High agar-decomposing activity was found in two strains, in one of which agarase, alpha-galactosidase, pustulanase and laminarinase had been detected. The level of DNA homology of three of the strains was 70-100%. The fourth isolate was genetically less related to the others (67% DNA relatedness) and phenotypically was more distant from other members of this group; however, all four strains were assigned to a single species genotypically. DNA from the strains isolated from mussels showed 40-45% genetic relatedness with the DNA of Alteromonas atlantica, 8-36% with DNA of Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis subsp. haloplanktis, Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis subsp. tetraodonis, Pseudoalteromonas undina, Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens and Pseudoalteromonasas carrageenovora, 53% with Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii, 32-48% with marine P. nigrifaciens from mussels and 14-16% with Alteromonas macleodii. The DNA-DNA hybridization data revealed that the levels of relatedness between the strains isolated and the type strains of Pseudoalteromonas citrea and Pseudoalteromonas fuliginea described recently were significant (95-85%). These results were confirmed by serological data employing polyclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens. The strains isolated from mussels were identified as P. citrea. The hybridization data showed that the name P. fuliginea Romanenko et al. 1994 should be recognized as a junior subjective synonym of P. citrea Gauthier 1977. A notable phenotypic diversity of P. citrea which might be a reflection of their ecological habitats is discussed.

Nine nonpigmented strains of gram-negative, aerobic, marine bacteria with polar flagella were isolated from the mussels Crenomytilus grayanus and Patinopecten jessoensis. These organisms were conspecific and exhibited relatively high levels of genetic relatedness (61 to 100%), The G+C contents of the DNAs of these strains were 38.5 to 40.2 mol%. The strains isolated from mussels were phenotypically distinct from previously described Alteromonas species that have similar DNA G+C contents (Alteromonas haloplanktis, Alteromonas tetraodonis, Alteromonas atlantica, and Alteromonas carrageenovora ), and their DNAs exhibited only 12 to 41% similarity with the DNAs of the type strains of these species. DNA-DNA hybridization data revealed that the levels relatedness between the strains which we studied and the type strain of Alteromonas nigrifaciens were significant (66 to 70%). Production of a melanin-like pigment, which is characteristic of A. nigrifaciens, was observed only in tyrosine-containing media. The strains isolated from mussels were identified as A. nigrifaciens, We present an emended description of A, nigrifaciens that includes several phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics.

Marine bacteria Alteromonas sp. 2ML 26 (KMM 156), Alteromonas sp. 2MM 6 (KMM 158), and Alteromonas sp. 2MC 12(KMM 155) were isolated from different anatomical organs of the mussel Crenomytilus grayanus. All of these strains possessed capsules and belonged to the same species according to data on DNA - DNA homology. The capsular polysaccharides were isolated and characterized. The following rare monosaccharides were identified in their composition: 2-amino-2-deoxy-L-guluronic acid and 3,6-deoxy-3-amino-D-galactose acylated with a residue of 4-hydroxybutyric acid; the latter monosaccharide had not been earlier found in bacteria. The capsular polysaccharide of strain 2ML 26 consists of repeating tetrasaccharide units containing two residues of L-rhamnose, one residue of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, and one residue of 3-O-[(R)-1-carboxyethyl]-D-glucose. The polysaccharide of strain 2MM 6 is built of repeating tetrasaccharide units containing residues of D-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-1-guluronic acid, and 3,6-deoxy-3-(4-hydroxybutyramido)-D-gala The capsular polysaccharide of Alteromonas sp. 2MC 12 is composed of repeating tetrasaccharide units containing residues of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-L-galacturonic acid, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-L-quinovose (bacillosamine), and 4-(N-acetylalanine)amino-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose.

We have shown by mathematical analysis of the links between structure and anti-influenza activity that a number of benzimidazole derivatives, containing substitutions as position 2 are portentially useful agents, especially those containing aminoand alkyl(cycloalky)amino groups [4, 6]. We report here the synthesis and studies of the antiviral and antimicrobial activities of 5,6-dinitro derivatives of benzimidazole, containing amino residues in position 2 (compounds V-XVIII).

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The authors synthesized 5,6-dinitro derivatives of benzimidazole that contained residues of cycloalkylamines and hydrazine at position 2 and studied their antiviral and antimicrobial activities. Some compounds were demonstrated to have activity against influenza A and B viruses, vaccina, and gram-positive microorganisms.

AbstractThe amino azoles (I) are coupled with nitromalonaldehyde sodium salt (II) to give the azolopyrimidines (III) of which (IIIa), (IIIg), and (IIIh) are transformed into the derivatives (V) and (VII) upon treatment with indole (IV) and resorcinol (VI) respectively.

The physiological role of pyocyanine for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied. Its synthesis was shown to commence at the retardation growth phase. Pyocyanine was accumulated only in the growth medium. The addition of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol accepting the reducing equivalents from coenzyme Q and transferring them to cytochrome c inhibited the pigment accumulation. This was indicative of the connection between pyocyanine synthesis and the level of the reducing equivalents in the cells. Pyocyanine did not accept the reducing equivalents from coenzyme Q in the respiratory chain of P. aeruginosa. Only reduced pyridine nucleotides served as substrates for pyocyanine in the reaction of autooxidation. The kinetic parameters of this reaction and the affinity of NADH dehydrogenase for the substrate were measured. The kinetic data were analysed to show that, under the physiological conditions, pyocyanine could not apparently compete with the respiratory chain for the reducing equivalents and hence directly regulate the level of NAD(P)H in P. aeruginosa cells. In order to keep the oxidising activity at a level necessary for the cells, the latter decreased the content of the reducing equivalents either by synthesizing pyocyanine or owing to the activity of cyanide-resistant oxidase. These processes of releasing the reducing equivalents are in a reciprocal relationship.

AbstractThe hydrazinobenzimidazolecarboxamides (V), prepared from the acid chlorides (I) via the amides (III), are transformed into the hydrazones (VII) and (IX).