Many slurry rheograms do not follow the Bingham model, but are curved (convex upwards) at low-strain rates Alternate models such as the yield-power law (YPL), provide a good fit to the low-strain rate data, but they tend to underestimate apparent viscosities at high-strain rates The current paper considers a hybrid theological model consisting of a cubic-spline fit to the low-strain rate data merging into a Bingham linear model above a limiting strain rate This model predicts turbulent flow well, depending only on the area difference between the Bingham rheogram and the cubic spline

Some years ago, the authors developed an analysis of non-Newtonian pipe flow based on enhanced turbulent microscale and associated sublayer thickening. This analysis, which can be used for various rheologic modelling equations, has in the past been applied to smooth-walled pipes. The present paper extends the analysis to rough walls, using the popular Bingham plastic equation as a representative theological behaviour in order to prepare friction-factor plots for comparison with measured results. The conditions for laminar-turbulent transition for both smooth and rough walls are also considered, and comparisons are made with earlier correlations and with experimental data.

It is often desirable to operate industrial pipelines transporting non-Newtonian materials near the transition from laminar to turbulent flow. For the commonly used Bingham plastic model, the Hedstrom technique overestimates turbulent flow friction losses because it does 'not take account of viscous-layer thickening. In the present paper, the Wilson-Thomas model is applied to predict the transition, point for Bingham plastics. Laminar and turbulent friction losses are calculated to show that conditions at transition depend only on the Hedstrom number. The results are approximated by simplified fit functions. Comparison with existing empirical correlations and experimental data from various sources shows satisfactory agreement.

The occurrence of mucocutaneous fungal infection in tadpoles of B. marinus in 2 separate outbreaks in ponds in north Queensland, Australia is reported. The first outbreak occurred in 1989, while the second in September 1995. Hyphal fungi grew in tuffs attached to the nostrils, mouthparts, skin of the head, and also occasionally on the hind legs and tails. Several fungi were isolated, with Aphanomyces sp. a likely pathogen. Starvation was likely because the infection primarily attacked the mouth, and could have prevented the tadpoles from eating. Infected tadpoles were less mature than healthy ones, suggesting that this was a disease of young tadpoles or the disease may have slowed their development.

The gross and microscopic pathology of a fungal septicaemia caused by the zygomycete, Mucor amphibiorum in 27 free-ranging cane toads, Bufo marinus, in Australia is described. Seven of the 27 toads had clinical signs of illness when discovered and five of these seven were moribund. Multiple granulomas were found in many organs, and in massive infections granulomas tended to coalesce. Liver, spleen, kidneys, urinary bladder, heart and lung were most commonly involved, but granulomas also occurred in subcutaneous lymph spaces, skin, gastrointestinal tract, voluntary muscle, bone, cranial cavity and the oral cavity. Single lesions appeared grossly as a lemon coloured nodule ≤5 mm in diameter. Histologically, the primary lesion was a granuloma composed of multinucleate giant cells, macrophages, occasional lymphocytes and eosinophils surrounding the distinctive sphaerules of M. amphibiorum. Fibroblasts occurred in greater numbers at the periphery and collagen formed a dense fibrous capsule around some nodules. A less common lesion resembled a microabscess and consisted of mononuclear cells, neutrophils and eosinophils surrounded by macrophages. Many of the centrally placed mixed inflammatory cells appeared necrotic. This reaction appeared to be more acute. Both types of lesions sometimes occurred concurrently, but the latter was less common. The pattern of lesions and natural history of M. amphibiorum suggested that ingestion of contaminated soil may have been the route of infection.

Mucor amphibiorum, a fungus previously found in captive amphibians in Europe and the platypus in Australia, was observed in free-ranging toads, Bufo marinus, in Australia. In tissues the fungus occurred as sphaerules 4.9 to 36.4 μm in diameter; hyphae were not formed. Some sphaerules developed two to 11 daughter sphaerules internally and these were released into tissues by dissolution of the outer wall. Infected toads were found at 11 sites from nine locations in northern and eastern Australia. The overall prevalence of infection in 3,518 toads was 0.71%. Mucor amphibiorum was isolated from soil at one location.

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 69, Issue 6 p. 148-148 Pseudomonas pseudomallei infection in camels JC FORBES-FAULKNER, JC FORBES-FAULKNER Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory, Townsville, Queensland 4810Search for more papers by this authorWL TOWNSEND, WL TOWNSEND Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory, Townsville, Queensland 4810Search for more papers by this authorAD THOMAS, AD THOMAS Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory, Townsville, Queensland 4810Search for more papers by this author JC FORBES-FAULKNER, JC FORBES-FAULKNER Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory, Townsville, Queensland 4810Search for more papers by this authorWL TOWNSEND, WL TOWNSEND Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory, Townsville, Queensland 4810Search for more papers by this authorAD THOMAS, AD THOMAS Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory, Townsville, Queensland 4810Search for more papers by this author First published: June 1992 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1992.tb07492.xCitations: 11AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume69, Issue6June 1992Pages 148-148 RelatedInformation

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 67, Issue 8 p. 310-310 Salmonellas from the cane toad, Bufo marinus P O'SHEA, P O'SHEA Graduate School of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Queensland 4811Search for more papers by this authorR SPEARE, R SPEARE Graduate School of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Queensland 4811Search for more papers by this authorAD THOMAS, AD THOMAS Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Primary Industries, Oonoonba, Townsville, Queensland, 4811Search for more papers by this author P O'SHEA, P O'SHEA Graduate School of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Queensland 4811Search for more papers by this authorR SPEARE, R SPEARE Graduate School of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Queensland 4811Search for more papers by this authorAD THOMAS, AD THOMAS Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Primary Industries, Oonoonba, Townsville, Queensland, 4811Search for more papers by this author First published: August 1990 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1990.tb07808.xCitations: 5AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. References Anon (1985) — Annual Report. Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Adelaide, South Australia. Bool PH and Kampelmacher EH (1958) — Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 24: 76. Everard COR, Tota B, Bassett D and Ali C (1979) — J Wildl Dis 15: 213. Freeland WJ (1986) — Aust Wildl Res 13: 321. Kournay M, Myers CW and Schneider CR (1970) — Am J Trop Med Hyg 19: 632. Kournay M, Vasquez MA and Saenz R (1977) — Am J Trop Med Hyg 26: 1183. Sharma VK (1979) — Zentrabl Bakt Hyg, I Abt Orig 243: 381. Citing Literature Volume67, Issue8August 1990Pages 310-310 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 67, Issue 8 p. 304-305 Melioidosis in a koala PW LADDS, PW LADDS *Graduate School of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Queensland 4811Search for more papers by this authorAD THOMAS, AD THOMAS †Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 1085, Townsville, Queensland 4810Search for more papers by this authorR SPEARE, R SPEARE *Graduate School of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Queensland 4811Search for more papers by this authorAS BROWN, AS BROWN ‡Centre for Wildlife Research Inc, Research Park, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4229Search for more papers by this author PW LADDS, PW LADDS *Graduate School of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Queensland 4811Search for more papers by this authorAD THOMAS, AD THOMAS †Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 1085, Townsville, Queensland 4810Search for more papers by this authorR SPEARE, R SPEARE *Graduate School of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Queensland 4811Search for more papers by this authorAS BROWN, AS BROWN ‡Centre for Wildlife Research Inc, Research Park, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4229Search for more papers by this author First published: August 1990 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1990.tb07804.xCitations: 5 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume67, Issue8August 1990Pages 304-305 RelatedInformation

Sixteen serotypes of Salmonella spp. were isolated from 37 (26.8%) of 138 orphaned kangaroo and wallaby pouch-young which were in the care of guardians in north Queensland. Sal. lansing, Sal. virchow and Sal. wandsworth were the most prevalent serotypes. Orphaned macropodid joeys are a potential source of zoonotic infection for Salmonella spp. and recommendations to reduce the risk of transmission to humans are presented.

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 62, Issue 11 p. 383-384 Feline cerebral phaeohyphomycosis associated with Cladosporium bantianurn M. W. SHINWARI, M. W. SHINWARI Graduate School of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Queensland 4811Search for more papers by this authorA. D. THOMAS, A. D. THOMAS Queensland Department of Primary Industries Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory, Townsville, Queensland 4811Search for more papers by this authorJ. S. ORR, J. S. ORR Aitkenvale Veterinary Surgery, Townsville, Queensland 4814Search for more papers by this author M. W. SHINWARI, M. W. SHINWARI Graduate School of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Queensland 4811Search for more papers by this authorA. D. THOMAS, A. D. THOMAS Queensland Department of Primary Industries Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory, Townsville, Queensland 4811Search for more papers by this authorJ. S. ORR, J. S. ORR Aitkenvale Veterinary Surgery, Townsville, Queensland 4814Search for more papers by this author First published: November 1985 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1985.tb14216.xCitations: 25AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume62, Issue11November 1985Pages 383-384 RelatedInformation

In this paper the technique used to control the relative timing and synchronization of the major accelerator systems at Fermilab is described.

The determination of chloride ion in soil extracts for cation exchange capacity in the presence of ammonium ions of nearly equal concentration (∼5 x 10‐2 M) and excess sodium sulphate (0.5 M) by an Orion solid state selective ion electrode is reported. Ammonium ions were found to interfere by reducing the determined value of the chloride ion by up to 20%. This interference effect was compensated by the determination of a mean activity coefficient for ammonium chloride in the sodium sulphate medium. This method was accurate to ±7%. No interference effect was found for the chloride ion determination of a mixed sodium chloride‐sodium sulphate solution.

Cation exchange capacity increased with both air drying (25°C) and oven drying (105°C). The initial value of exchange acidity at field moisture determines whether exchange acidity increases or decreases after drying. Exchangeable bases, particularly calcium, increase with oven drying.

An explanation of the stress-strain characteristics of metal filaments with brittle coatings has been the prime objective of this study. The theory was developed by first analyzing a model applicable to continuous coating and then extending the analysis to account for discontinuous coatings on metal filaments. An experimental verification of the theory was accomplished for the specific case of anodic oxide-coated aluminum. This research demonstrates that the high compressive strength of a brittle ceramic coating on a metal filament can be utilized to improve the tensile strength of the composite. In addition to providing data to test the theory, new information on the characteristics of anodic oxides on aluminum was obtained.

Measurements of the elastic modulus of aluminum filaments coated with continuous and discontinuous anodic oxide layers have been made. It was found that increasing the amount of crazing in the oxide coating reduced the composite modulus because stress transfer to the coating becomes less efficient. Dow’s analysis1 for stress transfer to a filament centered in a cylindrical matrix was adapted to the present case, but was found not to be adequate because of the short length of the coating tiles. A simple approximate model was found to give a reasonable description of the experimental data. The same model was found to give a better description of the stresses in the vicinity of a fiber end than the Dow model as demonstrated by comparison to the photoelastic results of Tyson and Davies.2