1. Bevezetés Az udvariasság igénye az írásbeli nyelvi kapcsolattartásban is megfigyelhető, melynek egyik módja az elektronikus levelezés. A változó társadalmi kontextus, az online oktatási forma módosította az egyetemi hallgatók és az oktatók közötti interakciós csatornát, az írásbeliség, a digitális kommunikáció nagyobb teret kapott (vö. Domonkosi–Ludányi 2018; Domonkosi–Ludányi 2019; Merrison et al. 2012). Jelen tanulmány a tanár–hallgató viszonyban létrejövő digitális kommunikációra fókuszál, Magyarországon tanuló, külföldi diákok magyar nyelven írt e-mailjeit elemzi, kiemelve az udvarias nyelvi sajátosságok megjelenésmódját, az írásbeli kapcsolattartás mintáinak jellegzetességeit.

Az elmúlt néhány évben a XIII. Honvédelmi Minisztérium fejezetnél az állomány személyi juttatásai nagymértékben megnövekedtek. Köszönhető ez annak, hogy kormánydöntés alapján a katonák illetménye 2015 júliusában egy egyszeri átlagos 30 %-os, majd ezt követően 2019. január 01-jével bezárólag évente átlagosan bruttó 5 %-os mértékben emelkedett, a közalkalmazottak részére pedig a honvédelmi ágazati pótlék került bevezetésre. Ezekre azért volt szükség, mert egyrészt az utolsó jelentősebb bérfejlesztés 2005-2006-ban történt, másrészt a nemzetgazdaságban folyamatosan emelésre került a minimálbér és a garantált bérminimum, melynek következtében a fejezetnél dolgozók bére jóval elmaradt a civil munkaerőpiacon hasonló végzettséggel rendelkező szakemberek jövedelmétől. Cikkünkben azt vizsgáljuk meg, hogy hogyan alakultak a személyi juttatások és az átlagkeresetek 2005-től 2017-ig nominál- és reálértékben, ha bázisnak a 2005-ös évet tekintjük.

WO3 nano-structured layers on top of micro-hotplates were formed by sol–gel deposition technique and electrochemical anodic etching of thin tungsten layers. Both types of gas sensing layers were activated by drop coated Pt nano-particles and alternatively, by atomic layer deposited (ALD) Pt. Due to the limited number of ALD cycles the Pt layer is not a contiguous but composed of uniformly distributed nano-particles of 2–3 nm size. Devices were characterized by their responses for exposure of H2S and NH3. Investigation of sensitivity, selectivity and device dynamics revealed that the ALD sensitized, electrochemically formed porous WO3 layer is suitable for quick detection of H2S.

In this work we present a low noise, hardware efficient, and scalable read-out architecture for piezoresistive mechanical transducers containing multiple sensing elements. To reach the thermal noise limit the sensing elements are driven by modulated, differential stimuli at separated frequencies, their current are summed and digitalized for signal processing and response extraction. The solution decreases the complexity of the analog read-out electronics and makes it easily scalable. Besides the improved signal-to-noise ratio the principle can achieve minimised power consumption and self-heating of piezoresistors with minimal analogue hardware resources. The distinguishing features of the arrangement are the multiple frequency modulation, the current based multiple sensor integration, one AD converter, no analog multiplexing, and the need for only a half Wheatstone bridge per sensing element.

Tungsten oxide thin film was prepared by sol-gel method from tungsten hexachloride (WCl6) precursor material in analytical grade ethanol. In order to form the porous nanostructured WO3 thin film Pluronic F127 was added to the solution. The sol-gel solution was deposited by spin coating on micro-hotplates containing interdigital platinum electrodes on top to measure the sensing layer conductivity. The porous tungsten oxide films were sensitized with ∼20nm platinum nanoparticles. Sensor responses of pure and sensitized porous WO3 were measured and their responses for 100ppm H2S in synthetic air were compared in the 140-260̊C operation temperature range. The presence of platinum nanoparticles significantly increased the sensitivity for H2S gas. Test results of different operating temperatures were investigated in terms of sensitivity, stability and response time.

Hydrothermally grown hexagonal WO3 nano-rods were sensitized by additional Pt and Au nano particles. The size of the 20-29 nm noble metal nano-particles were stabilized with methoxypolyethylene glycol, and their solution was mixed with the tungsten-oxide nano-rod suspension. Controlled sized suspension drops of activated and pure reference material were deposited on the top of micro-hotplate with gold interdigital electrodes on top. The gas sensitive properties were measured for NH3 and H2S in a temperature range of 140-300 degrees C. Noble metal nano-particles multiplied the gas sensitivity for H2S, whereas no significant effect could be detected for NH3. With gold nano-particles a lower detection limit of 25 ppb could be achieved. The response time is in the range of 30-80 s, whereas typically 300 s is needed for complete recovery. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The effect of WO3 nano-crystal characteristic size and layer morphology on gas sensitive properties was investigated in order to define the optimum preparation process. WO3 layers were synthesized by hydrothermal acidic precipitation method using different chemicals and reactive sputtering as reference. Micro-hotplate based conductivity type devices were fabricated and the sensitivity on NH3 up to 100ppm was measured in the temperature range of 140–240°C. The measurements revealed that the characteristic size of the WO3 nano-crystal plays primary role, but layer morphology opens the way towards extended measuring range. The nano-rod structures operated at 220°C exhibit the best sensing characteristics in terms of sensitivity and stability over wide range of relative humidity.

The paper presents a detailed study of a reliable method developed for aluminum fusion wafer bonding assisted by the electrostatic force evolving during the anodic bonding process. The IC-compatible procedure described allows the parallel formation of electrical and mechanical contacts, facilitating a reliable packaging of electromechanical systems with backside electrical contacts. This fusion bonding method supports the fabrication of complex microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and micro-opto-electromechanical systems (MOEMS) structures with enhanced temperature stability, which is crucial in mechanical sensor applications such as pressure or force sensors. Due to the applied electrical potential of -1000 V the Al metal layers are compressed by electrostatic force, and at the bonding temperature of 450 degrees C intermetallic diffusion causes aluminum ions to migrate between metal layers.

Tungsten oxide nano-rods were prepared by acidic precipitation from sodium tungstate solution and sensitized with gold nanoparticles prepared by Turkevich method from tetrachloroauric acid trihydrate. In order to prevent aggregation the gold nanoparticles of 18nm characteristic size were stabilized by methoxy-polyethylene glycol (mPEG-SH) and mixed with hexagonal WO3. Suspension drops of doped and non-doped WO3 were deposited on micro-hotplates with interdigitated gold electrodes to measure sensing layer conductivity. Sensor responses of pure and doped WO3 were measured for NH3 and H2S in synthetic air up to 100ppm at the operation temperature of 140-200°C. The presence of gold nanoparticles significantly increased the sensitivity for H2S, whereas for NH3 the response was not affected. Test results are compared in terms of sensitivity, response time and operating temperature.

This work describes the results of a systematic investigation of micro-hotplates capable of operating up to 600°C both in static and dynamic modes. The goal of development is to form a reduced power consumption micro-pellistor for portable devices. For the selection of optimum device geometry and the membrane layer structure, alternatives FEM analysis was applied. The materials considered were Si3N4, SiO2, TiO2/Pt, Al2O3 and their combination in various multilayer structures. To reduce the chip size DRIE was selected for the release of the membrane. Experimental characterization of the hotplates was carried out by various techniques; the average hotplate temperature was deduced from the resistance of the applied Pt heater and verified by micro-melting point measurements. Buckling of the membranes was tested by means of optical methods and the cumulative stress of the multilayer structure was quantified by Makyoh-topography. Pulsed mode cyclic heating revealed the dynamic properties and also served for accelerated stability tests. For demonstration, micro-heaters with heat dissipation up to 23°C/mW and t90%<3ms were constructed. The hotplates were coated with Pt catalyst to form a combustive type gas sensor operated at elevated temperature.

Intravascular fibrin clots are resolved by plasmin acting at the interface of gel phasesubstrate and fluid-borne enzyme. The classic Michaelis.Menten kinetic scheme cannot describe satisfactorily this heterogeneous-phase proteolysis because it assumes homogeneous well-mixed conditions. A more suitable model for these spatial constraints,known as fractal kinetics, includes a time-dependence of the Michaelis coefficient Km(F) = Km0F (1+ t)h, where h is a fractal exponent of time, t. The aim of the present study was to build up and experimentally validate a mathematical model for surface-acting plasmin that can contribute to a better understanding of the factors that influence fibrinolytic rates. The kinetic model was fitted to turbidimetric data for fibrinolysis under various conditions. The model predicted Km0(F) = 1.98 μM and h = 0.25 for fibrin composed of thin fibers and Km0(F) = 5.01 μM and h = 0.16 for thick fibers in line with a slower macroscale lytic rate (due to a stronger clustering trend reflected in the h value) despite faster cleavage of individual thin fibers (seen as lower Km0(F) ). ε-Aminocaproic acid at 1 mM or 8 U/mL carboxypeptidase-B eliminated the time-dependence of Km F and increased the lysis rate suggesting a role of C-terminal lysines in the progressive clustering of plasmin. This fractal kinetic concept gained structural support from imaging techniques. Atomic force microscopy revealed significant changes in plasmin distribution on a patterned fibrinogen surface in line with the time-dependent clustering of fluorescent plasminogen in confocal laser microscopy. These data from complementary approaches support a mechanism for loss of plasmin activity resulting from C-terminal lysine-dependent redistribution of enzyme molecules on the fibrin surface.

In-situ modification of originally hydrophobic polymer surfaces by local plasma enhanced oxidation and its application in electrically controlled fluid capillary systems are demonstrated. A microfabricated coplanar dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma source was developed [1,2], integrated and applied to modify in-situ the surface properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) capillary channels. The local, immediate and successful setting of the wettability of the polymer microchannels is proved by development of effective water transport in the system subsequently the plasma treatment. The use of microfluidically integrated DBD microplasma system as switchable capillary pump is also presented.

We present a predictive modeling approach for pattern-dependent etch processes implemented in a 3D virtual fabrication software platform. This technique combines long-range effects using design data and short-range effects using predictive 3D models of the design-technology interaction. For the first time, this type of pattern-dependent predictive capability is integrated into a full 3D virtual fabrication environment to enable fast accurate structural modeling of complex advanced technologies such as FinFETs, 3D memory and BEOL interconnect.

Tungsten oxide nano-powders were prepared by acidic precipitation from sodium tungstate solution. The alternative processes of the applied hydrothermal method resulted in different structure and morphology of hexagonal WO3nano-crystals. Micro-hotplates with gold electrodes on top to measure sensing layer conductivity were fabricated. WO3 layers of the two morphologies were deposited using capillary dropping technique. Sensor responses were measured up to 220°C operation temperature for NH3 diluted in synthetic air in the 10-100ppm range. Test results are compared in terms of conductivity, sensitivity and response time.

Micro-pellistors capable to detect hydrocarbons below 50 mW power consumption at 550 oC operation temperature were developed by a novel processing technique. On the top of the full membrane type micro-heaters 1.4μm thick porous alumina was formed by laterally selective electrochemical etching of the deposited aluminum layer. The porous alumina of the active element is selectively covered by finely dispersed Pt catalyst using alternative methods; such as dropping of H2[PtCl6] and sputtering technique, all aiming at deposition of controlled volume and structure of the catalyst. Constant current method in a Wheatstone-bridge configuration was applied in functional tests.

Downsizing efforts in gas-sensing applications lead to ever smaller active elements. Integration with data processing circuitry requires the use of CMOS compatible fabrication technology, autonomous operation poses limits on energy consumption of the elements, whereas reliable catalytic detection often needs high temperatures that may otherwise be constrained by safety considerations. Under these conditions, development of active sensor elements proves to be a growing challenge for design and fabrication.In this work we present a step-by-step study on a ≈500 J.lm diameter thermally isolated membrane element of a gas detecting microsensor device. Sensitivity is based on high temperature (≈3-400 0C) catalytic activity of a porous pellistor deposited on a multilayer SiO2/SiNx - filament heated - membrane that has to be durable enough for several thousand hours of operation, and as thin as possible to reduce heat conduction to the substrate. SiO2 membranes tend to show high residual stress that can be significantly reduced by "sandwiching" with SiNx. We have used COMSOL Multiphysics® 4.3a [I] to assist the initial product design, and evaluation of operational constrains of the multi-layer thin film. The first part involved systematic thermo-mechanical iterations, while the latter consisted of a combination of gradual static thermo-electro-mechanical simulation steps. As shown by simulating the steps of the deposition process in this work, the right combination of different techniques produces a stable 4-layer membrane with only a sub-micron deformation, and tolerable residual stresses after membrane forming (substrate removal) and during operation. Also, the pellistor filament heating power should be minimized and still reach the operating temperature of the catalyst hotspot. This design, supported by our model calculation was used to realize the device with targeted characteristics. The structure endures the distortion and thermal expansion and contraction during the heating cycles, whereas low power operation widens the range of possible applications.

Charging behaviour of MNOS structures containing semiconductor nanocrytals embedded at the SiO2/Si3N4 interface are studied by calculating tunneling probabilities of electrons and holes to the nanocrystals or to the conductance or valence band of the nitride layer, respectively, for structures with and without nanocrystals. The dependence of probability on the oxide thickness and electric field is discussed in terms of charge injection mechanisms. It is concluded that the optimal charging behaviour of MNOS and SONOS structures without nanocrystals can be expected for an oxide thickness of 2-3 nm. The presence of semiconductor nanocrystals at the SiO2/Si3N4 interface enhances strongly the tunneling probability of electrons and holes for structures with thin oxide layers (3 nm or below) or at low electric fields, but they do not influence the charging behaviour of structures with thick oxide layers at high electric fields. The results of calculations are in agreement with the experimental results obtained on MNOS structures with Si or Ge nanocrystals.

Charge injection and retention behaviors of metal-nitride-oxide-silicon (MNOS) memory structures with Si or Ge nanocrystals embedded at a depth of 3nm in the nitride layer were studied. The effect of Si nanocrystals on these properties was opposite in comparison with that of Ge nanocrystals. To understand the origin of these opposite effects, the influence of the oxide thickness and of the depth, size and location of semiconductor nanocrystals has been studied on the charging behavior of MNOS non-volatile memory structures by the calculation of electron and hole tunneling probabilities, and by the simulation of memory window, memory hysteresis and retention behavior.

This work describes the results of a systematic investigation of micro-hotplates on thin isolating membranes capable of operation up to 600 °C both in static and dynamic mode. For the selection of optimum device geometry and the layer structure alternatives FEM analysis was applied. The materials considered were Si 3 N 4 , SiO 2 , TiO 2 /Pt, Al 2 O 3 and their combination in various multilayer structures. To reduce the chip size DRIE was selected for the release of the membrane. Experimental characterization of the hotplates was carried out by various techniques; the average hotplate temperature was deduced from the resistance of the applied Pt heater and verified by micro-melting point measurements. Buckling of the membranes was tested by means of optical methods and the cumulative stress of the multilayer structure quantified by Makyoh-topography. Pulsed mode cyclic heating revealed the dynamic properties and also served for accelerated stability tests. For demonstration microheater devices with heat dissipation up to 23 °C/mW and t 90 < 3ms were constructed to form the basis of combustive type gas sensors operated at elevated temperature.

Background: Intravascular fibrin clots are resolved through the proteolytic action of plasmin acting at the interface of gel-phase substrate and fluid-borne enzyme. The classic Michaelis-Menten (MM) kinetic scheme cannot describe satisfactorily this heterogeneous-phase proteolysis, because it assumes homogeneous well-mixed conditions. A more suitable model for these spatial constraints, known as fractal kinetics, includes a time-dependence of the Michaelis constant Km = Km0 .(1 + t )exp( hF ), where hF is a fractal exponent of time, t . Furthermore, a realistic kinetic model should take into account sequestration of plasmin due to kringle binding to C-terminal lysines (CTL), newly exposed during fibrin degradation. Aim: The aim of the present study is to build up and experimentally validate a mathematical model that adequately describes the kinetics of plasmin-catalyzed fibrin dissolution and thus contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence plasmin efficiency at the fluid-gel interface. Method: Two modifications of the basic MM scheme were introduced: a term reducing the enzyme concentration through rapid equilibrium binding of plasmin to continuously increasing unproductive sites including an association constant Ka and a fractal exponent, hF resulting in apparent Km, which accounts for the time-dependent clustering of the enzyme. A broad range of biochemical (fibrin turbidimetry, densitometry of electrophoretic samples, amidolytic assay on synthetic plasmin substrate) and imaging (atomic force microscopy, AFM; confocal laser microscopy, CLM) techniques were applied to test the predictions of the fibrinolytic model. The power of the predictions was assessed using known modifiers of fibrinolysis; e-amino caproic acid (EACA) which blocks the kringle-dependent binding and carboxypeptidase B (CPB) which removes CTLs. The clustering of plasmin was evaluated with AFM using nanogold-labeled anti-plasmin antibodies in an experimental setup where plasmin was applied to a mica surface decorated with fibrinogen using microcontact printing and with CLM using fluorescent protein-fusion derivative of plasminogen. Results: Using a range of fibrin and plasmin concentrations, variants of the kinetic model were fitted to the turbidimetric data for lysis of fibrin by plasmin applied to the surface of the clots. A global fit to 32 time-course curves with 90 measured points each yielded four model parameters with optimal values Km0 = 1.5 然, hF = 0.25, Ka = 1.3 然 -1 and k cat = 32.4 min -1 . Addition of 1 mM EACA or 8 U/mL CPB increased the lysis rate, which could be satisfactorily explained with unchanged Km0 and k cat model parameters accompanied by a decrease in hF to 0.031 and in to 0.001 然 -1 in line with the interpretation of these parameters as measures of spatial clustering ( hF ) and sequestration of enzyme molecules in solution ( Ka ). This concept gained further support from imaging techniques. AFM images revealed significant changes in plasmin distribution on the patterned fibrinogen surface: the ratio of surface occupied by plasmin/intact substrate area decreased by 25% over a 5-min interval in line with the time-dependent clustering of fluorescent plasminogen in CLM. Conclusion: These data, from multi-faceted, complementary approaches, support a mechanism for time-dependent loss of plasmin activity resulting from spatial redistribution in this heterogeneous system. Thus, plasmin-CTL binding retards lysis, opposing the stimulatory effect of CTLs in plasminogen activation.