This paper covers the role of the China-Russia Consortium in Global Air Navigation Safety, how space weather centers for aviation were established and how are they regulated. We briefly introduce the effects of space weather on aviation in general. A short description of the ICAO-designated space weather service fol-lows. The China-Russia Consortium history, members and the way it integrates into the global service are described afterwards.

Some results of designing a system for online collection of data from terrestrial recorders of global satellite navigation systems are presented. The specific features of applying VPN technologies in geophysical data collection systems in real-time mode are discussed. Two of the most popular software VPN implementations are analyzed for comparison: SSTP, available for Microsoft Windows, and the free OpenVPN package. It is shown that both variants have commensurable performance. In unstable channels with low throughput, SSTP ensures a higher capacity, and OpenVPN is more stable and better resistant to discontinuous decreases in throughput.

This paper describes software and hardware solution that enables Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data acquisition with ground based stations network. The solution relies on original data format and relational database management system. C++ library code and database schema SQL-structures are created automatically from Javads Receiver External Interface Specification (GREIS) with a C# application. This solution was used to create a real time ionosphere monitor service based on Feodorov Institute of Applied Geophysics ROSHYDROMET GNSS-receiver network.

The purpose of this work is to report the experimental evidences for the influence of perturbations in the electron density in the dayside mid-latitude ionosphere, that are caused by high-frequency heating of the F2 layer, on the GNSS signals. The experiments were carried out at the Sura heater (Radio Physical Research Institute, N. Novgorod). During the sessions of ionospheric heating with different time modulations of the radiated power the rays linking the navigational satellites with the ground receiver intersected the heated region. Variations in the total electron content (TEC) were studied; these variations are proportional to the reduced phases of navigational signals. It is shown that with the square-wave modulation of the radiated power (with periods of 1, 6, 10 and 15min), perturbations with periods of the main modulation of heating and its harmonics appear in the spectrum of TEC variations. Examples are presented of identification of the heating-induced variations in TEC, including determination of the amplitudes and time characteristics of these variations.

We present the results of experimental studies of the properties of the plasma-density disturbances created during heating of the ionospheric F2 region by high-power HF radio waves radiated by the “Sura” heating facility (Radiophysical Research Institute, Nizhny Novgorod). These experiments are specific in that they were performed in a sunlit (daytime) ionosphere when the generation of ionospheric turbulence has specific features and the turbulence intensity level is low enough. The plasma-density disturbances induced by high-power HF radio emission were sounded by signals of the GPS satellites, the line of sight to which crossed different parts of the disturbed ionosphere region. Threshold powers of the excitation of artificial plasma-density variations as well as spatial, temporal, spectral, and energy characteristics of the generated disturbances are determined.

The studies of the influence of powerful HF radio waves on the ionosphere revealed strong heating of the ionospheric plasma and generation of artificial irregularities in the ionospheric electron density with the scale sizes from fractions of meter to dozens of kilometers near the reflection height of the powerful radio wave. These irregularities have a considerable effect on the parameters of VHF/UHF/L-band radio waves propagating through the heated area of the ionosphere.

The aim of this work is to present experimental results of the influence of electron density perturbations caused by HF-heating of ionospheric F2 layer on GNSS navigational signals at mid-latitudes. The experiments were carried out on the Sura heater near N. Novgorod, Russia with radiating frequency 4.3 MHz (during all series of experiments the plasma frequency of F2 layer was greater then the heating frequency) and effective power 40 MW and 80 MW. During the heating series with different time modulation of radiative power, the ionospheric penetration points for several navigational satellites and GNSS-receiver installed near the Sura facility crossed the heated area. For these satellites we investigated variations of total electron content (TEC), proportional to the differential carrier phase of navigational signals. It is shown that for square heating pulses, perturbations with main heating period appeared in the spectrum of TEC variations. The amplitudes of such perturbations were of the order of 0.07 TECU. These TEC oscillations support the presence of electron density irregularities caused by such modes of HF-heating in the heated region.

For many drugs with various chemical structures, delivery rates from the hydrophilic polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-polyethylene oxide (PEO) based pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) matrices of transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS) are higher compared to the hydrophobic TTS matrices. Delivery of propranolol, glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) and isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) from the hydrophilic water soluble TTS matrix across human cadaver skin epidermis or skin-imitating polydimethylsiloxane-polycarbonate block copolymer Carbosil membrane in vitro is characterized by high rate values and zero-order drug delivery kinetics up to the point of 75–85% drug release from their initial contents in matrix. Both in vitro and in vivo drug delivery rates from the TTS hydrophilic diffusion matrix are controlled by the skin or membrane permeability and may be described by Fick's law. The contributions of various physicochemical determinants to the control of transdermal drug delivery kinetics are discussed. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of hydrophilic TTS matrix with propranolol, GTN and ISDN are described.