OBJECTIVESIndividual protection against contamination is the kind of protection provided to persons in an environment contaminated with radioactive substances, and war toxic or biological agents, including the use of gas masks, and insulating or filtration skin protection agents. The aim of this work was to perform a comparative assessment of energy expenditure of chemical troop soldiers wearing L-2 insulating personal protective clothes (PPC) and FOO-1 filter-sorptive PPC during training in the training ground conditions. Surveys on the subjective assessment of comfort related to using the L-2 and FOO-1 PPC were carried out as well.MATERIAL AND METHODSA total of 29 men doing the same training tasks, wearing the L-2 PPC and FOO-1 filter-sorptive protective clothing with an MP-5 filter gas mask, underwent the examination. Measurements of energy expenditure values were done based on the frequency of heart contractions, recorded by the Polar Sport Tester 810 heart rate monitor.RESULTSIt was found that an average energy expenditure of soldiers, resulting from performing training tasks, was lower among the subjects wearing the FOO- 1 filter-sorptive PPC, compared to the energy load of the ones using the L-2 PPC.CONCLUSIONSAccording to Christensen's classification of work severity, the average energy expenditure makes it possible to qualify works performed by soldiers using both types of PPC to moderate work. In the opinion of the examined soldiers serving in the chemical troops, the FOO-1 filter-sorptive PPC increases the sense of security while on a threatened ground. The FOO-1 filter-sorptive PPC is assessed by chemical troop soldiers as better because it hinders tasks fulfillment to a lesser extent.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine changes in the fitness level among students of the Main Fire Service School during 3-year's education. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 75 male and 5 female students took part in the study. Fitness level measurements were carried out before beginning the studies (Measurement 0) and after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd years at the school (Measurement 1, 2, 3). The following tests were performed to estimate level of physical fitness for men: pull-ups on a bar, a 50 m sprint and 1,000 m run, and for women: sit-ups, medical ball (2 kg) throw from above the head and a 4 x10 m shuttle run. RESULTS General fitness level (average number of points from 3 attempts) of the male and female students improved. Improvement of fitness level between Measurement 0 (male students 60.3p.±7.58; female students 61.60p.±3.08), and Measurements 1, 2, 3 (men 64.59p.±6.87; 64.41p.±7.17; 64.03p.±7.65 and women 68.40p.±1.99; 66.67p.±2.36; 68.87±1.87 respectively), was found. The same relationship was found while analysing results of individual competitions. Only speed endurance (anaerobic-aerobic) assessed during Measurement 0 at 64.03p.±10.23, decreased after the 1st year at the school (Measurement 1 - 59.29p.±14.14) and remained on the same level during Measurements 2 and 3 (60.25p.±11.20 and 58.56p. ±12.80, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Speed endurance (anaerobic-aerobic) is a capability which decreased among the students in the subsequent years. Because this capability highly correlates with activities that a fire-fighter will perform during rescue operations, it should be treated as a matter of priority during physical education classes in the Main Fire Service School.

[b]Introduction[/b]. Prolonged shortages of protein in the diet significantly alter the composition and content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in tissues and body fluids. One of nutritional factors which may reduce negative effects of protein malnutrition might be vitamin B[sub]2[/sub] due to its influence on lipids metabolism. [b]Objective. [/b]The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of low protein (LP) diet enriched with vitamin B[sub]2[/sub] on the content and composition of PUFA in the blood serum of rats treated with dosed physical exercise. [b]Materials and method. [/b]The experiment was carried out for 3 months on 72 growing male Wistar rats divided into 5 groups. Animals were fed ad libitum on a diet with an energy value of 350 kcal/100 g, in which 4.5% of the energy was provided by protein. In the control diet, 20% of the energy was provided by protein. Two groups were fed the diet enriched with vitamin B2. The two groups of tested animals were trained for 5 days a week. [b]Results.[/b] LP diet caused a decrease in α-linolenic acid (ALA) after 30 days, and a decrease in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) after 60 days of experiment, compared with rats fed the control diet. After 60 and 90 days of the experiment, a significant decrease was noted in arachidonic acid (AA) in serum of trained rats, compared with sedentary rats fed the LP diet. Physical activity increased LA (mainly on day 30), EPA (on day 90) and reduced AA content (on day 90) in serum of rats fed the LP diet. B2 supplementation in the trained LP group did not change the EPA and AA dependence; however, there was a decrease in LA content in comparison to the non-supplemented trained group. [b]Conclusions. [/b] Results of this study suggest that all investigated factors (protein deficiency, physical exercise and supplementation of vitamin B2) have significant impact on PUFA composition of serum in rats.

Background. Nutritional status is one of the factors enabling prediction the possibility of emergence and development of civilization diseases. Correct mineral nutritional status is important and particularly proper bones calcification. The aim of the work was to assess bone mineral density of female and male students from the Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biala Podlaska. Consumption of products which are the main source of calcium in the students' diet was assessed as well.Material and methods. Bone mineral density was measured by densitometry method. The consumption of food that are sources of calcium in students' diet was assessed by questionnaire.Results. In groups of women, changes characteristic of osteopenia were showed among 54.9 % women to 25 years and 67.6 % in the older group. Changes characteristic of osteoporosis were found too. In the group of men aged up to 25 changes typical of osteopenia revealed 62.3% and characteristic of osteoporosis 6.6% of examined students. Among 9 older students changes typical of osteopenia were found among 44.4%. Dairy products were main source of calcium in students' daily food rations.Conclusions. There is a need to take action in the field of nutritional health education, including the practical application of knowledge in the prevention of osteopenia and osteoporosis, addressed to young people. Students from the Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biala Podlaska should be included in the program of nutrition education program for the prevention of osteoporosis

authors’ contribution wkład autorów: a. Study design/planning zaplanowanie badań B. Data collection/entry zebranie danych c. Data analysis/statistics dane – analiza i statystyki D. Data interpretation interpretacja danych E. Preparation of manuscript przygotowanie artykułu F. literature analysis/search wyszukiwanie i analiza literatury G. Funds collection zebranie funduszy Summary Background. nutritional status is one of the factors enabling prediction the possibility of emergence and development of civilization diseases. correct mineral nutritional status is important and particularly proper bones calcification. the aim of the work was to assess bone mineral density of female and male students from the Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biała Podlaska. consumption of products which are the main source of calcium in the students’ diet was assessed as well. Material and methods. Bone mineral density was measured by densitometry method. the consumption of food that are sources of calcium in students’ diet was assessed by questionnaire. Results. In groups of women, changes characteristic of osteopenia were showed among 54.9 % women to 25 years and 67.6 % in the older group. changes characteristic of osteoporosis were found too. In the group of men aged up to 25 changes typical of osteopenia revealed 62.3% and characteristic of osteoporosis 6.6% of examined students. among 9 older students changes typical of osteopenia were found among 44.4%. Dairy products were main source of calcium in students’ daily food rations. Conclusions. there is a need to take action in the field of nutritional health education, including the practical application of knowledge in the prevention of osteopenia and osteoporosis , addressed to young people. Students from the Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biała Podlaska should be included in the program of nutrition education program for the prevention of osteoporosis

Background. For proper construction and functioning of human skeletal system a very important thing is adequate supply of calcium, which content in daily rations, in addition to genetics, degree of physical activity and level of sex steroids, is an essential factor influencing on bone mass. Aim of the work: the aim of the work was to assess mineral status of regular soldiers doing military service in different types of Polish military units.Material and methods. An assessment of bones calcification and protein-energy nutritional status of 1913 men, soldiers doing military service in different types of Polish military units, was made. Body height and body mass were determined by standard methods using a scales and a height-meter. Bone mineral density was measured by DEXA densitometry on forearm bone of non-prevailing arm, using the EXA 3000 apparatus.Results. Results of densitometry showed that 1594 soldiers, that is 83.3% of subjects had standard bone calcification. Bone mineralization characteristic of osteopenia was found among 304 people, that is 15.9% of examined, while 15 subjects (0.8%) revealed changes characteristic of osteoporosis.Conclusions.1. Bone mineral density of 16.7% of examined soldiers serving in different types of military units indicates presence of abnormalities in bone calcification with varying degrees of severity.2. It is advisable to take among soldiers an extensive health promotion regarding dietary health education aimed at nutritional prevention of bone mineralization disorders can cause fractures and early elimination soldiers from service.

Introduction. Ouinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a pseudo-cereal that has received increased interest because it is a good source of different nutrients including proteins, vitamins and other biologically active compounds, and especially as functional gluten-free ingredient of human diet. There are also only limited data concerning the concentration of minerals and antioxidants in quinoa seeds and practically no information concerning composition of whole quinoa plant.

The aim of the work was estimation of copper intake with the daily food rations used for alimentation of students of military high schools and soldiers doing compulsory military service in the Polish Army. An average planned copper content in daily food rations used for alimentation of students and soldiers amounted to 2.49±0.35 mg, and 2.44±0.25 mg respectively. The copper content in the daily food ration given for consumption to students amounted from 1.81±0.14 mg to 2.58±0.44 mg while daily food rations served to soldiers delivered from 2.06±0.45 mg to 2.13±0.33 mg. The copper content in the rations planned for students and soldiers alimentation was within the limits of the norms obligatory in Poland. Daily food rations given for consumption, except rations served for students, were within the limits of the recommended norms, but food rations really eaten by examined men didn’t cover the requirements for copper. Keywords—Copper, daily food ration, military service.

Tomczak, A, Bertrandt, J, Kłos, A, and Kłos, K. Influence of military training and standardized nutrition in military unit on soldiers' nutritional status and physical fitness. J Strength Cond Res 30(10): 2774-2780, 2016-Despite suspension of conscription in Polish Army, trainings of soldiers are still carried out. It is expected that they will be effective and will contribute to obtaining optimum level of psychophysical efficiency that enables fulfillment of military tasks. Total of 60 soldiers took part in the study. During the 9-month military service, soldiers had 200 hours of physical training and basic military training (shooting, drill, anti-chemical training, topography, general tactics, and military equipment operation). The training lasted 8 hours everyday. To assess fitness level, 4 trials were done: long jump, pull-ups, sit-ups, and 1,000 m run. Evaluation of food was based on the analysis of full board menus using the "Tables of composition and nutritional value of food products." Energy value was assessed, and content of basic nutrients was calculated. Assessment of nutritional status was based on anthropometric measurements, such as body height, body mass, and thickness of 4 selected skinfolds. Body height and body mass were the basis for the body mass index calculation. Soldiers serving in the mechanized infantry unit, after completing the training, got better results only in 1,000 m run (from 250.3 to 233.61 seconds). During the research, an average energy value of a daily food ration planned for consumption was 4,504 kcal. This value consisted of 13.2% of energy from protein, 31.9% of energy from fat, and 54.9% from carbohydrates. In the course of military service, percentage of subjects indicating overweight increased from 10.2 to 25.4%.

Protein malnutrition has a negative effect on body composition and some blood parameters, especially in the young growing organism. One of nutritional factors which could protect against negative consequences of protein deficiency may be B group vitamins. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of vitamin B12 supplementation on the immune system in rats fed a standard and a low-protein diet. Rats were fed a control (20% of energy from protein) or a protein-deficient diet (4.5% of energy from protein). Half of animals in each group were additionally supplemented with vitamin B12 (300% of the daily intake). The white blood cells analysis and lymphocytes immunophenotyping (number and percentage) were performed. Low-protein diets caused disturbances in WBC and lymphocyte subpopulations in both short- (30-day) as well as long-term periods (90-day). Vitamin B12 supplementation significantly reduced the negative impact of protein malnutrition after 30 days, however had no effect on long-term malnutrition. Furthermore, vitamin B12 addition in rats fed a control diet did not affect the studied parameters. This observation opens the promise of use of vitamin B12 supplementation to improve immune system parameters in protein malnourished organisms.

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Material & methods. The experiment (90 days) was performed on male Wistar rats divided into six groups fed ad libitum with semi-purified diets. All diets contained 14.7 MJ gross energy/kg (350 kcal/100 g). Two groups were fed the diet containing 20% of energy from protein and the other four groups were fed the diet containing only 4.5% of energy from protein. Two of the four protein-deficient diets were supplemented with riboflavin in the amount of 75 mg/kg diet as fed. Rats of three groups were trained for one hour daily.

The training and development of operation skills of future State Fire Service officers in a danger area is carried out not only in terms of stationary, but also in terms of field conditions. The aim of the work was to assess energy expenditure of selected training activities carried out by students of the Main School of Fire Service on the training ground in Pionki and estimation of daily energy expenditure in the course of field training. Measurements of energy expenditure value were done based on examining the heart’s contractions frequency. Value of energy expenditure during performing typical activities resulting from the field training program prepared for students of the Main School of Fire Service, varies and can be classified as light work up to very heavy one. Average daily energy burden of students of the Main School of Fire Service during typical day of training on a training ground amounted to 4745 ±1181 kcal, what causes that performed work should be recognized, according to the obligatory classifications of work hardness, as very heavy work.