Cinematographic restoration is a complex practice that brings together technical, historical, and artistic expertise to preserve and enhance works from the past. Among the many challenges it presents, color correction stands out as one of the most intricate and significant, precisely because it is here that the subjectivity of the restorer becomes most evident, inevitably influencing the final outcome. This study investigates the role of subjectivity in the process of digital color correction, a crucial phase in any film restoration project. Specifically, it explores how different interpretations of color, applied to the same film footage, can lead to visually distinct results, and how these variations may affect our understanding of authenticity and visual fidelity in restored films. To this end, an experimental approach was adopted, involving several international laboratories, each with expertise in digital film restoration. Using a common source and reference material, these institutions independently produced their own color restoration of selected film sequences. By comparing these outcomes through a quantitative analysis, this research aims to highlight the interpretive nature of restoration and the implications it carries for cultural heritage preservation.

Over the last century, the study of color differences has attracted considerable attention, with numerous attempts to develop increasingly accurate perceptual metrics that, however, have progressed incrementally but never achieved full adequacy. Although research eventually moved from color spaces to appearance spaces, color was still examined without accounting for its surrounding context, even though visual context has long been known to strongly influence chromatic appearance. This work attempts to address the following question: is it meaningful to pursue marginal improvements in color-difference metrics that treat color in isolation, when embedding color within a visual context can produce appearance changes far greater than the precision gained by the most recent formulas? More broadly, is it still appropriate to measure color differences without accounting for their visual context? The results underscore the necessity for the development of a color metric that takes into account the spatial computations of the scene, thereby aligning more closely with the mechanisms of human vision.

AIMS:This review evaluates the mechanisms underlying red blood cell (RBC) membrane fluidity changes in diabetes mellitus (DM) and explores strategies to assess and address these alterations. Emphasis is placed on developing a comprehensive index for membrane fluidity to improve monitoring and management in diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We reviewed current literature on RBC membrane fluidity, focussing on lipid composition, glycation, oxidative stress, and lipid transport alterations in diabetic patients. Key methodologies include lipidomics, multi-scale probe assessment, and machine learning integration for standardized fluidity measurement. RESULTS:Diabetic RBCs exhibit increased membrane fluidity, primarily due to oxidative stress, increased glycation, and dysregulated lipid composition. These alterations contribute to vascular complications and impair RBC functionality. Assessing membrane composition as a nutritional marker provides insights into the metabolic impacts of glycaemic management. CONCLUSIONS:There is a critical need for a unified and comprehensive membrane fluidity index in DM, which could support personalised interventions through dietary, medicinal, and lifestyle modifications. Future research should prioritise standardising measurement techniques and integrating lipidomic data with machine learning for predictive modelling, aiming to enhance clinical outcomes for diabetic patients.

Board games provide immersive and enjoyable experiences for players, but they can also pose usability challenges. This article presents a comprehensive framework for analyzing board game design, focusing on identifying the elements that make play inadvertently difficult or fatiguing. The proposed framework analyses board games as a user interface between the players and the board game mechanics, thereby focusing on the presentation aspects without altering the underlying rules. The intent is to preserve the deliberate design challenges that enhance gameplay while pinpointing the elements that affect the game experience negatively. We employ a methodology that begins with the observation of players’ behavioral cues to infer internal states such as cognitive or visual fatigue. These inferred states serve as a basis to identify problematic features in the game components or presentation. We illustrate the framework through a series of case studies, providing practical examples of the analysis process through an idiographic approach.

Context Coronary collateral (CC) vessel development appears to be protective with regard to adverse cardiovascular events and survival in patients with coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO). The influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on CC growth has been controversial. In particular, the role of diabetic microvascular complications (DMC) in determining coronary collateralization has not been elucidated. Objective To investigate whether patients with DMC presented differences in CC vessel presence and grading as compared with patients without DMC. Methods We conducted a single-center observational study, including consecutive T2DM patients, without previous cardiovascular history, undergoing a clinically indicated coronary angiography for chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) and angiographic evidence of at least one CTO. Patients were subdivided into 2 study groups according to the presence/absence of at least one DMC (neuropathy, nephropathy, or retinopathy). The presence and grading of angiographically visible CC development from the patent vessels to the occluded artery were assessed using the Rentrop classification. Results We enrolled 157 patients (mean age 68.6 & PLUSMN; 9.8 years; 120 [76.4%] men). Patients with DMC (75 [47.8%]) had a higher prevalence of CC (69 [92.0%] vs 62 [75.6%], P = .006) and high-grade CC (55 [73.3%] vs 39 [47.6%], P = .001) compared with those without, and we found a positive association between the number of DMC in each patient and the prevalence of high-grade CC. Conclusion Among T2DM patients with coronary CTO, the presence of DMC was associated with a high CC development.

Today, different models and instruments exist to study and model color vision and color vision deficiency. These systems are often modeled at spectral and retinal levels. In this study, we propose a novel approach to set up models and aids for color vision deficiencies, considering the role of spatial color processing in human visual system. In particular, we present the results of a perceptual test to identify the role of the spatial arrangement in Normal Observers (CNOs), using simultaneous contrast effect.

Color difference evaluation is an important topic in colorimetry, and it has led to many methods of calculations over the years, which still aim to improve accuracy. This study aims to explore the efficacy of existing color difference measures in evaluating perceived color differences under varying contextual conditions. A novel experiment was conducted wherein participants evaluated color pairs against different backgrounds. This contribution presents the preliminary results of this study which compare the perceived color on varying backgrounds with some of the most used color differences. Overall, the results show that the precision gained by improving pointwise color metrics is pointless due to the high variability of color perception in varying contexts caused by spatial mechanisms of the human visual system. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of creating alternative methods to measure color differences that reflect how we see colors in real life. Such a challenge could improve color research and its applications across different fields.

Among the great variety of our Cultural Heritage, photographic and cinematographic materials are fundamental and direct witnesses of the past. As often happens when dealing with materials of cultural interest, even photographic and cinematographic films can undergo severe deterioration, aging, and color fading throughout the time, leading to the need for proper restoration, conservation, and preservation of these materials. In this context, even though the digitization process is becoming more and more essential, analyzing and studying the analog materials remains fundamental to perform a retrieval or a correction faithful to the original material. For this reason, the lack of technical information (especially for the oldest materials) and the absence of open source archives of the producing companies underlines the actual and concrete need for a database of physical, chemical, and sensitometric data of both cinematography and photographic films. The aim of this work is the creation and the promotion of FiRe 2 , a big and unique database of cinematographic and photographic materials to support the work of conservators, restorers, and researchers, as the availability of information and the cooperation between institutions and professionals are essential for preserving our Cultural Heritage.

Board game industry is experiencing a strong renewed interest. In the last few years, about 4000 new board games have been designed and distributed each year. Board game players gender balance is reaching the equality, but nowadays the male component is a slight majority. This means that (at least) around 10% of board game players are color blind. How does the board game industry deal with this ? Recently, a raising of awareness in the board game design has started but so far there is a big gap compared with (e.g.) the computer game industry. This paper presents some data about the actual situation, discussing exemplary cases of successful board games.

Colour science has had a very long history, dotted over the millennia with many contributions from the most diverse fields of human knowledge. At the beginning of the 20th century, Albert Henry Munsell, an artist formally trained in academia, and Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald, Nobel prize for chemistry in 1909 and amateur painter, each envisioned and developed a colour system with a related colour atlas. Both authors recognized the importance of the visual relationship between colours, which they conceived as sensations stemming from, but not merely confined to, pigments and light. We hereby describe the salient features of these colour spaces, their strengths and weaknesses, the authors' analogy of intents and divergence in execution. The contribution of this paper is a discussion on how these are employed both in Italian educational facilities, and salon practice, as well as a suggestion about their use within the industry of human hair cosmetics.

The Ishihara test plates are designed to offer a rapid and usable instrument to diagnose color deficiency. The original test, as well as other pseudo-isochromatic plates (PIP), is composed of physical charts produced following proprietary and standard printing procedures. In this work, we aim to measure and assess the color shifts that the aging of the plates may introduce. This work aims to raise the scientific and medical community's awareness of the risks that may occur in using an aged or damaged test, which may still appear in good condition but has been subjected to deterioration over time.

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

During pregnancy, the complex hormonal changes lead to a progressive decrease of insulin sensitivity that can drive the onset of gestational diabetes (GDM) or worsen an already-known condition of insulin resistance like type 2 diabetes, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and obesity, with complications for the mother and the fetus. Metformin during pregnancy is proving to be safe in a growing number of studies, although it freely crosses the placenta, leading to a fetal level similar to maternal concentration. The aim of this literature review is to analyze the main available evidence on the use of metformin during, throughout, and beyond pregnancy, including fertilization, lactation, and medium-term effects on offspring. Analyzed studies support the safety and efficacy of metformin during pregnancy. In pregnant women with GDM and type 2 diabetes, metformin improves obstetric and perinatal outcomes. There is no evidence that it prevents GDM in women with pregestational insulin resistance or improves lipid profile and risk of GDM in pregnant women with PCOS or obesity. Metformin could have a role in reducing the risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women with severe obesity, the risk of late miscarriages and preterm delivery in women with PCOS, and the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, increasing the clinical pregnancy rate in women with PCOS undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF/FIVET). Offspring of mothers with GDM exposed to metformin have no significant differences in body composition compared with insulin treatment, while it appears to be protective for metabolic and cardiovascular risk.

The automatic color equalization (ACE) algorithm, part of the Retinex-derived family of spatial color algorithms (SCAs), is an image enhancement algorithm that mimics the adjustment behavior of the human visual system (HVS). It is commonly used on a unique channel for black & white images or independently on the three channels for color images. In this work, we introduce a novel application of ACE on hyperspectral images, referred to as HyperspectrACE. Here the goal is not to introduce the most performing hyperspectral image enhancer in the field, but to discuss the performance of a qualitative model of human color sensation when applied on more than the standard RGB channels. For this reason, we present the test of the proposed approach compared with classic ACE and other classic methods, to assess the differences in image dynamic stretching and global and local filtering contrast adjustment. (C) 2023 Society for Imaging Science and Technology.

This paper presents a novel web platform designed to investigate the relationship between sounds, colors, and emotions, with the overarching goal of enhancing the sensory experience of impaired individuals in visual art museums. Taking advantage of the principles of sensory substitution, the project aims to bridge the gap between auditory and visual perception, allowing individuals with visual or cognitive impairments to engage with visual art through alternative sensory modalities. The platform’s architecture is centered around the delivery of short sound stimuli to participants, who then provide feedback on the associations they perceive between these auditory cues and both colors and emotional dimensions. The collected data will be analyzed to discern patterns and correlations, shedding light on how auditory stimuli can be used to evoke visual and emotional responses. This paper outlines the technical and methodological aspects of the web platform, including its design, development, and implementation. It discusses the selection of sound stimuli and the integration of user-friendly interfaces to ensure a seamless experience for participants. Preliminary results from volunteer tests are briefly presented, highlighting intriguing findings regarding the associations between sounds, colors, and emotions.

Spatial color algorithms (SCAs) are computer vision procedures widely used for image enhancement and human vision modeling. The main characteristic of SCA family is that they mimic the behavior of the human vision system (HVS), achieving in this way robustness and the capability to adjust their effect according to the image content. Here, we review 35 different, popular Retinex-inspired SCAs discussing and providing a set of measures for their evaluation in terms of image quality. To this purpose, we also introduce SCA-30, a real-world color image dataset made publicly available. The algorithms considered here include and spread from well-known Retinex implementations, Retinex variants, Milano-Retinex and related inspired enhancers, illumination/decomposition approaches, and deep learning-based techniques. Data and code used for the evaluation are made freely available to the community, to pursue further analysis and comparisons. (c) 2022 SPIE and IS&T

To determine the best investigations for restoration and storage procedures, a visual inspection can provide a preliminary screen for the colour processes used to print the photographs. The high costs of the instruments required to follow the protocols present in the literature make these methodologies challenging to reproduce, especially for institutions with limited resources. Hence, a cheap and advanced investigation protocol is needed. This work proposes a protocol that, besides having this characteristic, observes the degradation of the material as a factor in identifying printing processes. The procedure proposed is composed of four steps: I. print observation: a preliminary examination of the object; II. surface observation: an examination of the surface; III. magnified observation: examination with microscope; and IV. decay and damage: alteration and degradation analysis. A set of photographs from the 1960s to the 2000s were analysed following the proposed protocol. From these prints, it was possible to observe the typical forms of degradation deriving from inappropriate conservation and determine the different materials and formats, proving the protocol’s effectiveness and easy applicability.In addition, the scientific community may access this protocol through the open-access website Colour photographic processes-Preliminary identification by visual exam.