Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis nilai-nilai pendidikan akhlak yang terkandung dalam Bab Ikhlas dan Bab Kejujuran pada Kitab Riyadhus Shalihin karya Imam Nawawi serta mengkaji relevansinya terhadap pendidikan Islam. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian kepustakaan (library research) dan metode analisis isi (content analysis). Sumber data primer berupa ayat-ayat Al-Qur'an dan hadis-hadis yang terdapat dalam kedua bab tersebut, sedangkan sumber data sekunder diperoleh dari buku, artikel jurnal ilmiah, dan literatur yang relevan dengan pendidikan akhlak, pendidikan Islam, dan studi hadis. Data dikumpulkan melalui teknik dokumentasi, kemudian dianalisis secara sistematis dengan mengidentifikasi, mengklasifikasikan, dan menginterpretasikan nilai-nilai pendidikan akhlak yang terkandung dalam teks. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Bab Ikhlas dan Bab Kejujuran memuat nilai-nilai pendidikan akhlak berupa keikhlasan, niat yang benar dalam setiap amal, kejujuran dalam perkataan dan perbuatan, amanah, integritas, tanggung jawab, muhasabah, serta orientasi akhirat. Nilai-nilai tersebut memiliki relevansi yang kuat dengan tujuan pendidikan Islam dalam membentuk peserta didik yang beriman, bertakwa, dan berakhlak mulia. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa Kitab Riyadhus Shalihin merupakan sumber pendidikan akhlak yang tetap relevan untuk diintegrasikan dalam pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam sebagai upaya memperkuat pendidikan karakter di era modern.

This meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy of various dietary interventions in alleviating the adverse effects of heat stress in lactating dairy cows. A total of 53 studies were included, representing a wide range of geographical locations, lactation stages, and treatment periods. Various feed additives and supplements have been considered, including live yeast (mainly Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and their yeast-derived products, phytochemicals, vitamins, minerals, betaine, AA, and lipids. The data were analyzed according to random-effects models using the metafor package in R software by employing both univariate and multivariate meta-analysis approaches. Analysis of subgroups and covariables (parity, breed, DIM or lactation phases, duration of the interventions, and climatic regions) were performed on the main response variables such as milk yield, DMI, ECM, and milk yield/DMI. The overall estimate showed that dietary interventions improved milk yield (+3.41%), DMI (+2.51%), FCM (+4.75%), and ECM (+5.19%) of lactating dairy cows exposed to heat stress, but feed efficiency metrics (milk yield/DMI and ECM/DMI) were unaffected. All models exhibited high heterogeneity (I2 >90%; Qp-value <0.001), indicating substantial variations from the studies. Notably, the types of feed additives and supplements (treatment group) were significant moderators (P < 0.001) for milk yield, DMI, FCM, and ECM, whereas other factors, such as region and trial length, did not affect the performance metrics. Yeast and derived products and phytochemical products were the most tested products, each exhibited higher lactation milk yield (+3.61% [n = 24] and +3.75% [n = 20], respectively) and DMI (+4.25% [n = 21] and +2.0% [n = 14], respectively) than untreated cows. Further subgroup analysis revealed divergence effects of yeast products in which live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and postbiotic improved milk yield by +5.70% [n = 15] and +3.42% [n = 7], respectively but Aspergillus oryzae did not show an effect. Overall, yeast did not affect milk composition but increased CP digestibility (+3.70%) and total antioxidant capacity (+25.1%) but decreased MUN (-27.3%), plasma haptoglobin (-7.85%), and respiration rate (-2.85%). Treatment with minerals + vitamins supplementation improved milk yield (+4.32%; n = 8), DMI (2.52%; n = 8), and ECM (+8.39%; n = 12) but did not affect feed efficiency. Across all dietary interventions and covariates, high heterogeneity (I2 >90%) in most response variables warrants a larger dataset and further investigations to improve the precision and consistency of the results. Nevertheless, the consistent direction of effects across performance and metabolic indicators suggests that dietary strategies, especially with yeast, phytochemicals, and mineral-vitamin supplements, can be used as effective tools to mitigate heat stress in dairy cows, although the effect was not directly on lowering body temperature in most cases. Overall, despite promising results for certain feed additives or supplements, limited studies on some treatment categories require further investigation or product improvement to uncover their potential benefits.

Objectives: Mineral blocks are widely used for ruminant supplementation, but their low mineral availability and weak physical properties often limit nutrient utilization. This study evaluated the effects of fortifying mineral blocks with tropical macroalgae on their mineral composition, physical quality, ruminal degradability, and palatability in Ongole crossbred bulls. Materials and Methods: The study employed a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments, comprising one non-fortified control (MBNF) and four macroalgae-fortified mineral blocks (MBFM) containing Gelidium sp., Gracilaria sp., Sargassum sp., or Ulva sp., each replicated three times. The mineral composition was determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and the physical properties were evaluated in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 1974:2011). In vitro ruminal degradation and gas production were measured over a 72-h incubation in five replicates per treatment, whereas palatability was assessed in 10 Ongole crossbred bulls. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and mean differences were tested by Duncan's Multiple Range Test at p < 0.05. Results: Fortification with Gelidium sp. significantly increased Potassium (K), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), and Copper (Cu) contents compared with MBNF (p < 0.05). Compressive strength improved by up to 69%, particularly in Gelidium-fortified blocks (p < 0.05). Ruminal degradability was enhanced, with dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility increasing by 39% and 36%, respectively (p < 0.05). Palatability tests showed no significant differences in block consumption between MBFM and MBNF (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Fortifying mineral blocks with Gelidium sp. improved mineral enrichment, compressive strength, and ruminal degradability without reducing palatability, indicating its potential as an effective mineral supplementation strategy for Ongole crossbred bulls.

Background and Aim:Gastrointestinal parasites are a common health concern in poultry, particularly in free-range farming systems. Local ducks (Anas platyrhynchos javanicus) in Indonesia are frequently exposed to various parasitic infections due to their extensive foraging behavior. Parasitic infections can reduce productivity, cause economic losses, and impact animal welfare. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in ducks raised at different altitudes in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and assess the influence of altitude and seasonal variation on infection rates. Materials and Methods:A total of 201 fecal samples were collected from local female ducks in three different altitude regions - coastal (<100 m), lowland (100-200 m), and highland (>200 m) - between November 2019 and May 2020, covering both the rainy and dry seasons. Fecal samples were manually collected and analyzed using the flotation method to detect parasitic eggs and oocytes. The occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites was statistically analyzed using Chi-square test. Results:Overall, 51.24% of the ducks were infected with gastrointestinal parasites. Nematodes were the predominant parasites, with Capillaria spp. (43.78%) and Trichostrongylus spp. (22.89%) being the most frequently detected species. Protozoa such as coccidia (5.97%) and cestodes like Raillietina spp. (1.49%) were also identified. The occurrence of infection varied significantly with altitude, being highest in lowland (61.43%) and highland areas (61.54%) compared to coastal regions (30.30%). Seasonal variation also influenced infection rates, with a higher occurrence observed during the rainy season (67.19%) than in the dry season (43.80%). Most infected ducks had single parasitic infections (80.39%), while mixed infections were less common. Conclusion:This study highlights the significant impact of altitude and season on the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in local ducks in Yogyakarta. The findings suggest that nematodes, particularly Capillaria spp., are the most persistent and widespread parasites. Implementing targeted deworming programs during the rainy season, improving farm sanitation, and educating farmers on parasite monitoring could help mitigate infections and improve duck health and productivity.

The use of macroalgae as an alternative feed supplement in ruminant diets has gained attention due to the potential impact on fermentation dynamics and nutrient utilization. This study investigates the effect of Acanthophora spicifera, a red macroalga, on rumen fermentation parameters using an in vitro approach. Understanding how different levels of A. spicifera supplementation influence fermentation profiles could contribute to sustainable livestock nutrition strategies. An in vitro rumen fermentation trial was carried out using the syringe gas production technique. Five dietary treatments were tested: a control diet consisting of 100

OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to investigate the effects of varying levels of chitosan supplementation in total mixed ration (TMR) silage on the abundance and dynamics of rumen microbial communities, as well as their associated metabolomic profiles. METHODS:Next-generation sequencing and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics were employed to assess alterations in rumen microbiota and metabolites composition in response to chitosan supplementation in TMR silage. RESULTS:A total of 304 metabolites were identified in TMR silage, 144 of which had a variable importance in projection (VIP) scores greater than 1, marking them as distinguishing metabolites. Notably, chitosan supplementation increased L-valine levels, identifying it as a potential biomarker metabolite. In rumen fluid samples, 34 metabolites were identified, with 13 exhibiting VIP scores over 1, classifying them as key metabolite indicators. Chitosan supplementation significantly elevated amine compounds, particularly Dibenzylamine and N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide, in rumen fluid. The primary phyla affected by chitosan in TMR silage were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Firmicutes. Additionally, the genera Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-002 and Prevotella decreased with chitosan supplementation, whereas Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group exhibited increased abundance. Predominantly negative correlations were observed between rumen fluid metabolites (particularly amines and indoles) and microbial populations belonging to Bacteroidota and Firmicutes. CONCLUSION:These findings indicate that chitosan supplementation alters rumen metabolic activity and reduced microbial diversity within the rumen.

Jamu dan jahe merah merupakan obat tradisional Indonesia yang telah digunakan secara turun-temurun karena khasiatnya dalam mengatasi berbagai gangguan kesehatan. Penggunaan obat tradisional merupakan warisan nenek moyang Indonesia yang diperoleh secara empiris. Jamu merupakan minuman kesehatan yang dapat dimanfaatkan khasiat dan keamanannya dalam meningkatkan imunitas. Meskipun saat ini perhatian lebih banyak difokuskan pada peningkatan manfaat jamu dan jahe merah, potensi efek samping konsumsinya sering diabaikan. Jahe merah secara tradisional dikenal efektif untuk meredakan masuk angin, rematik, perut kembung, mual, batuk berdahak, migrain, serta meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh dan memperbaiki sistem pencernaan. Tanaman obat yang jumlahnya sangat banyak dan dapat dimanfaatkan dilingkungan rumah terurutama di tingkat desa, tetapi masyarakat belum mengetahui menfaat dan cara pengolahan tanaman tersebut dalam meningkatkan imunitas. Program ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan ibu rumah tangga di Desa Pargumbangan, Kecamatan Angkola Muaratais, Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan dalam mengolah jamu jahe merah menjadi produk instan yang lebih praktis dan bernilai jual. Kegiatan dilaksanakan melalui pelatihan dan pendampingan yang melibatkan dosen, mahasiswa, dan warga setempat, khususnya ibu rumah tangga yang tidak memiliki penghasilan tetap. Tahapan kegiatan meliputi sosialisasi program, pelatihan pembuatan serbuk jamu jahe merah, serta pendampingan produksi. Diharapkan, pasca pelatihan peserta mampu memproduksi jamu jahe merah skala rumah tangga dan memasarkan produknya secara mandiri, sehingga dapat meningkatkan perekonomian keluarga di desa tersebut

Brown algae, such as Sargassum binderi (S. binderi), are abundantly present in marine ecosystems and constitute a valuable natural resource. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of fermented S. binderi meal on the performance of laying hens and egg quality, as well as to establish the safe limits of its usage in the diet of laying hens. The 200 Isa Brown laying hens were randomly assigned to five different treatment groups based on fermented S. binderi levels, including the control group, which received 0% fermented S. binderi, while the other treatment groups received 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16% fermented S. binderi, respectively, over six weeks. At the end of the experiment, 80 eggs were assessed for quality. The variables included feed intake, hen day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio, as well as external egg quality measures such as eggshell weight, percentage of eggshell, eggshell thickness, eggshell strength, egg length, egg width, and egg shape index and internal egg quality parameters including yolk weight, percentage of yolk, albumin weight, percentage of albumin, yolk color index, and haugh unit (HU). The current results indicated that the inclusion of fermented S. binderi at levels of 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16% in laying hens’ diets had no significant effect on performance or external and internal egg quality. The utilization of fermented S. binderi is considered safe when incorporated at levels up to 16% within diets for laying hens.

This study examines the contributions of various countries to milk quality research over the past 27 years (1997-2024) using bibliometric analysis of data retrieved from the Scopus database. The study aims to highlight the efforts required by governments to enhance research in this field. The analysis employs bibliometric tools, including VOSviewer, Scimago Graphica, Bibliometrix, and Microsoft Excel, to visualize data and conduct network analysis. The findings indicate a 13% increase in the number of publications related to milk quality. China leads in the number of publications, with 1,178 documents, whereas Italy excels in journal publications, contributing 188 journals and 388 institutions, accounting for 27.80% of the global total. China also dominates research funding, with 159 institutions representing 26.63% of global funding entities. In terms of citation impact, the United States ranks first with 2,953 citations, followed by Italy, China, and Brazil. This study provides valuable insights into dairy cattle research, particularly milk quality, through bibliometric analysis and a scoping review. The findings can assist stakeholders in identifying research trends, gaps, and innovations, thereby informing strategies to enhance milk production, nutritional quality, and sustainable dairy practices.

Abstract. Wahyuni S, Sudarman A, Sofyan A, Permata D, Darma ING, Ramdani D, Hidayatik N, Jayanegara A. 2025. Methane emission and nutritive evaluation of green, black, oolong, and white tea leaves. Biodiversitas 26: 3423-3433. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of non-fermented and fermented leaves of green tea, black tea, oolong tea, and white tea on nutritive value, methane emission, and in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics. Each type of tea leaves was prepared in both fresh (non-fermented) and fermented forms. Fermented tea leaves were treated with water in a 1:2 ratio. Each treatment was prepared in five replicates and incubated for 30 days. A completely randomized factorial design was applied, with tea type as the primary factor and fermentation status (non-fermented and fermented) as the secondary factor. Results revealed that the highest crude protein content was found in white tea (29.41%), followed by green tea (17.87%). There was a significant effect (p<0.05) of tea types on IVDMD and IVOMD, with fresh oolong tea exhibiting the highest value and white tea the lowest. Excellent fermentation profiles were observed among different tea types (p<0.001) regarding gas production after 48 hours, with fresh green tea producing the highest amount. The highest methane production was observed in fermented green tea (2.35%), while the lowest was in fermented oolong tea (0.89%). Fermented oolong tea as a feed additive in ruminant diets may reduce enteric methane production, potentially improving feed efficiency. In conclusion, fermentation is able to maintain the nutritional quality of tea leaves but the effect on methane emission is varied.

Objective:The aim of this study was to examine the solvent conditions suitable for preparing samples of total mixed ration (TMR) silage and ruminal fluid, with or without chitosan inclusion, to achieve more sensitive, specific, and repeatable analyses. Material and Methods:The metabolome contained in the sample was determined using a ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry quadrupole using samples in the form of TMR silage (silage with 0.5% inclusion of chitosan, silage without chitosan addition) and rumen fluid (rumen fluid containing 0.5% chitosan, ruminal fluid without chitosan) with and without the addition of chitosan, as well as three different solvent ratios: 50% water MS grade: 50% methanol (MeOH) MS grade (1), 20% water MS grade: 80% MeOH MS grade (2), and 0% water MS grade: 100% MeOH MS grade (3). Results:The TMR silage samples contained 311 metabolites, amino acid compounds predominating, followed by fatty acids and amines. Fatty acids, organic phosphate, and amines dominated the 39 metabolites found in rumen fluid samples. In the TMR silages, 100% MeOH seemed to be able to distinguish samples more effectively than other solvents; moreover, cinnamic acid, D-(+)-proline, and L(+)-ornithine were the three highest variable importance for projection values among prospective metabolite markers for silage samples. Whereas the use of a 50% MeOH to 50% water solvent ratio achieved the best discrimination results in rumen fluid samples, the three highest variable importance for projection values among prospective metabolite markers for ruminal fluid samples were triethyl phosphate, dibenzylamine, and phosphoric acid. Conclusion:100% MeOH is able to distinguish TMR silage, while 50% MeOH to 50% water is best for ruminal fluid samples.

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) cause substantial losses in ruminants, including nutrient depletion, anemia, reduced productivity, and mortality. Nematodes' resistance to synthetic drugs has led to interest in alternative control strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Chaetomorpha vieillardii extract, a green macroalga, as a natural anthelmintic agent and to assess its effects on productivity, feed intake, and digestibility in thin-tailed sheep. Sixteen naturally infected thin-tailed sheep were randomly allocated into four groups: P0 (basal diet), P1 (P0 + C. vieillardii extract 10 mg/kg BW), P2 (P0 + C. vieillardii extract 20 mg/kg BW), and Palb (P0 + albendazole 5 mg/kg BW). Diets were composed of king grass (80 % dry matter, DM) and wheat bran (20 % DM), targeting 0-50 g/day weight gain. Treatments were conducted over 8 weeks, with a 2-week adaptation period. Counting fecal eggs per gram (EPG) for GIN was monitored weekly. The ethanol extract of C. vieillardii yielded 2.45 % with bioactive contents: total flavonoids 117.9 mg EQ/g, phenolics 5.2 mg GAE/g, phloroglucinol-reactive phenolics 2.1 mg PGE/g, and saponins 218.8 mg SE/g. At 20 mg/kg BW, the extract significantly reduced GIN prevalence by 98.1 % (P < 0.05). Hematological parameters remained stable, with a positive trend in red blood cell indices, and a significant increase in eosinophils in controls due to infection. Administration at 20 mg/kg body weight enhanced feed intake, nutrient digestibility, feed efficiency, and improved growth performance in sheep. This suggests that C. vieillardii has the potential to be further developed as a natural anthelmintic for sheep, while also enhancing their nutritional status.

Rice anaerobic fermentation is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and in order to efficiently utilize crop residue resources to reduce GHG emissions, rice straw anaerobic fermentation was regulated using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants (FG1 and TH14), grass medium (GM) to culture LAB, and Acremonim cellulolyticus (AC). Microbial community, GHG emission, dry matter (DM) loss, and anaerobic fermentation were analyzed using PacBio single-molecule real-time and anaerobic fermentation system. The epiphytic microbial diversity of fresh rice straw was extremely rich and contained certain nutrients and minerals. During ensiling, large amounts of GHG such as carbon dioxide are produced due to plant respiration, enzymatic hydrolysis reactions, and proliferation of aerobic bacteria, resulting in energy and DM loss. Addition of FG1, TH14, and AC alone improved anaerobic fermentation by decreasing pH and ammonia nitrogen content (P < 0.05) and increased lactic acid content (P < 0.05) when compared to the control, and GM showed the same additive effect as LAB inoculants. Microbial additives formed a co-occurrence microbial network system dominated by LAB, enhanced the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, diversified the microbial metabolic environment and carbohydrate metabolic pathways, weakened the amino acid metabolic pathways, and made the anaerobic fermentation cleaner. This study is of great significance for the effective utilization of crop straw resources, the promotion of sustainable livestock production, and the reduction of GHG emissions.IMPORTANCETo effectively utilize crop by-product resources, we applied microbial additives to silage fermentation of fresh rice straw. Fresh rice straw is extremely rich in microbial diversity, which was significantly reduced after silage fermentation, and its nutrients were well preserved. Silage fermentation was improved by microbial additives, where the combination of cellulase and lactic acid bacteria acted as enzyme-bacteria synergists to promote lactic acid fermentation and inhibit the proliferation of harmful bacteria, such as protein degradation and gas production, thereby reducing GHG emissions and DM losses. The microbial additives accelerated the formation of a symbiotic microbial network system dominated by lactic acid bacteria, which regulated silage fermentation and improved microbial metabolic pathways for carbohydrates and amino acids, as well as biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.

The background to the problem of this research is that the ability to read the Yellow Book among santri has decreased from year to year, many santri who graduate in a relatively short time are required to master various fields of science, interest in learning for today's santri is much different from that of santri in the past, technological developments, and challenges in learning to read the yellow book. This research method is a descriptive qualitative method in the form of field research, research data is collected through observation, interviews and documentation. Analysis using data reduction analysis processes, data presentation and data verification. Based on the research results it was found that: a). The strategies used in reading the book of Fathul Muin using the Prakom method in increasing the understanding of students at the Tikusuddiniyah Deliberative Council at the Mambaul Ulum Bata-Bata Panaan Palengaan Pamekasan Islamic Boarding School are the sorogan, bandongan, lecture, mudzakara, wetonan, question and answer, and rote methods. b). Supporting and inhibiting factors: The Strategy for Reading the Book of Fathul Muin Using the Prakom Method in Improving the Understanding of Santri at the Deliberative Assembly of Politikenuddiniyah at the Mambaul Ulum Islamic Boarding School Bata-Bata Panaan Palengaan Pamekasan is the presence of experienced mentors in the field of scripture, the perseverance and tenacity of the santri in following the teaching and learning activities outside the clock. KBM, several pages containing discussions of Nahwu Sharraf, the existence of a biblical-based environment, learning environment or joint learning facilities. The inhibiting factors are: limited time availability, lack of enthusiasm or motivation, lack of sense of belonging to their students, difficulty in finding tutors, some have difficulty in putting the knowledge of nahwu and sharraf into practice. Latar belakang masalah penelitian ini yaitu kemampuan membaca kitab kuning dikalangan santri mengalami penurunan dari tahun ke tahun, banyak santri yang lulus dengan waktu relatif singkat yang dituntut harus menguasai berbagai bidang ilmu pengetahuan, minat belajar untuk santri sekarang jauh beda dengan santri dulu, perkembanagn teknologi, dan tantangan dalam belajar baca kitab kuning. Metode penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif dalam bentuk penelitian lapngan, data penelitian dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Analisis dengan proses analisis reduksi data, penyajian data dan verifikasi data. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa : a). Strategi yang digunakan dalam Baca Kitab Fathul Muin Dengan Metode Prakom Dalam Meningkatkan Pemahaman Santri Di Majelis Musyawarah Kutubuddiniyah Pondok Pesantren Mambaul Ulum Bata-Bata Panaan Palengaan Pamekasan adalah metode sorogan, bandongan, ceramah, mudzakara, wetonan, tanya jawab, dan hafalan. b). faktor pendukung dan penghambat Strategi Baca Kitab Fathul Muin Dengan Metode Prakom Dalam Meningkatkan Pemahaman Santri Di Majelis Musyawarah Kutubuddiniyah Pondok Pesantren Mambaul Ulum Bata-Bata Panaan Palengaan Pamekasan adalah keberadaan pembimbing yang berpengalaman dalam bidang kitabiyah, ketekunan dan keuletan para santri dalam mengikuti KBM dan diluar jam KBM, beberapa halaman yang memuat pembahasan nahwu sharraf, keberadaan lingkungan yang berbasis kitabiyah, lingkungan belajar atau fasilitas belajar Bersama. Adapun faktor penghambat yaitu: ketersediaan waktu yang terbatas., kurangnya semangat atau termotivasi, kurangnya rasa memiliki kepada anak didiknya, kesulitan dalam mencari pembimbin, sebagian ada yang kesulitan dalam memperaktekkan ilmu nahwu dan sharraf.

This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of chitosan administration to total mixed ration (TMR) silage on ruminal fermentation characteristics and degradability by using both in vitro and in sacco methods. The completely randomized design (CRD) used in this study included five treatments and six replications. The treatments consisted of TMR silage with distilled water as control (SA), TMR with 1% acetic acid (SB), 0.5% chitosan in 1% acetic acid diluent (SC), 1% chitosan in 1% acetic acid diluent (SD), and 1.5% chitosan in 1% acetic acid diluent (SE). The variables observed were ruminal fermentation parameters, methane production and in sacco nutrient degradability. Results revealed that adding 1-1.5% chitosan (SD and SE treatments) reduced (P < 0.05) total protozoa, total gas production, methane production, the percentage of acetic acid, and the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid, while it increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of propionic acid. The addition of chitosan (SE treatment) decreased (P < 0.05) the degradation of dry matter, but it increased (P < 0.05) the degradability of organic matter and crude protein, as determined by in sacco analysis.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of ethanolic extracts from red macroalgae Acrocystis sp. and Acanthophora sp. against the nematode Haemonchus contortus found in sheep, in vitro. The adult worm motility test was conducted in a factorial completely randomized design with two factors: the type of macroalgae as the first factor and the time of observation as the second factor. A total of 100 adult female H. contortus worms were randomly divided into four treatments with five replicates each. Each replicate consisted of 5 worms placed in a petri dish containing 5 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution (C: negative control), 1 mg/mL ethanolic extract of Acrocystis sp. (AR), 1 mg/mL ethanolic extract of Acanthophora sp. (AC), and 0.5 mg/mL albendazole (ALB: positive control). Sodium chloride 0.9% was used as the solvent for AR, AC, and ALB. The results demonstrated that, after 24 hour, AC exhibited anthelmintic activity by inhibiting the motility of H. contortus (P<0.05), to a remaining 4.00%, compared to AR (44.00%), although it could not compete with albendazole (P<0.05). Accordingly, the ethanolic extract of red macroalgae Acanthophora sp. holds potential for further investigation as an anthelmintic agent for ruminant livestock.

Context Formulating diets using agro-industrial by-product concentrates to increase the growth performance and cost efficiency of Ongole crossbred bulls. Aims This study was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of agro-industrial by-products of dried cassava powder (DCP), mixed copra meal (CM), palm kernel cake (PKC) and soybean hull (SBH) into rations at low and high levels of feeding on bull liveweight gain and farmer profitability. Methods Fifty Ongole crossbred bulls with an initial bodyweight (BW) of 227 ± 66.5 kg and aged between 12 and 18 months, were arranged in a randomised complete-block design of five treatments, with 10 heads per treatment. The control group (T0) was provided the current feeding system (CFS) fed ad libitum. The supplemented treatments consisted of CFS ad libitum + concentrate (50% DCP, 25% CM, 25% PKC) at 1% BW/day (T1), CFS ad libitum + concentrate (50% DCP, 25% CM, 25% SBH) at 1% BW/day (T2), CFS ad libitum + concentrate (50% DCP, 25% CM, 25% PKC) at 2% BW/day (T3), CFS ad libitum + concentrate (50% DCP, 25% CM, 25% SBH) at 2% BW/day (T4). The experiment was conducted for 12 weeks. Key results The BW gain over 12 weeks (kg) for T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 39.5, 56.2, 68.9, 57.5 and 62.1 kg respectively. The income over feed cost was significantly higher in T2. Conclusions Supplementation with by-products increased bull liveweight gain compared with current feeding practices. A concentrate supplementation of DCP mixed with CM and SBH at 1% BW/day was the most effective and profitable supplementation method to increase income of farmers in this district and there was no advantage of increasing the level of supplement. Implications A combination of DCP, CM and SBH to form a concentrate supplement and fed at 1% BW/day will increase bull liveweight gain and income of farmers.

The resistance of the Haemonchus contortus, a parasite causing severe anemia in ruminants, to commercial anthelmintics emphasizes the need for alternative bio-anthelmintics. This study aimed to identify the molecular, chemical composition, and in vitro anthelmintic activity of Sargassum duplicatum against H. contortus. Molecular identification employed the Chelex method, with DNA diversity and phylogeny assessed using maximum likelihood in IQ-tree. The analyzed chemical composition included proximate, total flavonoid, and total phenols. Adult worm motility test (AWMT) and egg hatch inhibiting test (EHIT) were conducted at concentrations of 2, 4, and 6 mg/mL of S. duplicatum ethanolic extract. AWMT followed a completely randomized factorial design (5 replications, each with 5 worms), while EHIT used a completely randomized one-way design (5 replications, each with H. contortus egg batches from 3 adult female worms). The cox1 gene sequence revealed the Sargassum sample as S. duplicatum (KP101270.1) with 99.83% similarity. The results indicated that the identified concentrations of S. duplicatum ethanolic extract, and the observation time significantly influenced motility and egg hatchability (p<0.05). Both factors exhibited a significant interaction (p<0.05). Concentrations of 4-6 mg/mL reduced worm motility by up to 50% (LD50) within 6-8 hours, while concentrations of 2-6 mg/mL inhibited egg hatchability by more than 87% during 24 hours of incubation. In conclusion, S. duplicatum holds significant potential as a bio-anthelmintic agent.