Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have dispersed widely into the environment from industrial and consumer uses, threatening water quality across the globe. There is limited information on PFAS occurrence in private wells. The objective of this study was to 1) detect and quantify concentrations of PFAS in residential tap water in rural Nebraska; 2) determine the PFAS profile across Nebraska drinking water, and 3) screen the risk of PFAS exposure to human health using a mixtures approach. Water samples were collected from randomly selected, rural residences around seven different known or suspected point sources in Nebraska. Samples were extracted and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry following U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Method 1633 for 40 PFAS analytes. Risk screening utilized the USEPA hazard index (HI) approach. Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA), and & sum;PFAS (sum of five PFAS) were included in the final analyses. At least one PFAS compound was detected in 98% of the samples. Median & sum;PFAS concentrations were 2.23 ng/L. There were significant differences between the median & sum;PFAS concentration and water source (X-2 = 13, p = 0.005), type of point source (X-2 = 7.94, p = 0.005), and town (X-2 = 58.0, p < 0.001). The range of & sum;PFAS concentration was greater for samples from private wells than other waters sources (max 108 ng/L). The HI ranged from 1.90-2120 for four PFAS but should be interpreted with extreme caution due to the limited nature and uncertainties with this screening tool. The PFAS risk profile from samples measured in this study represents diffuse (indirect) contamination due to lack of correlation between PFAS concentrations and distance from point source. Future studies in Nebraska should focus on non-point source random sampling complemented with non-targeted analytical approaches to provide a broader scope of PFAS potentially present.

Objectives: The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the feasibility and effect of an Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) Ag Safety Education mail-out program to secondary school-based agricultural education programs. The following aims were addressed: a) develop an IVR Ag Safety game, b) implement a mail-out program for the Rollover Ranch Ag Safety game, and c) evaluate the effectiveness and engagement of an IVR Ag safety program. Methods: We enrolled 44 schools. Participants were invited to complete a pre- and post-knowledge assessment, and students and faculty evaluations of the experience. Results: Statistical analysis was completed using an independent t-test. The Pre scores (n = 423) had a Mean = 72.2% (S.D. = 15.2) and Post scores (n = 174) had a Mean = 79.8% (S.D. = 17.2) Post test scores were significantly higher than pre-test scores t (595) = 5.36, p < .001, d = 0.48. The test questions were then divided into subsets of Tractor Safety, ATV Safety, and Electrical Safety, and all subset scores showed statistically significant increases. The students scored highest on ATV safety, Pre score mean = 89.1% (S.D. = 17.3) and post score mean = 93.1% (S.D. = 15.7). Tractor Safety Scores had a pretest Mean = 71.2 (S.D. 22.7) and a post-test score mean = 78.3 (S.D. = 23.4). The lowest performing questions were on electrical safety with a pre-test mean = 40.6% (S.D. = 37) and a post-test mean = 57.2% (S.D. = 40.8). The students' evaluations reported the game was entertaining (85.63%) and increased their understanding of Ag Safety (63.8%). Most students (79.64%) wanted to continue to use IVR. The majority of faculty (77%) indicated that IVR assisted in teaching, and 92% indicated they would want to continue using IVR as a teaching modality. Conclusion: IVR can be delivered to serve all geographical areas, allowing dissemination throughout a rural state. Students learned and were engaged; faculty found it easy to use and both would desire to use it again. Further research is needed, including long-term follow-up on retained knowledge and, more importantly, if it translates into appropriate behavior when operating agricultural equipment and electrical safety.

BACKGROUND:To increase tension for change and encourage adoption of policies supporting health and safety practice, media advocacy employs a grassroots approach to raising awareness of issues. Allies and authentic voices are strategically engaged to share messages about social issues and the policies that can remedy them. METHODS:Given its success in other areas of public health, this study aims to trial media advocacy as a method of implementing ROPS Rebate Programs in three states with high rates of tractor overturn fatalities. This manuscript focuses on a process evaluation of the media advocacy campaign. RESULTS:This study ultimately demonstrates low fidelity to the principles of media advocacy due to the context within which the study was attempted. CONCLUSIONS:Despite these results, this study provides a clearer picture of the contextual issues states face in attempting to adopt and implement agricultural safety and health programs, such as the National ROPS Rebate Program.

Highlights Risk assessment is required for new machine designs, including autonomous, robotic, and other highly automated agricultural equipment. Meaningful data is needed to inform many risk assessment processes, yet there is no historical incident data on novel machine forms that have never been widely deployed. The establishment of an exposure database could supply needed data for machine risk assessment with new machine forms. Engineering standards are a bedrock for safe design, including newly developed standards for highly automated and autonomous machines. Outreach and awareness of engineering design standards are needed for engineers, non-engineers, regulators, and students. Abstract. The 2022 SAFER AG workshop convened stakeholder groups that addressed emerging challenges related to safety, research needs, workforce implications, community-level impacts, and other issues connected to the development and eventual widespread deployment of autonomous and highly automated agricultural machines. This article summarizes the key findings, discussions, and recommendations of one of the workshop’s working groups that focused their efforts on risk assessment and the data needed to inform risk assessment processes during machine design, engineering design, safety standards, and regulatory efforts. Participants engaged in a consensus-building process to identify gaps in current knowledge and practice, particularly concerning new machine forms for which historical safety data is limited or nonexistent. The group recommended innovative solutions, including creating an exposure-based database and exposure definitions that could serve as a foundation for future risk assessment processes. Workshop participants emphasized the critical role of consensus engineering standards in ensuring the safe design of autonomous, robotic, and other highly automated equipment, with a clear sense that engineering standards must be considered early in the design phases. The group also recommended that any desired regulatory activity at various levels (local, state, national, and international) must consider the knowledge that is already embedded in pre-existing engineering standards with the hope that future regulation aligns with these standards and leverages the expertise and care that goes into the consensus standards development process. Recommendations for outreach and education efforts targeting small manufacturers, regulators, students in ABET-accredited engineering programs, and academia are also outlined. Keywords: Autonomous agricultural machinery, Engineering standards, Exposure data, Industry outreach, Risk assessment, Robotic safety, Safety regulations.

Annually, in the United States, over 140,000 people are diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) and 52,000 people die from the disease. Rural states such as Nebraska and Missouri report the highest CRC incidence rates nationally, ranking 12th and 13th, respectively. Notably, CRC incidence is higher in rural (42.8 per 100,000) than in urban (38.0 per 100,000) communities. Agricultural producers—farmers and ranchers—are a key rural population that remain understudied in cancer prevention and control, particularly regarding CRC screening. Therefore, in this study, we surveyed agricultural operators in Nebraska and Missouri to: 1) Identify factors associated with being current on CRC screening, 2) examine the influence of life orientation, health beliefs about CRC (e.g., perceived benefits and barriers of CRC screening, perceived risk and severity about CRC, and social norms) on CRC screening intent and 3) assess whether age and gender modify these associations. A survey was conducted using Farm Market iD data (2018, 2020) to contact adults aged 50 and older in Nebraska and Missouri. Of 523 respondents, 406 were agricultural operators (74% male). The survey measured life optimism (Life Orientation Test-Revised, 6 items), perceived benefits (5 items), perceived barriers (5 items), social norms (2 items), and perceived risk and severity about CRC (3 items). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze predictors of intent to schedule CRC screening in the next 12 months, with model fit assessed via AIC and BIC. Monte Carlo integration provided maximum likelihood estimates due to the binary outcome variable. All constructs demonstrated strong psychometric properties and unidimensionality. Neither life optimism nor perceived barriers predicted perceived risk and severity about CRC. Perceived benefits of screening were strongly associated with perceived risk and severity of CRC. Social norms (perceived views of important others) did not influence screening intent. Perceived risk and severity about CRC significantly predicted intention to schedule CRC screening within 12 months (odds ratio 1.70, 95% CI: 1.22–2.37). Perceived benefits did not directly predict screening intent (p=0.95). Age and gender were not significant modifiers of these associations. Among agricultural operators in Nebraska and Missouri, perceived benefits of CRC screening predicted health beliefs about CRC, which in turn predicted intention to screen within a year. Perceived barriers, social norms, age, and gender did not significantly influence screening intent. These findings highlight the importance of targeting health beliefs—especially perceived risk and severity—in interventions to improve CRC screening uptake in rural agricultural populations. References 1. National Cancer Institute. State Cancer Profile. State Cancer Profiles. Accessed June 17, 2025. 2. Semprini J, et al. 2024. Rural-urban cancer incidence and trends in the United States, 2000 to 2019. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2024; 33:1012-22. Shinobu Watanabe-Galloway, Cheryl Beseler, Jungyoon Kim, Roma Subramanian, Karen Funkenbusch, Emma Hymel, Aaron Yoder. Colorectal cancer screening: Perspectives from farmers and ranchers in the Midwest [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 18th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities; 2025 Sep 18-21; Baltimore, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2025;34(9 Suppl):Abstract nr C163.

Many jobs in agriculture have been deemed too hazardous for children younger than 16 years. A waiver allowing 14-and 15-year-old youth to work on farms requires safety course certification. Nebraska Extension has partnered with a National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health funded Agricultural Safety Center to provide an annual tractor and equipment safety course across Nebraska. To gauge impact, a survey addressed questions regarding the program's long-term impact, perceived value, injuries, close calls, recommendations for improvement and adoption, and implementation of safety practices. The results have led to improved programming. The findings provide a roadmap to establish effective tractor and equipment certification programs.

Entering and exiting a tractor requires strength, muscle coordination, and behaviors that can prevent injuries Research indicates between 15-20% of tractor-related injuries occur during ingress and egress (entry and exit, respectively) (Douphrate et al., 2009). Most agricultural producers know it is important to maintain three points of contact, to face toward the cab when climbing in and out, to have clean steps, and to wear anti-slip shoes to ensure safe ingress/egress. However, these steps are not always taken by producers in the field. Efforts are needed to improve safety of ingress and egress behaviors including learning more about human performance and capabilities. This paper will describe the application of a custom computer vision system to assess behaviors for tractor ingress and egress along with the physical performance. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of integrating EMG and computer vision data to study biomechanics and behavior to assess tractor ingress and egress safety. Two participants had EMG sensors placed bilaterally. They completed a grip strength test using a hand dynamometer and then climbed into and out of the tractor. The extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) muscle activation on both sides demonstrated the highest activation as a percentage of the maximum activation. When climbing down, the participants’ shoulders retracted, causing the ECRL to have more activation than the ingress movements. However, during ingress the participants received more visual information by looking at their hands and rails, which could contribute to why the strategy they use is completely different. During egress the participant was observed to focus on their legs and the visual cues they received were in the form of looking down at their feet. The value of these different visual stimuli is vastly different and require further research to see how they contribute to overall movement strategies. This could lead participants to either leaning toward the cab or away from the cab and requiring different muscle activation in their upper body. It is anticipated that during egress the leg muscles could be more active than the arm muscles with even more activation during ingress due to working against gravity to climb into the cab. The computer vision algorithm was able categorize safety risk levels during the trials. The use of EMG combined with computer vision has the potential to describe movement patterns and behaviors that could impact ingress and egress safety. Further refinement and synchronization of these systems are needed to use this method for developing and testing targeted fall prevention interventions and to create user-centered ingress and egress design solutions.

Objectives: Hazardous materials (HAZMAT) pose risks to the health and safety of professionals involved with transportation and emergency responses. Two distinct occupational groups that encounter HAZMAT events are first responders and professional drivers. Wearable technology is a tool that can assist with monitoring the health of professionals involved in HAZMAT events. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the perceptions of first responders and professional drivers on wearable technology and attitudes toward health monitoring.Methods: A survey was administered to first responders (n = 112) and professional drivers (n = 218). Statistical approaches included bivariate analysis, latent class analysis, logistic regression analysis, and path analysis for the variables of interest.Results: There were significant differences between the groups in perceptions of the benefits of monitoring certain health indicators. Professional drivers were more likely to have a history of wearable technology use compared with first responders (odds ratio [OR] = 10.1; 95% CI, 4.42-22.9), reported greater exposure to HAZMAT (OR = 4.32; 95% CI, 2.24-8.32), and were more willing to have their health data monitored by someone other than themselves (OR = 9.27; 95% CI, 3.67-23.4). A multinomial regression model revealed that occupation was not a significant predictor of class preference for acceptance of monitoring specific health indicators.Conclusions: Occupation appeared to be important but further analysis uncovered that characteristics of individuals within the occupations were more salient to the use of wearable technology. HAZMAT exposure, someone else monitoring health data, and experience with wearable technology use were found to be important factors for perceptions about benefits of health monitoring with wearable technology. Key points: Wearable technology can be useful to protect health and safety of high-risk occupations. Before integrating real-time monitoring of occupational groups, perceptions and acceptability of wearable technology must be assessed. The perceptions of wearable technology for real-time monitoring differed between characteristics of individuals within occupations rather than the occupation itself. Key variables identified in this study can guide integration of wearable technology to protect the health and safety of high-risk occupations potentially exposed to HAZMAT.

Rural regions have higher incidence rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) than urban regions, while screening is lower in rural residents than in urban residents. Rural residents experience barriers to CRC screening due to a lack of access to healthcare, perceived lack of privacy, and other cultural factors. The fecal immunochemical tests (FITs) may provide an inexpensive and convenient alternative for those lacking access to a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy. In a clinical trial, we investigated factors that influenced the return of a FIT kit for CRC screening among 1,230 rural residents in a midwestern U.S. state. Participants were selected from two cancer screening databases maintained by the state health department. Participants returning and not returning the FIT kit were compared for differences by age category (45–54, 55–64, 65–74), gender (female vs. male), race (non-white vs. white), and ethnicity (Hispanic vs. not Hispanic) using chi-square tests and logistic regression. Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan–Meier curves were used to assess differences in FIT kit return time by age and gender. The youngest age group was significantly less likely to return the FIT kit and were slower at returning it when they did. In models adjusted for age category, females were significantly more likely to return the FIT kit than males and returned the FIT kit sooner than males. The results suggest that efforts are needed to reach those 45 to 55, especially males, who are not likely to see the need for CRC screening.

Background/Objectives: Stool-based tests, such as the fecal immunochemical test (FIT), have been widely used for increasing colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. Small media, such as printed materials or flyers, are known to be an effective intervention to increase CRC screening by fecal tests. However, more evidence is needed to determine whether such small media are effective in improving screening uptake of a mailed FIT intervention targeted at rural populations in the USA. Methods: In this randomized study, 1230 FIT kits were mailed from July to December 2022 to rural Nebraskans aged 45-74 who were not up to date on CRC screening. Half of the participants (n = 608) also received a tailored, one-page, gender-specific educational flyer created based on focus groups with rural residents. Logistic regression was used to determine predictors of returning the FIT. Results: Study participants were predominantly female (76%), non-Hispanic White (83%), and within the age group of 55-64 (43%). Overall, 192 (15.6%) kits were returned (16.1% from the flyer group; 15.1% from the no-flyer group). However, we found no significant differences between the flyer and no-flyer groups (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 1.21; 95% CI: 0.88-1.66). Females (AOR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.19-6.14) and the oldest (65-74) age group (AOR: 5.03; 95% CI: 2.78-8.47) were more likely to return FIT kits than males and the youngest (45-54) age group. Conclusions: A tailored educational flyer was not effective in improving the CRC-screening-rate-by-mailed-FIT approach for rural populations. Future research should explore the content, timing, and mode of delivery of educational interventions as well as other multi-component strategies to improve screening rates. Public health officials might also consider developing strategies targeted at males and younger (45-54) age groups.

Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) are costly but preventable. A limited understanding of the effects of environmental cleaning on the riskiest HAI associated pathogens is a current challenge in HAI prevention. This project aimed to quantify the effects of terminal hospital cleaning practices on HAI pathogens via environmental sampling in three hospitals located throughout the United States. Surfaces were swabbed from 36 occupied patient rooms with a laboratory-confirmed, hospital- or community-acquired infection of at least one of the four pathogens of interest (i.e., Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis/faecium (VRE), and Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile)). Six nonporous, high touch surfaces (i.e., chair handrail, bed handrail, nurse call button, desk surface, bathroom counter near the sink, and a grab bar near the toilet) were sampled in each room for Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and the four pathogens of interest before and after terminal cleaning. The four pathogens of interest were detected on surfaces before and after terminal cleaning, but their levels were generally reduced. Overall, C. difficile was confirmed on the desk (n = 2), while MRSA (n = 24) and VRE (n = 25) were confirmed on all surface types before terminal cleaning. After cleaning, only MRSA (n = 6) on bed handrail, chair handrail, and nurse call button and VRE (n = 5) on bathroom sink, bed handrail, nurse call button, toilet grab bar, and C. difficile (n = 1) were confirmed. At 2 of the 3 hospitals, pathogens were generally reduced by >99% during terminal cleaning. One hospital showed that VRE increased after terminal cleaning, MRSA was reduced by 73% on the nurse call button, and VRE was reduced by only 50% on the bathroom sink. ATP detections did not correlate with any pathogen concentration. This study highlights the importance of terminal cleaning and indicates room for improvement in cleaning practices to reduce surface contamination throughout hospital rooms.

Heat-related illnesses persist as an occupational health management challenge. The science community recognizes increasing global temperatures and related impacts. Occupational settings such as construction, agriculture, firefighting, hazardous waste operations, and factory workers are most susceptible to heat-related incidents. We used an established scoping review framework and guidelines for developing the protocol, conducting the research, and reporting the results. This scoping review provides an overview of common wearable real-time technologies used to assess heat stress risk, as well as their use in existing research. This review adds to the existing literature by offering global commercially available real-time devices, identifying relevant literature related to device usage, and describing validation studies associated with the devices. Despite the improving solutions, real-time technologies require thoughtful consideration related to accuracy, validity, and worker interaction with the devices. The evidence synthesized in this scoping review highlights key implementation strategies and provides practical considerations to guide future explorations in this evolving field. Moving forward, we must continue to prioritize research and cross-industry collaboration to harness the full potential of wearable technology in promoting occupational health and safety.

ObjectiveStorytelling engages audiences, passes down traditions and history, educates, and helps people understand and interpret their environment. Many of those who work in agriculture have been part of the storytelling tradition since childhood. Research has demonstrated the emotional impact of personal stories and how prevention information is conveyed effectively "farmer to farmer" through this method of communication.MethodsSince 2016, the Telling the Story Project has provided a space for those directly or indirectly involved in an agricultural incident to share their story and unique perspectives on how similar incidents can be avoided.ResultsThis collaborative project, developed between the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Agriculture Safety Centers, has resulted in 11 stories on a dedicated website, safety and health resources, and educational guides. The stories and educational guidelines have been marketed extensively through traditional and social media sources, employed in safety training, and embraced by educators in agricultural programs. The website has provided a national and international reach with more than 35,000 visits.ConclusionQualitative thematic analysis of the stories provided data on the circumstances leading up to each incident, valuable information on how the storytellers interpreted the aftermath, and a novel perspective on how safety professionals can create messaging that will resonate with the farming community.

First responders lose their lives in the line of duty each year, and many of these deaths result from strenuous physical exertion and exposure to harmful environmental agents. Continuous health monitoring may detect diseases and alert the first responder when vital signs are reaching critical levels. However, continuous monitoring must be acceptable to first responders. The purpose of this study was to discover first responders’ current use of wearable technology, their perceptions of what health and environmental indicators should be monitored, and who should be permitted to monitor them. The survey was sent to 645 first responders employed by 24 local fire department stations. A total of 115 (17.8%) first responders answered the survey and 112 were used for analysis. Results found first responders perceived a need for health and environmental monitoring. The health and environmental indicators that respondents perceived as most important for monitoring in the field were heart rate (98.2%) and carbon monoxide (100%), respectively. Overall, using and wearing monitoring devices was not age-dependent and health and environmental concerns were important for first responders at any stage of their career. However, current wearable technology does not seem to be a viable solution for first responders due to device expense and durability issues.

Highlights Previous quad bike educational interventions focused solely on operator behavior, leading to positive shifts in ‘safety knowledge’ but very little change in actual rider behavior. Discussions in a recent virtual ATV Safety Symposium hosted by the University of California-Davis (2022) emphasized building agricultural community awareness of quad bike engineering controls—particularly in the U.S. and other nations. Outreach specialists in agriculture should begin to prioritize more discussion of quad bike engineering controls in training programs. Abstract. To date, most quad bike educational programs have featured an operator-focused approach, focusing on adherence to administrative controls, personal responsibility, and personal protective equipment. Though these programs lead to shifts in ‘safety knowledge’, they result in very little change in actual rider behavior. In this perspectives article, we highlight discussions from a recent ATV Safety Symposium and USDA-NIFA review of agricultural ATV safety in the U.S. that highlight the dire need for building agricultural community awareness of quad bike engineering controls such as CPDs, wider and more stable frame designs, and others. Although CPDs were introduced 15 years ago, we continue to observe low awareness of this and other important quad bike safety features among young adults in agriculture. We believe that it will be critical to apply some of the recommendations outlined in this article to improve future outreach programs focused on quad bike safety for agricultural occupational use. If rural, agricultural communities learn to accept and respect these life-saving technologies, future standards, policies, and legislative actions are more likely to be well-received. Keywords: Agriculture, All-terrain vehicle (ATV), Crush-protection device (CPD), Engineering, Operator, Outreach, Quad bike, Safety.

Highlights A machine learning-based real-time monitoring system for agricultural machinery operators was developed. Categorization of tractor operators’ behaviors in real-time into low, medium, and high-risk safety behaviors. Visual and sound feedback alert system of Ag-OMS triggered when operators engaged in unsafe operating behaviors. ABSTRACT. The 2015 CS-CASH (Central States Center for Agricultural Safety and Health, 2015) Injury Surveillance Surveys showed that around 19% of injuries to agricultural producers are related to tractors or large agricultural machinery, yet only a limited number of studies are found that address tools and methods for monitoring safety behaviors of agricultural machinery operators in real-time. The current safety behavior monitoring approaches require an in-person presence, which can be both time- and cost-inefficient, and the other available methods lack a feedback element to alert operators in real-time. As a result, the research presented in this study aimed to develop an automated approach to monitoring tractor operators' safety behaviors through the use of a trained machine learning (ML) model and a feedback system to alert operators when they engage in unsafe practices. For the ML model development, a skeleton-detecting algorithm called OpenPose was used to detect real-time human postures in a livestreaming video feed from a camera installed in the tractor cab. The model was then trained on three separate categories of tractor operators’ safety operating behaviors, and this trained classifier was used to label operators’ safety behaviors in real time based on the three safety classes. A feedback mechanism controlled by an onboard microcontroller was then used to alert the operators when unsafe operating behavior was detected to facilitate safe practices. This monitoring system, named Ag-OMS (Agricultural Machinery Operators Monitoring System), monitored the ingress/egress operators’ behaviors in real-time entering and exiting the tractor cab. The Ag-OMS successfully identified the ingress/egress operators’ behaviors with an accuracy of 97% on the testing datasets for all safety risk categories. Keywords: Ag-OMS, Machine learning (ML), Safety behaviors, OpenPose, Tractor operator.

The goal of the REaCH (Real Time Emergency Communication System for HAZMAT Incidents) project was to develop a real-time interactive dashboard that captures and displays first responders' health data and environmental exposure information to an incident commander during a HAZMAT (Hazardous Materials) incident. The REaCH application monitors individual health parameters and helps Incident Commanders evaluate if an individual needs to be removed from the scene due to their health status being compromised. The REaCH application utilizes the latest IoT technology integrating multiple IoT sensors that capture human and environmental data, using a real-time communication network. Our demo presents the key features and design practices of our IoT dashboard. Practitioners and researchers will find these insights useful when developing similar IoT dashboard applications for emergency management.