Syzygium aromaticum L. (S. aromaticum ) used universally as a spice beside as one of classical Indian and Chinese medicine. It contains a variety of biologically active substances, one of them is eugenol which the main component, accounting for 81.1% of the clove oil. It used in traditional medicine as an antibacterial, antineoplastic, antiseptic, and analgesic agent. Previous studies reported its role within photochemical reactions and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and insecticidal properties, for that, eugenol listed as a promising candidate for the chemical scaffold for pharmaceuticals. The aim of the current study is evaluating of methanolic (80%) clove extract at room temperature in the sunlight (RS) and at low temperatures in the dark (DC) for their antibacterial and anticancer activity applied on different two cancer cell line types breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7) and hepato-carcinoma cell line type (HePG-2). The results evaluated that both (DC) and (RS) have antibacterial activity against five multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. Extract (DC) of clove has a larger zone of inhibition against S. aureus , S. epidermidis , P. aeruginosa , K. pneumonia , and E. coli , with diameter 13, 20, 20, 21, and 15 mm, respectively, with MICs and MBCs of 6.25 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/ml for all isolates except S. aureus showed MIC at 12.5 mg/ml. On the other hand, extract (RS) exhibit zone of inhibition with diameter 17, 10, 15, 18, 17 mm, respectively, with MICs and MBCs of 12.5 mg/mL and 25 mg/ml for all isolates except S. aureus showed MIC at 25 mg/ml. Also, both (DC) and (RS) have cytotoxic activity against two cell lines with significant DNA fragmentation as an indicator of cell apoptosis. The cytotoxic concentration of (DC) with IC 50 values for MCF-7 started at 250 µg/ml and reached 46.7% but was 500 and 1000 µg/ml. toxicity reached 100%. Cytotoxicity of (RS) against mcf7 was found to be 48.25% at a concentration of 500 μg/ml, reaching 100% toxicity at the above concentrations 1000 µg/ml. For the HepG-2 cell line, the cytotoxic activity of (DC) was significant at 50.5% at a concentration of 250 µg/ml, whereas RS showed cytotoxic activity at 500 µg/ml with a value of 17.3%. These therapies for cancer and bacterial infections are all-natural and eco-friendly.

Human life has been significantly impacted by the creation and spread of novel species of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and virus strains that are difficult to manage. Scientists and researchers have recently been motivated to seek out alternatives and other sources of safe and ecologically friendly active chemicals that have a powerful and effective effect against a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria as a result of all these hazards and problems. In this review, endophytic fungi and their bioactive compounds and biomedical applications were discussed. Endophytes, a new category of microbial source that can produce a variety of biological components, have major values for study and broad prospects for development. Recently, endophytic fungi have received much attention as a source for new bioactive compounds. In addition, the variety of natural active compounds generated by endophytes is due to the close biological relationship between endophytes and their host plants. The bioactive compounds separated from endophytes are usually classified as steroids, xanthones, terpenoids, isocoumarins, phenols, tetralones, benzopyranones and enniatines. Moreover, this review discusses enhancement methods of secondary metabolites production by fungal endophytes which include optimization methods, co-culture method, chemical epigenetic modification and molecular-based approaches. Furthermore, this review deals with different medical applications of bioactive compounds such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant and anticancer activities in the last 3 years.