Groundwater resources in semi-arid crystalline bedrock regions are essential, yet challenging to locate due to pronounced subsurface heterogeneity. In the Abéché Basin (Chad), traditional prospecting methods achieve low drilling success rates ( 40

In the semi-arid Abéché basin (Chad), rapid population growth (1.17 million in Ouaddaï province, 140,000 in the basin) and limited rainfall (<600 mm/year) exacerbate water scarcity, threatening agriculture, pastoralism, and livelihoods. This study introduces a novel Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)-Geographic Information System (GIS) framework optimized for data-scarce crystalline basements, reducing reliance on costly geophysical surveys while achieving 90 % validation accuracy with borehole data. Seven criteria—rainfall, lithology, slope, drainage density, lineament density, land use, and soil type—were weighted and integrated to produce a groundwater potential map, classifying the basin into four zones: very high (0.4 %, 8 km²), high (29 %, 601 km²), low (3 %, 53 km²), and very low (68 %, 1390 km²). High-potential zones align with watercourses and fracture networks. Validation with 36 boreholes confirms 90 % of productive wells in high-potential zones, though uneven borehole distribution limits very high-zone assessment. This cost-effective, scalable approach enhances aquifer mapping across the Sahel, supporting Chad’s water strategy. Future geophysical surveys are recommended to refine high-potential zones.

The present study focuses on the hydrogeological system of the Batha basin (Chad). This area is symptomatic of the functioning of an endoreic basin in an arid to semi-arid climate, of its water storage capacity related with the climatic fluctuations, and of the problems associated with assessing resources in this Sahelian zone. This basin forms the eastern part of the Lake Chad basin, which extends over 2.38 Mkm2. It is a vast sedimentary basin, filled by detrital and fluvial-lacustrine deposits of Eocene (Continental Terminal) to Quaternary age, and bordered by Precambrian crystalline formations. The study aims to assess the aquifer potential of the groundwater system and its dynamics using a combined geology-hydrogeology-hydrochemistry approach. The lithology defined an heterogeneous and multi-layered system. The piezometric map reveals the dynamics of the general groundwater flow direction SE-NW, suggesting the interconnection of the different parts of the aquifer system. Based on the concentrations of major ions in solution, the hydrochemical results have identified four main types of facies: calcium bicarbonate (dominant), sodium bicarbonate, sulphate-sodium and mixed. The mineralization of these facies appears to be essentially controlled by water-rock interaction and to a lesser extent by base exchange and evaporation process. Calculations of saturation indices indicate that these waters are close to equilibrium with the calcite-Mg phases, gaylussite and gypsum. Nevertheless, given the low and medium ionic contents, it appears that the groundwater in the Batha basin is moderately evolved. On the other hand, stable isotope analyses (δ2H and δ18O) of groundwaters show the existence of three compositional groups corresponding to: (A) ancient water disconnected from current meteoric influences, (B) mixtures of current meteoric water and older water affected by evaporation during infiltration, (C) mixtures of current and ancient meteoric water more impacted by the evaporation process. In addition, tritium (3H) analysis of these waters shows the existence of three composition groups corresponding to current rainwater, modern water and post-modern water. Taken together, these results show that the hydrogeochemical differentiations obtained from both ionic and isotopic analyses cannot be strictly associated with the different aquifers (Quaternary, Pliocene, CT and basement). This confirms the interconnection of the Batha system and suggests that the heterogeneity observed is mostly controlled by lithological and climatic variations.

This research study aims to quantify the physicochemical parameters of groundwater in the Farcha district of N'Djamena with a specific focus on evaluating contamination caused by chemical discharge and industrial residues. The methodology involved data collection, lithological borehole sections, and physicochemical analysisof electric conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, iron concentration, alkalinity, hardness, phosphorus concentration, oil presence, concentrations of chlorine, silica, and hydrogen sulfide. Sample locations were deliberately selected proximately closest to potential sources of contamination. Twenty groundwater samples (n = 20) were collected after flushing stagnant water from pipes. The resulting data indicated that the groundwater samples of studied areas were dominantlyhaving neutral to slightly basic pH with modest mineralization (95.2 – 334 μS/cm). The physicochemical quality parameters of the studied water samples were within the WHO permissible limits for drinking water. However, a noticeable increase in the amounts of iron and hydrogen sulfide was observed in sample E16 whilst sample E10 showed the elevated contents of silica and TDS. These contaminations are contributed by anthropogenic contamination from industrial wastewater infiltration and subsoil lithology.These concentrations are due to local geology or human activities, indicating vulnerability to pollution.

Climate model simulations are frequently affected by biases, which makes it difficult to incorporate them directly into analyses of the impact of climate change. It is therefore essential to use bias correction methods to minimize discrepancies between real data and that generated by Regional Climate Models (RCMs). This study aims to analyze the results of three bias correction methods (LS, MQE, and MQG) applied to the processing of mean rainfall and temperature data from CORDEX-Africa's Regional Climate Models (RCMs), specifically in the north-eastern region of Lake Chad. Four statistical measures (bias, RMSE, r2, and MEA) were used to assess the effectiveness of each bias correction method. In addition, adjusted Mann-Kendall analysis and the Sen slope estimation method were applied to study trends and their magnitude over the recent (1975-2020) and future (2021-2050) periods, using a 5% significance level. The results highlight the existence of significant biases between the uncorrected RCM outputs and the observed data. After applying the bias correction, significant reductions in bias and comparable performance between the different bias correction methods were observed, with the LS method performing slightly better in correcting biases in monthly mean precipitation and temperature. Consequently, the LS method was selectively applied to correct the biases in the RCM monthly mean precipitation and temperature projections for the 2021-2050 period under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios using the 1975-2004 reference period. The results of multi-model averaging of RCMs under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios indicate a significant increase in mean annual temperatures over the period 2021-2050. As far as annual precipitation is concerned, only an increase is forecast under the RCP4.5 scenario. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, the absence of a precipitation trend is predominant, with the exception of the south of the zone, where an increasing trend has been observed. In light of these results, it is clear that the impact of climate change will intensify in the study area in the future. It is imperative to develop strategies to adapt and reduce the impacts in order to manage the availability of water resources efficiently.

This study investigates the Batha endorheic basin in Chad, situated east of the Lake Chad basin in the arid to semi-arid Sahelian zone. This region has not yet undergone comprehensive geological and hydrogeological studies. More broadly, the transition zone between semi-arid and arid climates has been minimally explored. This research aims to evaluate the resources and dynamics of this multi-layered system using a combined geology-hydrogeology-hydrochemistry-isotopes approach. The multilayer system includes sedimentary layers (Quaternary, Pliocene, and Eocene) over a crystalline basement. A piezometric investigation of the system shows a general SE–NW groundwater, indicating an interconnection between all layers. Hydrochemical analyses identifies four main facies (calcium-bicarbonate, sodium-bicarbonate, sulphate-sodium, and mixed), primarily controlled by water–rock interaction with secondary influences from base-exchange and evaporation. Saturation indices indicate that these waters are close to equilibrium with the calcite-Mg phases, gaylussite and gypsum. Stable isotopes (oxygen-18 and deuterium) categorize groundwater into three groups: ancient water, recent and older meteoric water mixtures affected by evaporation, and mixtures more heavily impacted by evaporation. Tritium contents reveal three groups: current rainwater, modern water, and sub-modern water. These results indicate that ionic and isotopic differentiations cannot be strictly linked to specific layers, confirming the interconnected nature of the Batha system. The observed heterogeneity is mainly influenced by lithological and climatic variations. This study, though still limited, enhances significantly the understanding of the basin’s functioning and supports the rational exploitation of its vital resources for the Batha area’s development. Future investigations to complete the present study are highlighted.

Located southwest of Lake Chad (Bol-Bagassola), the study area is characterized by a Sahelian-type climate underlain by more recent sedimentary cover. The aim of this manuscript is to assess the overall impact of agricultural activities on groundwater quality in the polders (Bol and Bagassola), in order to gain a better understanding of agricultural pollution. To achieve this objective, a water sampling campaign was carried out to study hydrodynamics and hydrochemistry. As a result of this study, piezometric levels are not sufficiently heterogeneous. The pH is around neutral with an average of 7.68, and water temperatures vary between 25.3°C and 32.5°C. Conductivities ranged from 334µS/cm to 9800µS/cm, exceeding the maximum WHO/Chad standards limit of 2500µS/cm. Most of the variables (chemical parameters) are below the drinking water quality limits defined by WHO/Chad standards, with the exception of the open wells (P1, P2) at Malkoura, which show very high concentrations of potassium, sulfate, sodium, chloride, ammonium and magnesium, and the high iron signature observed in boreholes F9 and F12 at Talia. These variables (chemical parameters) enabled us to define the bicarbonate calcic and magnesian facies, followed by chloride sodium and potassium or sulfate sodium for the single F9 borehole at Malkoura. The predominance of bicarbonate facies can be explained by the dissolution of evaporites in the reservoir.

The city of Gagal suffers from insufficient drinking water, and the population turns to surface water, wells and drillings without guarantee of quality. In order to characterize the hydrogeochemical and bacteriological properties of the waters of the aquifer system in the city of Gagal, to contribute to improving its knowledge, field campaigns were undertaken to sample the groundwater.The present study focuses on the hydrogeochemical and bacteriological characterization of drinking water in Gagal, southwestern Chad. The methodology consisted of acquiring existing data, a field campaign, and a chemical and bacteriological analysis of the water in the laboratory. The results of the physicochemical analyses revealed that the values of the parameters such as conductivity, pH (5.23), Ca²⁺ (26.11 mg/L), Mg²⁺(5.14 mg/L), Na⁺(3.54 mg/L), K⁺(1.34 mg/L), HCO3-(81.74 mg/L), Cl-(11.77 mg/L), SO4-(1.94 mg/L), and NO3- (8.70 mg/L) conformed to the WHO potability standards. Piper's diagram showed calcic and magnesian bicarbonate facies represented by 75%; and calcic and magnesian sulfate chloride facies in 25% of the analyzed waters. The bacteriological (Total coliforms (0 to more than 135,200 CFU/100 ml), Escherichia coli (0 and 14,400 CFU/100 ml), faecal enterococci (0 and 4600 CFU/100 ml)) study confirmed that the water from the wells and boreholes showed pollution of bacterial origin. Using these waters may endanger the populations with the risks of hydric diseases.

Soils in the Sudanian zone of Chad, and more specifically leached tropical soils, were subject to physical and chemical degradation phenomena that hamper crop production. Solving this problem requires solutions for the rational improvement of fertility. The aim of this study, conducted in a controlled environment, was to assess the fertilising potential of biochar on impoverished soil by monitoring the kinetics of the evolution and release of chemical elements that improve the physico-chemical quality of the soil. Four treatments were carried out: control soil (T0), treatment 1B: 100g soil + 0.225g biochar (i.e. 5 t/ha), treatment 2B: 100g soil + 0.3375g biochar (i.e. 7.5 t/ha) and treatment 3B: 100g soil + 0.450g biochar (i.e. 10 t/ha). Each treatment was repeated four times. Four main parameters were measured during the trial period: pH, assimilable phosphorus, exchangeable bases and their sums (Ca, Mg, K, Na and SBE) and cation exchange capacity. These different parameters showed that the biochar treatments significantly improved soil quality, whatever the dose and incubation time, compared with the T0 control. Treatment 1B (5t/ha biochar application) increased pH by an average of 6.5%, phosphorus by 132.5%, SBE by 406.1% and CEC by 43.4%. Treatment 2B (application of 7.5 t/ha of biochar) improved pH by an average of 8.5%, phosphorus by 155.1%, SBE by 207.6% and CEC by 46.2%. Treatment 3B (application of 10t/ha of biochar) produced a marked improvement, increasing pH by 11.2%, phosphorus by 198.7%, SBE by 457.6% and CEC by 29.9%. These results further confirm the vital importance of biochar in fertilising impoverished tropical soils. Based on pH, sum of bases and phosphorus, treatment 3B gave better results by considerably increasing the initial chemical element content of the control soil than the other biochar treatments.

The sandy-loam soils of the Sudanian zone of Chad were subject to increased depletion. One of the solutions to this problem of declining soil fertility would be to apply a reasoned organic fertilisation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fertilising potential of biochar and compost on this depleted soil and to determine the optimal doses and the best periods of application on maize. Seven treatments with inputs such as two weeks before sowing, during sowing and two weeks after emergence were conducted in controlled environment : the control, soil + 5tha-1 of biochar, soil + 7.5tha-1 of biochar, soil + 10tha-1 of biochar, soil + 5tha-1 of biochar + 5tha-1 of compost, soil + 7.5tha -1 of biochar + 5tha-1 of compost, soil + 10tha-1 of biochar + 5tha-1 of compost. Each treatment was repeated four times. Eight agro-morphological variables were evaluated: vigour of plant, harvested plant ratio, cob circumference, cob length, cob weight, plant height on maturity, weight of one thousand grain and aerian biomass yield. These variables showed that growth and yield are clearly improved on fertilized treatements whatever dose and bringing period (in average: 3 ≤ VIG ≤ 7, 41.7 ≤ TPR ≤ 91.7%, 7.9 ≤ CIE ≤ 11.4 cm, 66.4 ≤ POE ≤ 83.4g, 115.2 ≤ PMG ≤ 187.3g) comparatively to control (VIG = 3, TPR = 25%, CIE = 6.5 cm, POE = 51.9g, PMG = 102g). These results confirmed more the importance of biochar and compost on soils fertilisation. The treatment at two weeks before seedling for 10tha1 of biochar alone and 10tha-1 of biochar+5tha-1 of compost were judged the best indicated to be applied in the field like alternative to chemical fertiliser for the best maize productivity in the sudanian zone of Chad. English title: Détermination des doses optimales et des périodes d’apport de biochar et de compost sur la productivité du maïs dans la zone soudanienne du Tchad Les sols sablo-limoneux de la zone soudanienne du Tchad sont sujets aux phénomènes d'appauvrissement accru. L'une des solutions pour palier à ce problème de baisse de fertilité des sols serait d'apporter une fertilisation organique raisonnée. Cette étude avait pour but d’évaluer le potentiel fertilisant du biochar et du compost sur ce sol appauvri et déterminer les doses optimales et les meilleures périodes d’apport sur du maïs. Sept traitements aux apports à deux semaines avant le semis au semis et deux semaines après la levée ont été conduits en milieu contrôlé : sol témoin, sol + 5t/ha de biochar, sol + 7,5t/ha de biochar, sol + 10t/ha de biochar, sol + 5t/ha de biochar + 5t/ha de compost, sol + 7,5t/ha de biochar + 5t/ha de compost, sol+10t/ha de biochar + 5t/ha de compost. Chaque traitement a été répété quatre fois. Huit variables agromorphologiques ont été évaluées : vigueur de la plante à la levée, taux des plantes récoltées, circonférence de l’épi, longueur de l’épi, le poids de l’épi, hauteur de la plante à maturité, poids de mille grains, rendement de biomasse aérienne. Ces variables ont montré que les croissances et les rendements sont nettement améliorés dans les traitements fertilisés au biochar et compost quelques soit la dose et la période d’apport (en moyenne : 3 ≤ VIG ≤ 7, 41,7 ≤ TPR ≤ 91,7%, 7,9 ≤ CIE ≤ 11,4 cm, 66,4 ≤ POE ≤ 83,4g, 115,2 ≤ PMG ≤ 187,3g) comparativement au témoin (VIG = 3, TPR = 25%, CIE = 6,5 cm, POE = 51,9g, PMG = 102g). Ces résultats confirment davantage l’importance capitale du biochar et du compost dans la fertilisation des sols. Les traitements à deux semaines avant le semis pour les doses de 10t/ha de biochar seul et de 10 t/ha de biochar+5t/ha de compost ont été jugées les mieux indiquées à être appliquées en champ en alternatif aux engrais chimiques pour une meilleure productivité de maïs en zone soudanienne du Tchad.

A hydrogeological study was carried out in and around Guitté. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of the hydrochemical parameters of the waters of the Guitté aquifer. with a view to the sound and sustainable management of available water resources. A field mission to measure and sample borehole water was carried out from March 26 to 28. 2023 in and around Guitté. Physicochemical analyses were carried out on 28 water samples from human-driven pumps). The study showed that the groundwater exploited in this area has an average temperature of 29°C. Overall. the pH values measured in the sampled waters are not very heterogeneous and are around neutral. Electrical conductivity values are highly heterogeneous. Two types of chemical facies have been identified in Guitté groundwater: sodium or potassium bicarbonate facies. and calcium and magnesium bicarbonate facies. The overall quality of the groundwater obtained for consumption is 60.71% rated as good. 39.28% as poor. The origin of the mineralization could be linked. on the one hand. to water/rock contact. due to the dissolution of natron. limestone. gypsum and thenardite and on the other hand. to the phenomenon of intense evaporation.

This research work addresses the issue of water availability in the Biltine and surrounding areas in the Republic of Chad. The Biltine area is a hydrogeologically very complex zone with a very complex geology and water quality problems identified in the field but not characterised. The main objective is to identify potential recharge areas. This is based on different information related to recharge parameters through a multi-criteria approach using spatial references. The result of this work showed that the good recharge areas of Biltine cover 37% (strong and very strong recharge) and a weaker recharge area of 43% (weak to very weak recharge). This research work can contribute to the future location of boreholes and wells to provide water to the population and its surroundings.

The study of the rainfall chronicles and its surroundings by the standardized rainfall index (spi) and randomness verification tests is of great importance for the management and planning of water resources. This work aims to study the variations of the rainfall regime over time by determining the precise years of rupture in the chronological series. This study considered rainfall data spread over 4 decades (from 1980 inclusive to 2019). These data were used to calculate the Standard Pluviometric Precipitation Index (SPI). These results show that the standardized rainfall indices vary from 2.48 to 1.99 (extreme dry to very wet). The statistical methods of Pettitt, of Buishand, Bayesian of Lee and Heghinan show two rainfall sequences. A rain deficit sequence from 1980 to 2002 with an average of the indices in the order of (0.3113) and intercalated by years of severe droughts (1993, 1980 to 1987, 1993, and 2002). A surplus sequence in rainfall from 2003 to 2019 with an average index of 0.42. The rainfall variations observed have had a significant impact on the incoming water flows.

Located in the middle of the Sahel, the study area is an integral part of the Bahr-El-Ghazal region. It is crossed by a fossil valley, which has a geological history similar to that of rivers that disappeared under the influence of climate change where evaporation phenomena were intense. From the hydrogeological point of view, the free water table of this region is housed in sedimentary geological formations of different natures. It passes from the sand tablecloth to that of the fluviolacustrine clays. In some cases, the latter confer particularly bad chemical qualities to the water, even though groundwater is the main source of drinking water for the local population. For this reason, a study aimed at understanding the different mechanisms that govern the chemical functioning of the aquifer of the Bahar-El-Ghazal region has been carried out. It is with this in mind that a piezometric study is being carried out in the first instance. This reveals the presence of some hydrodynamic anomalies. Thus, a shallow depth of the body of water is observed in the Harr and in the sandy formations of the extreme West. However, underground flows oriented from these two zones towards the central part characterize a deepening of the water level. Subsequently, a hydro-chemical study was undertaken. As regards the chemical facies, they also show an evolutionary character. They pass from calcium and magnesian bicarbonate facies to chloride or sodium and potassium sulphate facies in the piezometric depression. The values of the isotopic composition of the studied groundwater vary from -4.86 to 4.04‰ and -35.60 to 14.50‰ and delta 2H respectively.

The demography (3.4%) and the development of anthropic activities in the city of Sarh, constitute a risk of groundwater pollution. That is why a vulnerability map is determined to contribute to the protection of groundwater resources against possible pollution for future decision and allocation of land and activities. The present study interested the city of Sarh and had the objective to elaborate a vulnerability map to pollution by applying the DRASTIC method. The data required for this study are summarized in seven critical factors specific to the model applied (depth of the water table, net recharge, aquifer lithology, soil type, topography (slope), unsaturated zone lithology and hydraulic conductivity). They were acquired from several sources and converted by the GIS into thematic maps. For each critical parameter, a coefficient and a weight were assigned according to its importance in the DRASTIC model. The resulting map shows three classes of vulnerability; 36% of the Sarh region has very low vulnerability, 35% has low vulnerability and 29% has medium vulnerability.

The study area is one of the regions of Chad where the problem of access to water is still relevant. The present study, using electrical and remote sensing methods, aims to contribute to the identification of sites favorable to the implementation of hydraulic drilling by highlighting potentially aquiferous fractures. Indeed, the analysis of satellite images and geophysics have shown the potential of fractures in the search for water. The 2D imagery of the tomography allowed to reinforce the knowledge on the geological and structural structure of the basement in the region of the basement.

The province of Tandjile is one of the 23 provinces of the Republic of Chad. The drinking water supply rate in this region remains low. Part of the population obtains its water supply through open wells and / or surface water. Climatic and anthropogenic variations in recent years have shown how much groundwater can be influenced both in terms of its quality and its quantity to be used. The objective of this study is to provide knowledge on the state of the hydrodynamic and hydrochemical parameters of the aquifer of the department of Tandjile-Est to help decision-makers in their approach. This study is based mainly on existing data collected in Chadian institutions and literary journals. The analysis of these data showed that the lithology is represented by clayey, sandy, lateritic formations and clay-sandy mixtures. The aquifers are sandy and sandy-clayey. The groundwater temperature values are in equilibrium with those of the air, the pH shows values close to neutrality and the electrical conductivity below standards (Chad, WHO). The groundwater in the study area is not very mineralized and the concentrations of elements indicating contamination (nitrates, chloride, etc.) are clearly in traces. Chemical analyzes revealed two chemical facies: calcium and magnesium bicarbonate and sodium and / or potassium bicarbonate.

The objective of this work is to characterize the quality of drinking water in the city of Mao and its surroundings. This study is based on 20 water samples collected in the city of Mao and its surroundings between 2018 and 2020. The parameters considered are the physicochemical parameters (pH, T°, Electrical conductivity), major chemistry and bacteriological. The chemical analysis made it possible to highlight three types of chemical water facies: chlorinated and sulphated calcium and magnesium facies; a calcium and magnesian bicarbonate facies; and finally a sodium and potassium chloride or sodium sulphate facies. The results of the physico-chemical analysis are for the most part below the drinking water standard defined by the WHO/Chad except the boreholes of “Fezan, the Eglise Cath, and Djougou N” which have concentrations of nitrates above the standard set by WHO/Chad. Indicators of bacteriological pollution were identified in seven boreholes (“Bozonga1, Hydraulique, Lycée A. Zezerty, Hopital, Governorat, Ecole N Inst, STE (Société Tchadienne des Eaux)”). Key words: Assessment, Chad, Mao, Quaternaire aquifer, physico-chemical and bacteriology.

The detailed sedimentary study of the deposit sequences of the ancient hominid sector (SahelanthropustchadensisalisToumaï) of Toros-Menalla, presented here addresses new aspects of the sedimentary geology of the Chad Basin through an original field study of Moi-sediments: Pliocene of the northern basin of CHAD. This is an original contribution that sheds light on new knowledge of sedimentary series of fluvio-lacustrine and aeolian origin in the Djourab desert which are essential for understanding the paleoenvironments and paleoclimates of Chad, the Sahara and Africa. Aged from the Terminal Miocene to the present day, these deposits which constitute the last stages of the filling of this basin are exclusively of the continental type and concern in the broad sense the following four major sedimentary systems: Fluvial, deltaic, lacustrine and aeolian. From a lithological point of view, these sedimentary series are very heterogeneous and include sandstones, sands, clays and diatomites. Key words: Sedimentary deposit, Djourab, Toros-Menalla, Chad, fluvio-lacustrine, Aeolian.

The urban groundwater of the Quaternary aquifer of the Lake Chad basin in N’Djamena has been subject to many hydrochemical studies. However, the results are often not presented in a way that enables water quality managers to make an appropriate decisions, which restrict development and poverty reduction efforts. The objective of the present study was to contribute the improved management of the local groundwater resources. A total of 85 groundwater samples were interpreted using hydrochemical techniques associated with integrated numerical indices and multivariate statistical analysis. The hydrochemical results coupled with the relative residence time of water have shown that the chemical composition of these waters is linked to geogenic and anthropogenic factors and to their proximity to the Chari-Logone rivers. These investigations showed that the groundwater quality in N’Djamena is characterized by a high spatial variability. This study also assessed the suitability of groundwater for user needs and identified areas which are more/less favorable for a specific use. The evaluation of water quality and its suitability for human consumption is also a problem of optimizing data acquisition strategy, and this study used the correlation between water quality index (WQI) and electrical conductivity (EC) to orientate future data acquisition strategies. This parametrization can assist the decision makers and water management professionals in evaluating groundwater availability and setting up a robust water quality management plan in areas with similar hydrogeological and climatic conditions.