Germline mutation is the mechanism by which genetic variation in a population is created. Inferences derived from mutation rate models are fundamental to many population genetics methods. Previous models have demonstrated that nucleotides flanking polymorphic sites-the local sequence context-explain variation in the probability that a site is polymorphic. However, limitations to these models exist as the size of the local sequence context window expands. These include a lack of robustness to data sparsity at typical sample sizes, lack of regularization to generate parsimonious models and lack of quantified uncertainty in estimated rates to facilitate comparison between models. To address these limitations, we developed Baymer, a regularized Bayesian hierarchical tree model that captures the heterogeneous effect of sequence contexts on polymorphism probabilities. Baymer implements an adaptive Metropolis-within-Gibbs Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling scheme to estimate the posterior distributions of sequence-context based probabilities that a site is polymorphic. We show that Baymer accurately infers polymorphism probabilities and well-calibrated posterior distributions, robustly handles data sparsity, appropriately regularizes to return parsimonious models, and scales computationally at least up to 9-mer context windows. We demonstrate application of Baymer in three ways-first, identifying differences in polymorphism probabilities between continental populations in the 1000 Genomes Phase 3 dataset, second, in a sparse data setting to examine the use of polymorphism models as a proxy for de novo mutation probabilities as a function of variant age, sequence context window size, and demographic history, and third, comparing model concordance between different great ape species. We find a shared context-dependent mutation rate architecture underlying our models, enabling a transfer-learning inspired strategy for modeling germline mutations. In summary, Baymer is an accurate polymorphism probability estimation algorithm that automatically adapts to data sparsity at different sequence context levels, thereby making efficient use of the available data.

The invasion of Drosophila suzukii, spotted-wing drosophila, across Europe and the US has led to economic losses for berry and cherry growers, and increased insecticide applications to protect fruit from damage. Commercial production relies heavily on unsustainable use of conventional toxic insecticides. Non-toxic insecticide strategies are necessary to alleviate the disadvantages and non-target impacts of toxic conventional insecticides and improve Integrated Pest Management (IPM). A novel food-grade gum deployed on dispenser pads (GUM dispensers) was evaluated to mitigate D. suzukii crop damage in five commercial crops and nine locations. Trials were conducted at a rate of 124 dispensers per hectare in cherry, wine grape, blueberry, raspberry, and blackberry in California and Oregon, USA during 2019 and 2020. The majority of trials with the food-grade gum resulted in a reduction of D. suzukii egg laying in susceptible fruit. In some cases, such damage was reduced by up to 78%. Overall, results from our meta-analysis showed highly significant differences between GUM treatments and the untreated control. Modeling simulations suggest a synergistic reduction of D. suzukii damage when used in combination with Spinosad (Entrust SC) insecticide. These data illustrate commercial value of this tool as a sustainable alternative to manage D. suzukii populations within a systems approach.

Sex pheromone baited monitoring traps are a critical tool for integrated pest management decisions against many insects, particularly codling moths (Cydia pomonella L.). The addition of cameras for remote monitoring has the potential to enhance the usefulness of these important tools. However, changes in trap design could potentially alter plume structure and trapping efficiency of these new traps. Here we look at several trap configurations designed to optimize the capture of codling moths in traps equipped with cameras. We found that, in both wind tunnel and field trials, camera equipped triangle traps and camera equipped rectangle traps (both V1 and V2) caught codling moths equivalent to a standard 'delta' style trap. While catch was unaffected, altering our rectangular trap opening from 4 to 8 cm (V1 and V2, respectively) decreased frequency of moths contacting the front of trap and increased the frequency of moths flying directly into the trap. We show that these novel camera equipped semiochemical-baited traps catch equivalent to the industry standard white delta trap.

Epicardial fat is a continuously growing target of investigation in cardiovascular diseases due to both its anatomical proximity to the heart and coronary circulation and its unique physiology among adipose depots. Previous reports have demonstrated that epicardial fat plays key roles in coronary artery disease, but the non-coding RNA and transcriptomic alterations of epicardial fat in coronary artery disease have not been investigated thoroughly. Micro- and lncRNA microarrays followed by GO-KEGG functional enrichment analysis demonstrated sex-dependent unique mi/lncRNAs altered in human epicardial fat in comparison to subcutaneous fat in both patients with and without coronary artery disease (IRB approved). Among the 14 differentially expressed microRNAs in epicardial fat between patients with and without coronary artery disease, the hsa-miR-320 family was the most highly represented. IPW lncRNA interacted with three of these differentially expressed miRNAs. Next-generation sequencing and pathway enrichment analysis identified six unique mRNAs–miRNA pairs. Pathway enrichment identified inflammation, adipogenesis, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis as the most represented functions altered by the mi/lncRNAs and atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction among the highest cardiovascular pathologies associated with them. Overall, the epicardial fat in patients with coronary artery disease has a unique mi/lncRNA profile which is sex-dependent and has potential implications for regulating cardiac function.

Analyses of genetic variation typically assume that rare variants within a population are inherited from a single common ancestral event identity-by-descent (IBD). However, there are genetic and technical processes through which rare variants in population genetic data may deviate from this simple evolutionary model, including recurrent mutations, gene conversions and genotyping error. All these processes can decrease the expected length of shared background haplotype surrounding a rare variant if that variant was inherited from a single event descending from a common ancestor. No method exists to computationally infer rare variants inconsistent with this simple model-denoted here as 'IBD-inconsistent'-using unphased population sequencing data. We hypothesized that the difference in shared haplotype background length can distinguish variants consistent and inconsistent with this simple IBD transmission population sequencing data without pedigree information. We implemented a Bayesian hierarchical model and used Gibbs sampling to estimate the posterior probability of IBD state for rare variants, using simulated recurrent mutations to demonstrate that our approach accurately distinguishes rare variants consistent and inconsistent with a simple IBD inheritance model. Applying our method to whole-genome sequencing data from 3,621 human individuals in the UK10K consortium, we found that IBD-inconsistent variants correlated with higher local mutation rates and genomic features like replication timing. Using a heuristic to categorize IBD-inconsistent variants as gene conversions, we found that potential gene conversions had expected properties such as enriched local GC content. By identifying IBD-inconsistent variants, we can better understand the spectrum of recent mutations in human populations, a source of genetic variation driving evolution and a key factor in understanding recent demographic history.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of mindfulness training on stress, mindfulness, and life satisfaction in accounting students. Eighty-eight students participated in a randomized control trial conducted at a Midwestern university comparing students who went through a mindfulness training program called Daata Meditation (DM) with students in a control group. A Split Plot ANOVA found that the students who went through mindfulness training showed reduced stress, increased mindfulness, and increased life satisfaction. A Process Model Regression Analysis (PMRA) further showed that these results are moderated partially by intensity of mindfulness practice. The results of this study indicate that mindfulness training can be a valuable tool in increasing accounting student success and as a potential solution to ameliorate the high levels of stress prevalent in accounting careers.

Though there are many models for needs assessment in the literature, reviews of published cases often find that no particular model is referenced or that best practices indicated by models are not employed. The present study examines how Certified Performance Technologists (CPTs) conduct needs assessment in practice. CPTs were surveyed to determine which models of needs assessment they reference in their work, what challenges they face in conducting needs assessments, and what strategies enable success despite those challenges.

Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a key economic pest of citrus and represents a quarantine issue along the United States and Mexico Border. In order to respond to this threat, the United States Department of Agriculture produces approximately 175 million sterile Mexican fruit fly pupae per week and releases approximately 150 million adult flies per week via conventional fixed wing aircraft. Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) offer a novel means of releasing sterile insects aerially, can be deployed on short notice in rapid response scenarios, require a small footprint to operate, and offer an alternative means to releasing sterile insects to traditional manned aircraft. UAS, however, are currently limited in two key areas, range and payload capacity. Swarm technology, flying multiple UAS at once, may increase the utility of UAS by distributing payloads and release patterns across multiple UAS. In order to test the viability of swarm technology in the release of sterile insects we conducted multiple mark release recapture experiments over south Texas citrus groves during 2017, 2018, and 2019. The results of this study demonstrate improved release rates from 89.9% (n = 5) of flies released with ca. 0.64% recapture during 2018, to 98.2% (n = 6) released with ca. 0.74% recapture during 2019. These results demonstrate that swarm technology is a viable technique for increasing aerial release capacity and flexibility of sterile insect technique (SIT) programs.

Emergency Medicine AustralasiaVolume 32, Issue 5 p. 840-846 Acute Geriatrics Emergency department pain management in older patients Katren R Tyler, Corresponding Author Katren R Tyler krtyler@ucdavis.edu orcid.org/0000-0001-8245-7853 Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USACorrespondence: Dr Katren R Tyler, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2315 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. Email: krtyler@ucdavis.eduSearch for more papers by this authorCarolyn Hullick, Carolyn Hullick orcid.org/0000-0002-6157-8880 Emergency Department, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorBrittany A Newton, Brittany A Newton Department of Pharmacy Services, UC Davis Health System, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorChristopher B Adams, Christopher B Adams Department of Pharmacy Services, UC Davis Health System, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorGlenn Arendts, Glenn Arendts orcid.org/0000-0001-7830-7756 School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia Emergency Department, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author Katren R Tyler, Corresponding Author Katren R Tyler krtyler@ucdavis.edu orcid.org/0000-0001-8245-7853 Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USACorrespondence: Dr Katren R Tyler, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2315 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. Email: krtyler@ucdavis.eduSearch for more papers by this authorCarolyn Hullick, Carolyn Hullick orcid.org/0000-0002-6157-8880 Emergency Department, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorBrittany A Newton, Brittany A Newton Department of Pharmacy Services, UC Davis Health System, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorChristopher B Adams, Christopher B Adams Department of Pharmacy Services, UC Davis Health System, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorGlenn Arendts, Glenn Arendts orcid.org/0000-0001-7830-7756 School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia Emergency Department, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 27 June 2020 https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.13562Citations: 1 Katren R Tyler, BMBS, MD, Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine, Medical Director of Physician Wellness, Senior Emergency Care Unit Physician Lead, Vice Chair for Faculty Development, Wellness and Outreach; Carolyn Hullick, BMed, DipPaed, Emergency Physician; Brittany A Newton, PharmD, Clinical Pharmacist, Assistant Clinical Professor; Christopher B Adams, PharmD, BCCCP, Senior Clinical Pharmacist, Residency Program Director, Assistant Clinical Professor; Glenn Arendts, MBBS, MMed, PhD, Associate Professor. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume32, Issue5October 2020Pages 840-846 RelatedInformation

Measures of path meander are highly relevant to studies of optimal foraging by animals. However, directly recording paths of small animals such as insects can be difficult because of small size or crepuscular activity. Computer simulations of correlated random walkers demonstrated that the rates of decay in captures across a rectangular grid of traps when movers were released at its corner can be used to produce calibration curves for quantifying path meander indirectly. Simulations using spatial parameters matching those previously documented for male codling moths (Cydia pomonella (L.)) foraging for female pheromone plumes in the field predicted that meander, as measured in circular standard deviation (c.s.d.) of turn angles between track segments, should be ca. 50° and 30° when the target population density is high vs. low, respectively. Thus, if optimized, the mean value measured for C. pomonella populations encountering an unknown target density should fall between these limits. We recorded decay in C. pomonella catch across a 5 × 5 grid of pheromone-baited traps each separated by 15 m on 39 occasions where batches of ca. 800 males were released 10 m outside the corner of trapping grids arranged in five large Michigan apple orchards. This decay constant was translated into mean c.s.d value for path meander using the standard curve generated by the computer simulations. The measured decay constant for C. pomonella males was negative 0.99 ± 0.02 (S.E.M.), which translates to a path meander of 37 ± 2° c.s.d. Thus, the measured path meander of 37° fell between the 50° and 30° values optimal for dense and sparse populations, respectively. In addition to providing a rare documented example of optimal foraging for odor plumes, this research offers proof-of-concept for a novel approach to quantifying path meander of movers that could prove useful across diverse taxa.

Provided is an overview of early developments relating to the public opinion research industry in Canada prior to the arrival of the American pollster George Gallup's Gallup Poll, which first began appearing in Canadian newspapers in 1941. In particular, this article puts forward (1) an overview of the early use in Canada of survey research techniques, (2) how government agencies and academics were involved in collecting and processing quantitative data relating to Canadian attitudes and behaviours, and (3) how the private sector, including advertising agencies and market research firms, were developing ways to conduct public opinion research relating to consumers and media, including print media and radio. Together, these activities provided a foundation for what would become a fully developed marketing and public opinion research industry in Canada.

Along with Giorgio Morandi and Amedeo Modigliani, Giorgio de Chirico is one of the few modern Italian artists whose name is familiar to the British museum-going public. Like them, he is a figure whose importance transcends national boundaries, and whose enigmatic work is widely recognized as possessing universal significance. In fact, de Chirico was an international artist in every sense: born in Greece, he spent extended periods of time not only in Italy but also in Germany, France and the United States. Now, the artist’s less intimate – although highly significant – relationship with the United Kingdom has been exhaustively chronicled for the first time in Victoria Noel-Johnson’s lengthy study. An immense work, it reveals that de Chirico’s reputation in the UK as one of Italy’s pre-eminent modern painters is nothing new, and how this status was cemented through his representation in over eighty exhibitions in Britain during the course of his extraordinary career.

BackgroundRare variants (RV) in immunoglobulin mu-binding protein 2 (IGHMBP2) [OMIM 600502] can cause an autosomal recessive type of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease [OMIM 616155], an inherited peripheral neuropathy. Over 40 different genes are associated with CMT, with different possible inheritance patterns. Methods and ResultsAn 11-year-old female with motor delays was found to have distal atrophy, weakness, and areflexia without bulbar or sensory findings. Her clinical evaluation was unrevealing. Whole exome sequencing (WES) revealed a maternally inherited IGHMBP2 RV (c.1730T>C) predicted to be pathogenic, but no variant on the other allele was identified. Deletion and duplication analysis was negative. She was referred to the Undiagnosed Disease Network (UDN) for further evaluation. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) confirmed the previously identified IGHMBP2 RV and identified a paternally inherited non-coding IGHMBP2 RV. This was predicted to activate a cryptic splice site perturbing IGHMBP2 splicing. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was consistent with activation of the cryptic splice site. The abnormal transcript was shown to undergo nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), resulting in halpoinsufficiency. ConclusionThis case demonstrates the deficiencies of WES and traditional molecular analyses and highlights the advantages of utilization of WGS and functional studies.

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), the brown marmorated stink bug, is an invasive polyphagous insect that can cause serious economic injury to specialty and row crops in the United States and globally. To date, H. halys has been managed with repeated insecticide applications. While progress has been made toward development of trap-based monitoring tools to guide management decisions, little is known regarding the trapping area over which a single pheromone-baited trap captures H. halys. We conducted single trap, multiple distance mark-release-recapture experiments; results were used to estimate trapping area for nymphs and adults in sites without host plants present (open field) and for adults in sites with host plants present (apple orchard). Plume reach for pheromone-baited sticky traps was consistently estimated to be <3 m. Maximum dispersive distance in an open field devoid of host plants was estimated to be 40 m for nymphs and 120-130 m for adults resulting in trapping areas of 0.58 ha and 4.83-5.56 ha, respectively. When traps were deployed in association with host plants within the border row of an apple orchard, adult maximum dispersive distance and trapping area was reduced to 70 m and 1.67 ha, respectively. These results indicate that the behavioral response of H. halys to pheromonal stimuli is influenced by the presence of host plants and that trapping area for pheromone-baited traps will likely change relative to the cropping system in which it is deployed. Caution should be taken when extrapolating these results, because the measured values may differ in other crop systems.

Prior research has demonstrated positive associations between general humility and well-being, and posited a protective effect for intellectual humility against maladjustment among religious leaders. We tested a model that extended findings on general humility to include intellectual humility among religious leaders (N = 258; M age = 42.31; 43% female; 63.7% White; 91.9% Christian affiliation). We observed a positive general humility–well-being association. Contrary to expectations, we observed risk effects for religion-specific intellectual humility. Our findings also point to the possibility that these risk effects might be attenuated by the integration of high levels of general and intellectual humility.

Coffee production is a critical export for Rwanda and a direct income source for many rural farmers. An undesirable raw potato-like smell found in parchment, green and roasted coffee beans and in brewed cups of coffee referred to as "potato taste defect" (PTD) affects coffee across the Africa Great Lakes Region. Two main insect pests of coffee, antestia bug (Antestiopsis thunbergii) and coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hamper) occur in the same region and may be directly or indirectly responsible for the spread of PTD. The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution of PTD in Rwanda and to evaluate how crop management practices influence the occurrence of this defect in coffee. A stratified random sample of 338 coffee farms was selected and the density of antestia bug and damage to coffee berries attributed to antestia bug or coffee berry borer (CBB) were quantified. Management practices such as pruning, intercropping and insecticides application were recorded. A random sample of three kg of ripe cherries was collected from each farm, hand pulped, fermented for 24 h, washed, dried and tested. Processing did not include sorting by floatation or removal of insect - infested cherries. Potato taste defect was detected in about 5% of the samples. The PTD was distributed throughout the coffee producing regions of Rwanda with the highest incidence in the Central Plateau, Granitic Ridges and Eastern Plateau. Occurrence of PTD was significantly correlated with antestia bug density and damage but not to CBB infestation. Pruning significantly reduced the occurrence of PTD but intercropping did not affect the occurrence of this defect in coffee. This study suggests that PTD could be significantly reduced through proper control of antestia bug, but its elimination would also require understanding its mechanisms of infection.

The traditional therapeutic approach for heart masses has been surgical resection. For right-sided masses, percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (PMT) is a viable treatment option which is being applied with increasing frequency. This newer treatment modality is less invasive, less expensive, and results in shorter hospital stays compared to cardiac surgery. We demonstrate below a case in which rheolytic PMT was utilized successfully, allowing the patient to be discharged the following day.

Sterile insect technique (SIT) is a promising, environmentally friendly alternative to the use of pesticides for insect pest control. However, implementing SIT with Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) mosquitoes presents unique challenges. For example, during transport from the rearing facility to the release site and during the actual release in the field, damage to male mosquitoes should be minimized to preserve their reproductive competitiveness. The short flight range of male Ae. aegypti requires elaborate release strategies such as release via Unmanned Aircraft Systems, more commonly referred to as drones. Two key parameters during transport and release are storage temperature and compaction rate. We performed a set of laboratory experiments to identify the optimal temperatures and compaction rates for storage and transport of male Ae. aegypti. We then conducted shipping experiments to test our laboratory-derived results in a 'real-life' setting. The laboratory results indicate that male Ae. aegypti can survive at a broad range of storage temperatures ranging from 7 to 28°C, but storage time should not exceed 24 h. Male survival was high at all compaction rates we tested with a low at 40 males/cm3. Interestingly, results from our 'real-life' shipping experiment showed that high compaction rates were beneficial to survival. This study advances key understudied aspects of the practicalities of moving lab-reared insects into the field and lies the foundation for further studies on the effect of transport conditions on male reproductive fitness.