A dione ligand, 1,1 '-(piperazine-1,4-diyl)bis(2-phenylethan-1-one) derived from the reaction of phenylacetylchloride with piperazine and the lanthanides, Ce(III), Nd(III), and Pr(III) complexes of general formula [LnL(NO3)(2)]NO3 were synthesized. The compounds were characterized by conventional NMR, Mass Infra-Red and UV-vis spectroscopic techniques, melting point, elemental analysis, conductivity, thermogravimetric analysis, magnetic susceptibility, and single X-ray structure determination of the ligand. In vitro, antimicrobial studies indicated that the ligand is active against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus Sublitis, Salmonella typhi, and Streptococcus pneumonae. The Ce(III) and Pr(III) complexes were active against all the microorganisms except A. Niger and Pseudomonas aeruginosa whereas the Ce(III) complex showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus Sublitis, and Streptococcus pneumonae. The In vivo anti-plasmodial assay of infected rats indicated that the ligand and Nd(III), Pr(III) complexes have high antiplasmodial potency in comparison to the antimalarial medicine Artesunate. In corroboration with findings on the enhanced antimicrobial properties of the complexes, binding energies from molecular docking correlated strongly with the inhibition zone diameter for Staphylococcus aureus and density functional theoretical studies suggest the presence of the metals account for the improved properties in the following order: Nd(III) > Pr(III) > Ce(III).

In the past decade, the lanthanoid coordination chemistry was one of the most focused areas of research due to their wide applications as catalyst, magnetism, luminescence and diagnostic tools in biological studies. In this study, novel pyrazole; 5-((2-phenylacetoxy) carbonyl)-1Hpyrazole-3-carboxylic acid derivative and its lanthanoid complexes are designed and tested for potential antimicrobial and antimalarial activities. The binuclear ligand bridge complexes were obtained by the interaction of the ligand with the lanthanide salts. The compounds were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, UltravioletVisible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Mass spectrometry (MS), Elemental analysis and Magnetic susceptibility measurements. The in vitro antimicrobial assay was done by Agar well diffusion method and in vivo antimalarial studies were performed based on Peter’s method. The results were analysed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The antimicrobial and antiparasitic effects of these compounds were found to be dose-dependent and they showed greater effects at higher doses.

This research work titled comparative spectrophotometric determination of neodymium (III), praseodymium (III), samarium (III) and terbium (III)in aqueous and micelle media using schiff base was carried out with the aim to use a simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of Nd (III), Pr (III), Sm(III) and Tb(III) using the Schiff base 2,2′-((1E,1′E)-(1,2-phenylenebis(azanlylidene)bis (methanylylidene))diphenol (BSOPD) as a ligand. Spectral and absorbance measurements were carried out using UV/Visible Spectrophotometer (Jenway model no.: 6305) with 1-cm matched quartz cells. This method of experiment was based on the formation of green coloured complexes, upon the reaction of Nd(III) and Pr(III) and a brown coloured complexes for Sm(III) and Tb(III) having a maximum absorbance of 376, 386, 384 and 380 nm respectively. The comparative analysis of the complexes formed in aqueous and in micellar media were investigated in this study. In the obtained results, it was discovered that, Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration ranges of 0.001 - 0.02 ppm. The molar absorptivity was found to be in the range of 7,776- 23,197 and 27,087 dm3mol-1cm-1 and the Sandell's sensitivity for the compounds analyzed were in the ranges of 6.13-19.34 g cm-2. The increase in absorbance in the presence of the surfactants is due to micelle formation. The reactants were bound in a small volume of stern layer of the micelle leading to a greater increase in concentration effect. This effect in concentration reaches a maximum before decreasing due to dilution effect occasioned by increase in metal ion concentration.

Successful synthesis of amino acid and aniline derivatives of 6,7-dibromo-5,8-quinolinedione is reported. 6,7-Dibromo-5,8-quinolinedione was prepared by nitrosation of 8-hydroxyquinoline, followed by subsequent amination and oxidation of the resulting intermediates. Thereafter, addition of amino acids and anilines supplied the desired products. Effect of solvent on reaction yield and time showed pyridine as the best amongst the studied solvents. Structural elucidation was done using proton NMR and mass spec.

Various unsymmetrical bimetallic complexes of ruthenium and rhenium with the ligand, 1,4-bis(4'methyl-2,2'-bipyrid-4-yl)benzene(bphb), incorporatingCH3CN, pyridine (py),bipyridine (bpy), N-methylimidazole (NMI), terpyridine (terpy) and 4,4’-diethyl-carboxy-2,2’-bipyridine (decb) were synthesised and characterised by fast atomic bombardment mass spectroscopy. Electrochemical studies reveal two oxidative peaks equivalent to two metal centres. Although the reductive electrochemistry consisted of several overlapping peaks, some of the peak potentials were discerned. In most cases, the complexes showed absorption peaks at 460 (+/-10) nm with a shoulder at 350nm for Re(I) containing complexes, and additional peaks at 480nm for tpy and CN complexes. Emission from the acceptor moieties were identified at room temperature and at 77K. Electron transfer is endergonic (ΔG>0) in the complexes, and the calculated energy transfer rate constants are much smaller than the experimental values. Energy transfer was observed to be dominated by Dexter (exchange) mechanism, with little Forster mechanism contribution. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 18-02-2020 Date of Acceptance: 02-03-2020 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This study examined the adoption of Adaptive Yam Minisett Technology on yam farmers’ income in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria. Yam farmers who adopted Adaptive Yam Minisett Technology in the FCT formed the population of the study, and a sample of 153 respondents were selected using a three-stage random sampling technique. Primary data were used for this study. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics including frequency counts, percentages, mean and z-test. Research findings revealed there were more male yam farmers (76%), and the mean age of the respondents was 39.2 years. About 80% of the respondents have had one form of formal education or the other. The farmers have had an average of 23.2 years of yam farming experience. The average yam farm size was 0.77ha while the Net Farm Income of yam farmers after adopting AYMT (N63,533,560.00)(US $254,154) was higher than the Net Farm Income of yam farmers before adopting AYMT (N45,491,830.00)(US$181967). The result of the z-test revealed that there was a significant difference (z=11.7705) between the farm incomes of farmers before and after adopting adaptive yam minisetts technology at 1% probability. This study recommends that Agricultural extension agents be deployed and adequately motivated to encourage more female farmers to adopt Adaptive Yam Minisett Technology, lending institution should provide low interest rate loans to farmers who are willing to adopt Adaptive Yam Minisett Technology because it is a profitable enterprise.

The aim was to analyze the output market outlets accessible to rice farmers and determinants of farmers’ choice among alternative rice production in Kano State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 164 rice farmers with the aid of structured questionnaire. This study was conducted in Kura, Garun Malam and Bunkure Local Government Areas of Kano State during 2015 cropping season. A multistage sampling techniques were used for data collection through the use of structured questionnaire. The ordered probit model was used to estimate the parameters of the determinants of farmers’ choices among alternative rice output market outlets by rice farmers in Kano state. The generalized likelihood ratio statistics was -113.401. This ratio exceeds the critical chi-square values at p<0.01 level of significance. The log likelihood ratio value represents the value that maximizes the joint densities in the estimated model. This shows that at least one of the predictors' regression coefficient is not equal to zero in the model. The Prob > chi2 was (50.03) and statistically significant at p<0.01 level of probability. The probability of obtaining this chi-square statistic shows the effect of the predictor variables on specified alpha level. This implies that at least one of the regression coefficients in the model is not equal to zero. farmers’ choices among alternative rice output market outlets was significantly determined by educational status of the farmers, access to credit, cooperative membership, distance to market, quantity of output produced by the farmers and market price of rice (P<0.10). Based on the findings of this study, it could be concluded that the most commonly used output markets by rice farmers was rural assembler (82.3%). Despite increasingly competitive markets, pricing issues for rice remains a concern for farmers.

ISSN: 2410-9649 Ocheni and Clement / Chemistry International 3(3) (2017) 244-249 iscientic.org. 245 www.bosaljournals/chemint/ editorci@bosaljournals.com 98% and 2-pyrrolidinone 98% were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Ethanol, Iron(II)sulphateheptahydrate (Fe.SO4.7H2O) ,methanol, chlrorform, n-hexane, THF, and Diethylether were used without further purification. Synthesis of 1,5-Dimethyl-2-Phenyl-4-(pyrolidin-2ylideneamino)-Pyrazolidin-3-one Equimolar amount of 4-aminoantipyrine (4.878g, ) and 2pyrrolidinone (1.8ml) were dissolved in 25ml of ethanol in a round bottom flask. The mixture was refluxed for 6hr at 75 0C and a yellow solution was obtained. The solution was left to stand for three weeks and pale yellow crystals were obtained by filtration. Synthesis of the Fe(II) complex The metal complex was prepared by adding Iron(II)sulphate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O) (0.139 g, 0.5 mmol) to a solution of the ligand (1,5-Dimethyl-2-phenyl-4-(pyrollidin-2ylidenamino)-pyrazolidin-3-one (0.284 mg, 1.0 mmol) in 10mls of ethanol. The yellow solution obtained was refluxed for two hours and allowed to stay overnight. The solution was then poured into an evaporating dish, the solvent evaporated and the brown amorphous complex crystals were obtained.

4-{[(E)–1H–indol–3H–ylmethylidene]amino}–1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol–3-one and its Al(III), In(III) and Tl(I) Complexes have been synthesized and characterized by physical methods and spectral studies. All the complexes were purified and their structures were elucidated using melting point, stoichiometry, molar conductivity, UV-visible, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and GCMS Spectral Studies The geometry around the metals were deduced based on the spectral information and were found to be five coordinate in all the complexes. The Schiff base ligand is coordinated to the metals through the participation of its imine nitrogen, indole-nitrogen and the oxygen of the antipyrine moiety. These complexes were also tested against different bacteria and fungi using Agar well diffusion method to determine their antimicrobial potency and they were found sensitive against Escherichia Coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Basillus subtilis and Candida albicans but none was found active against Staphylococcus aureus.

A r u t h e n i u m c o m p l e x o f t h e 4 h y d r o x y 1,10-phenanthroline ligand was synthesized, and the variation of its absorption and emission intensity and litetime with pH characterized. Excited state lifetime, luminescence intensity, and emission properties were determined. The complex exhibits a maximum at 460nm, and a small red shift at higher pH. The spectra show a well defined isobestic point. Luminescence intensity exhibited a sigmoidal relationship with pH, a behaviour that is similar to those of other ruthenium complexes carrying protonable functional groups. This characteristic is suggestive of the suitability of this complex for pH sensor design for medical practices as well as industrial processes. pH dependence is more evident in the emission than the absorption spectra, a behaviour characteristic of higher pH dependence on the excited than the ground state of the complex. Emission lifetimes of 165.4 ns and 3.08 ns for the protonated and deprotonated states respectively, were determined and the pKa value calculated as 3.68.