Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is a kind of pneumonia which develops in patients receiving mechanical breathing after 48 hours. One of the most prevalent nosocomial infections and the main factor in the high morbidity and mortality of intensive care units is ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). In order to prevent VAP, intensive care unit nurses are best equipped to use the available evidence-based measures (VAP). Objective: To determine the effect of educational Guidelines on the knowledge and practice of nurses regarding ventilator associated pneumonia. Methods: A Quasi-experimental one group pre-post, test was used conducted between January 2022 to May 2022 at a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan, in the department of Medical intensive care unit and surgical intensive care unit. 36 registered nurses were selected by convenience sampling from tertiary care hospital Lahore according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. A structured questionnaire was used to evaluate the pre-post data that contained 20 MCQ-based knowledge questionnaire and 21 items containing practice checklist were used to check the practice level of nurses before and after guidelines-based educational intervention. Results: The results revealed a positive effect of educational guidelines on improving the nurse’s knowledge and practice about Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Mean ± S.D (7.78 ± 1.22; 15.86 ± 1.22) (8.94 ± 2.39; 17.39 ± 0.96) in post-test respectively with a statistically significant p-value (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: The education of nurses by educational guidelines has a positive effect on improving nurses’ knowledge and practice about Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).

Nosocomial infections influence patients’ lives over lengthy hospitalization, illness, and death, following important costs to both health organizations and society. Evidence-based practice is observed as a system to carry out health care that is additionally effective and important in the current health care setting. Objective: To identify the level of evidence-based practices of nurses regarding nosocomial infection in the intensive care units. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used. The population was the ICU staff nurses of the Tertiary Care Hospital, Lahore. The duration of the study with 09 months after the synopsis approval. The sample size of 72 nurses has calculated a population size 95 confidence interval and a margin of error of 5%. A convenient sampling Technique was used in this study. The questionnaire was consisting of 4 items and 31 questions. Ethical Considerations were maintained. Data were kept confidential and secure by coding. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21. Results: The highest percentage of staff nurses in this study were females (98.6%) and aged between 26-35 years (76.4%) and diploma holder were (69.4%). Nurses who have experience less than 10 years were 45.8%. Most of the participants were performing hand hygiene practicing frequently (59.7%) whereas (16.7%) were performing rarely before contact with patient. Highest percentage of participants (77.8%) were using personal protective equipment’s. Conclusions: Evidence-Based Knowledge related to nosocomial infection is adequate among nurses. Hand hygiene performance is adequate as compared to international standards.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a chronic, non-progressive, and incurable disorder that affects mobility and posture. Objective: To assess the Knowledge and Care among mothers having Children with Cerebral Palsy at Nishter hospital Multan. Methods: A cross sectional study designed was used. A sample of n=85 participants was recruited from Nishtar Hospital Multan Pakistan, through purposive sampling. The knowledge and care questionnaire were used for measurement of knowledge and care among mothers having children with cerebral palsy (CP). Filled questionnaires were entered and analyzed through SPSS version 21. Results: Findings revealed that 71.8% participants had poor knowledge regarding CP, 21.2% had fair knowledge and only 7% of participants had good knowledge regarding CP. Similarly, it was revealed that 50.6% participants had poor care, 41.2% had satisfactory care and only 8.2% were having good care for cerebral palsy children. Conclusions: Majority of the mothers of children with cerebral palsy in this study are unaware of the condition and show no concern for it. Support groups may be developed further to increase care giving' awareness of and concern with CP, which may aid them in finding the most suitable and timely interventions for their charges.

Infection in healthcare facilities is an alarming public health problem in most growing countries. Hospital infections are the most significant worldwide complication of healthcare delivery. Objectives: To acquire a deeper understanding of infection control nurses' perspectives on the barriers regarding the infection control practices at the tertiary care hospitals Lahore. Methods: A qualitative exploratory research approach was utilized. Data was collected from the infection control nurses. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data from the 10 study participants through purposive sampling technique. Each interview was transcribed. The data were manually analyzed before being processed by NVIVO. Results: A thematic analysis was conducted to determine the themes and sub themes through Braun and Clark's (2006) concept of thematic analysis. The researcher identified three major themes and few minor. The major themes were organization related barriers, health care workers related barriers and patients and family related barriers. Organization lack of facilities was among the top barriers to infection prevention and control. Conclusions: Most of the participants had good and enough information regarding the infection prevention and control programs, but it doesn’t mean that these activities and implementations will be practiced in routine manners. Three major themes with different barriers were identified. Themes well explained regarding barriers in implementing infection control practices in both public and private hospitals.

Globally, the majority of demographic groups are experiencing an increase in mortality rates owing to renal illness and failure. Those who agree to donate a kidney undergo the transplantation procedure. In order to lengthen life and improve quality of life, a healthy organ is transplanted into a recipient with a damaged, failing, or dysfunctional organ. Objective: To assess knowledge of nurses regarding kidney donation in tertiary care hospital. Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. For collecting data, convenient sampling technique was used. A questionnaire was used to test nurses' knowledge about kidney donation and data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Most of the people who took the survey, 55%, said they knew little or nothing about kidney donation. 53 % of the patients had negative feelings about kidney organ donation, and there was no link between their knowledge and their feelings in this area. 36.9% of the people who took part in the research said that the fact that the recipient was a family member was the most important thing, and 68.6% said they would rather give their organ to a family member if they needed one. Conclusions: This study showed that nurses aren't aware of kidney donation enough and have a negative view of it. Urgent steps must be taken to change the current situation.

Chest drain are inserted to help treat various conditions like pneumothorax, empyema and pleural effusion etcetera. It is also very much indicated after chest trauma and thoracic surgeries. Objective: To determine the effect of chest drain management guidelines on knowledge and practices among Nurses at Services Hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: One group Pre-post quasi experimental design was used. The study was conducted from December 2021 to April 2022 at the thoracic surgery, medical and surgical ICUS department of services hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Thirty-six registered nurses were selected by convenience sampling from services hospital Lahore according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data was collected from the participants by adopted, valid, and reliable tools. A structured questionnaire was used to evaluate the pre-post data that contained 25 true false-based knowledge questions and checklist containing 13 items were used to assess the level of practice of nurses before and after guidelines-based educational intervention. Results: The results revealed a positive effect of educational guidelines on improving the knowledge and practice of nurses about chest drain management with Mean ± S.D(8.83±1.69; 19.08 ±2.53) (4.92±1.73; 10.97±0.74) in post-test respectively with statistically significant p-value (p-value <0.001). Conclusions: The education of nurses by educational guidelines have a significant effect on improving nurses’ knowledge and practice about chest drain management.

Premature birth of babies is a one of the major public health problems all around the world. Objective: To explore the experience of mothers of preterm babies when their baby is admitted in a tertiary care hospital of Lahore. Methods: This study was conducted in the Neonatology department of Children’s Hospital, Lahore, Tertiary Care Hospital, Pakistan from June 2022 to December 2022. Semi structured face-to-face individual interview was used to obtain data from the 12 participants who were purposively selected for the study. The audio recorded data collected was translated into English and transcribed verbatim. Analysis was done with the help of computer assisted software called NVIVO-12. By using the Coliazzi’s method of phenomenological analysis the codes generated from NVIVO-12 were organized into sub-categories, categories, sub-themes and themes. Results: Three themes emerged with sixteen subthemes. The themes are: Mixed emotional feelings of the mothers; Mother’s satisfaction about care and support from Health Care Professionals; Mother-baby interaction in NICU. Mothers were worried due to unexpected emergency premature delivery and baby’s status and had uncertainty related to delivery outcome and the baby’s life. Participants have good interaction babies while the Kangaroo Mother Care and Breast Feeding and they applaud HCPs. Conclusions: Mothers were concerned about the survival of premature babies admitted to the NICU. They showed different emotions like fear, anger, sadness, worry, tension, lack of confidence, hope, gratefulness, courage and spiritual faith in Allah. They expressed the feelings of satisfaction about care, treatment counseling and teaching by HCPs.

The competencies of nursing interns have direct effects on the wellbeing and health of patients, and lack of it can result in severe problems for the patients. Thus, the clinical performance and competence of nursing interns are the main professional and corporate problems for nurses and patients. Furthermore, it is needed that the nurses show the capability to supply quality care for patients and to collaborate with other nurses and colleagues. Objective: To determine the effect of skills Competency- based orientation on clinical performance among nursing interns at University of Teaching Hospital Lahore. Methods: A quasi experimental study design was used to conduct this study at University of Lahore Teaching Hospital among nursing interns. A simple random sample of n=40 participants was recruited. The educational intervention consisted of 12 sessions of 40 to 50 minutes each, from June, 2022 to August 2022.To collect data, permission was granted from the Research Ethical Committee (REC) and then Medical superintendent of University of Lahore Teaching Hospital. To assess the performance among nursing interns, an observational checklist was used. Data of the study participants were entered in statistical software SPSS 21.0 and was analyzed accordingly. Results: Findings revealed a significant effect of the educational intervention program on performance of nursing interns (Pre interventional performance score 21.00 +5.088and post interventional performance score 38.00+4.481among the nursing interns (p- value <0.001). Conclusion: It is concluded that nursing education program has effect on performance among nursing interns.

Leukemia is one of most prevalent type of cancer among the children with age less than 15 years. Worldwide, Leukemia represents 32.5% of all types of cancer among the children. In Pakistan, 46.5% child with cancer diagnosed with leukemia. Both the mother and father are involved in the direct and indirect care of their child with leukemia Direct care is the tasks with the care of the child with leukemia and indirect care is the financial support and the facilities provided to the patients. Objective: To determine the psychological wellbeing and Care burden among parents having Children with Leukemia. Methods: A cross-sectional study designed was used. A sample of n=81 participants was recruited from Sadiq Abbasi Hospital Bahawalpur, through convenient sampling. The psychological wellbeing and care burden questionnaires were used to measure care burden and psychological wellbeing among parents having children with leukemia. Filled questionnaires were entered and analyzed through SPSS version-21. Results: Findings revealed that 71.60% participants had poor psychological wellbeing, 18.51% had fair and only 38.27% had good wellbeing during their children leukemia care. Similarly, 12.34% had low care burden, 38.27% had moderate and majority 49.38% were having high care burden. Conclusions: Majority of the parents of children with leukemia in this study were having high care burden and poor psychological wellbeing while taking care of their children

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is the collection of chronic metabolic disease that are all defined by high blood sugar levels with either an inability to make insulin, a resistance to its effect, or both. Objective: To determine the knowledge and self-care practices in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus regarding diabetic retinopathy (DR) and to evaluate the association of socio demographic with knowledge and self-care practices regarding diabetic. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at the endocrine department of Lahore General Hospital. 208 nurses made up the estimated sample size for this investigation. The data were gathered using a convenient sampling technique. Data were analyzed using SPSS version24. Results: The results of study showed that majority of participants 180(86.5%) had poor knowledge regarding diabetic retinopathy and only 28(13.5%) had good knowledge regarding diabetic retinopathy. There was no association between knowledge and socio demographic characteristics of participants as p-value was greater than 0.05. Majority of the participants 132(63.5%) had incompetent practices and only 71(34.1%) had good practices. There was no association between practice and socio demographic characteristics of participants as p-value was greater than 0.05. Conclusions: According to the study's findings, diabetic retinopathy was poorly understood by Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients. The study's findings also show that there was no correlation between knowledge, self-care behaviors, and participant demographics.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the critical health challenges among respiratory disorders worldwide. Objectives: To assess the level of illness perception about overall health and disease severity among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods: This study was a descriptive and cross-sectional study. Data was collected through purposive sampling technique from 137 patients visiting the pulmonary department of public hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan. The data analysis was done through SPSS version 23. Results: The perception score was assessed through modified translated illness perception questionnaire (IPQ). The descriptive analysis was performed. Reliability and validity of the instruments was also ensured through meeting criteria of Cronbach Alpha, Bartlett’s test of Sphericity and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) values. The results of this study showed that overall perception of the patients regarding COPD disease was quite low as 72 (52.6%) of the total participants scored low in perception and 65 (47.4%) participants had good perception. Conclusions: The current study concluded that the perception related to health and disease is playing an important role in management of chronic illness. The study results showed the overall perception of the patient is poor which might be the reason of their anxiety and depression that ultimately leads to flare up attack more frequently, and they need to visit more often. So, there is a need to enhance patient’s understanding about their illness by giving them knowledge along with treatment that will change their perception regarding the course of illness and their perception regarding their health. It will also help patients in dealing with their symptoms at home.

Background: Occupational exposure occurs frequently among Health Care Workers (HCWs). The most serious occupational health hazard faced by HCWs worldwide is exposure to Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). Having enough knowledge and proper attitudes toward this infection is crucial in prevention of occupational hepatitis infection. Methods: This cross sectional descriptive study conducted to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses regarding Hepatitis B prevention and control at Services hospital Lahore. In this study well-structured close ended questionnaire adopted from a study, knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare workers at the princess Marina hospital in Botswana regarding Hepatitis B prevention and control will beused (Machiya, 2011). The study was conducted in Services hospital among 200 nurses to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices of Nurses, regarding Hepatitis B prevention and control at a tertiary care hospital Lahore. Results: It was found that most of the nurses were enough knowledge, positive attitude and better practice among nurses. Mostly, nurses response are positively very rare participant response are negative. The knowledge of Hepatitis B infection prevention, 81% of the participantsknew that Hepatitis B infection can be transmitted by carriers. Majority 89.5% knew that Hepatitis B infection cannot be spread through casual contact. Majority knew that open wound, contaminated blood and body fluids, unsterilized syringes, needles and surgical instruments could easily transmit the Hepatitis B infection. Among the participants 86.5% had knowledge that vaccines can prevent Hepatitis B. 23% of the participants had negative attitude towards Hepatitis B. The attitude was positive among 55.6% participants and 54.2% participants were performing safe preventive practices.

Background: Delegation is among the oldest concepts associated to professional and clinical nursing.With the rapid changes in the profession, delegation is becoming more important for nurse leaders and managers.It is highly expected from the manager nurses to effectively organize tasks of other health care workers and supervise them successfully.The ability of a nurse manager is very Crucial to the success of delegation among nurses. Objective:The main purpose of this study was, to assess The Nurse Managers' attitudes and Preparedness towards Effective Delegation in a Tertiary Care Public Hospital Lahore. Method:A cross sectional descriptive survey was performed to assess the knowledge of nurse managers, (nursing supervisors, head nurses, and charge nurses) working at Punjab Institute of Cardiology & Services Hospital Lahore.A convenient sample of n=150 was used to collect the data from both hospitals, (85) from PIC and (65) from SHL.A structured adopted questionnaire was used to collect data and study's questionnaire, Data used in this study consisted of two main scales as well as demographic data sheets were collected.The data was analyzed on SPSS version 21. Results:The results of this study reveals that majority of the participants, 88% were having positive attitude towards delegation who scored 35 or above on a scale of 55 total score, while 12% had negative attitude who scored below 35 on attitude scale of 55.The results of this study indicate that 82.67% participants had good preparedness, who scored 75 or above in a total of 100 score, while remaining 17.3% scored less than 75 and had poor preparedness. Conclusion:Overall attitude and preparedness was positive and good towards the delegation among nurses

Background: Work place violence is an alarming and devastating issue worldwide particularly in the emergency departments.Incident of work place violence is common towards nurses in health care settings.Nurses are more prone to workplace violence due to lack of respect towards nursing profession in Pakistani society and the nature of work performed by the nurses. Objective:The main purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of work place violence including physical and non physical and bring awareness about work place violence among nurses at the emergency departments of health care systems. Methodology:A cross sectional descriptive survey was performed to assess the prevalence of work place violence at tertiary care hospitals of Lahore.A convenient sample of n = 147 was used to collect the data.A structured standardized adopted questionnaire was used to collect data.The questionnaire consisted demographic, physical and non physical variables.The data was collected from Jinnah and services hospital Lahore.The data was analyzed on SPSS version 21.Results: It was found that 77.55% stated that they are not exposed to physical violence last 12 months, 13.6% said once, 7.48% said 2-3 times and 1.3% stated they have been exposed 4-5 times during last year.On the other hand the participants exposed to Nonphysical violence in last 12 months,12.93%stated that they are not exposed to physical violence last 12 months, 25.85% said once, 40.82% said 2-3 times and 19.73% stated they have been exposed 4-5 times during last year.Most recent physical incident in which 10.20% of incidents were happened at resuscitation room 2.04% at waiting room and 10.20% in treatment room.The most recent nonphysical incident in which 38.10% of incidents were happened at resuscitation room 0.68% in triage 12.24% at waiting room and 37.41% in treatment room 0.68% in other places. Conclusion:The physical violence prevalence was found less that the nonphysical violence, but Physical violence is more threatening than the nonphysical violence.

Background: Nurses and other healthcare workers are at risk of occupational hazards in the healthcare setting. Nurses are prone to expose with blood born infection like HIV, HCV and Hb B. Proper implication of standard precaution effectively control the hospital acquired infection. Aims: To assess the Knowledge of standard precaution among nurses working at private and public hospital. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted among nurses in a tertiary care hospital at private and public sector. The duration of study was from February 2018 to May 2018. A self-structured questioner was used to obtain information from nurses. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21 and the level of significance was at pvalue < 0.05. Results: Total respondent nurses were 201.Response rate rate was 98%. The results shows 42.3% of the participants in this study had poor knowledge, 40.3% have average knowledge, and 17.4% have good knowledge about the standard precaution. Total female participants were 169 (mean knowledge score was 14.14) and male participant 32 (mean knowledge score was 16.13). The results show significant difference between female verses male participant were (p = 0.03). Total private hospital participants are 99 mean knowledge score was 13.45 + 3.863 and public hospital nurses included 102 mean knowledge score is 14.66 + 3.167 that is greater than private hospital. There is significant difference between public versus private hospital (p = 0.17). Conclusion: As the result indicate poor knowledge of standard precaution among nurses at private and public hospital. it is suggested to provide training sessions on infection control with hands on workshops. This is also suggested infection control topics should add in Nursing curriculum and PNC should take initiate post basic one year Diploma in Infection Control.