Accurate and quantitative assessment of tissue oxygenation and mitochondrial redox state is essential for understanding both physiological function and pathological conditions such as hypoxia and ischemia. In this study, we present a modular, filter-based optical imaging system capable of non-invasive detection of autofluorescent NADH and FAD, as well as hemoglobin-derived oxygenation parameters. The system utilizes exchangeable filters to combine fluorescence and reflectance modalities. This configuration enables the detection of molecule-specific spectral signals. We calibrated the device using standard solutions, confirming its measurement accuracy. Overall, the system demonstrated stable signal detection and spectral selectivity during calibration experiments. In addition, we evaluated whether RGB analysis of images captured with a commercial smartphone could detect relative physiological changes. To evaluate physiological changes in tissue oxygenation and redox signals, an ischemia–reperfusion protocol was performed in 20 volunteers. During the protocol, the filtered system detected a significant decrease in oxygenation during ischemia followed by recovery during reperfusion, whereas the smartphone-derived oxygenation index did not show significant differences between phases. In contrast, the smartphone redox signal displayed significant variations throughout all phases, while the filtered system showed an ischemic decrease with limited recovery. These results suggest that combining filtered multispectral imaging with smartphone-based RGB analysis may support future studies on tissue metabolism and oxygenation and may contribute to the development of simplified optical monitoring systems.

Although perioperative oxygen therapy is a routine component of general anesthesia, its early biological consequences remain incompletely understood. This prospective randomized study evaluated whether perioperative oxygen concentration influences early biomarker responses in adults undergoing elective laparoscopic lower abdominal surgery. Patients received either normoxia (FiO2 0.35) or hyperoxia (FiO2 0.80) under standardized anesthesia. Clear physiological separation between groups was confirmed by arterial blood gas analysis. The primary biomarker finding was that circulating surfactant protein-A (SP-A) increased significantly in the normoxia group, whereas no comparable increase was observed under hyperoxia. Syndecan-1 and sialic acid showed descriptively similar directional patterns; however, these secondary biomarker findings were interpreted as exploratory and were not robust after Holm correction. By contrast, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were higher postoperatively in the hyperoxia group, while ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) and total protein did not differ significantly between groups. These findings suggest that perioperative hyperoxia was associated with different early circulating biomarker trajectories across pulmonary epithelial and glycocalyx-related domains, without establishing pulmonary or endothelial protection. Further studies are needed to determine whether these early mechanistic findings translate into clinically meaningful outcomes.

Atrial remodeling is a key mechanism influencing prognosis in cardiovascular diseases [1]. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the right-to-left atrial volume index ratio (RAVI/LAVI) for 2-month all-cause mortality and length of hospital stay in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). In this single-center retrospective observational study, a total of 267 hospitalized patients were included. Patients were stratified into two groups according to the median RAVI/LAVI ratio (median value = 0.78) (below-median vs. above-median). Clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic variables were compared between groups. The primary endpoint was 2-month all-cause mortality after CABG, and the secondary endpoint was length of hospital stay. Predictors of mortality were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Mortality was significantly higher in the high RAVI/LAVI group (35.2

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of novel systemic inflammatory markers, particularly the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII), in predicting morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 200 patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy. Patients were categorized into two groups based on their 1-year postoperative survival status (group-1:alive, group-2: dead). Inflammatory parameters including SII, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR)were calculated. Demographic, clinical, echocardiographic, and angiographic data were analyzed. The association between inflammatory markers and outcomes was assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results SII, NLR and PLR were significantly higher in the group-2 (p < 0.001). Patients with internal carotid artery tortuosity exhibited longer operation times (p = 0.002), and those with elevated SII levels had a higher risk of adverse outcomes. No significant difference was observed in echocardiographic parameters between the two groups. The presence of comorbidities such as hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease was also more prevalent in the group-2. Conclusion Systemic inflammatory markers, particularly SII, may serve as useful predictors of postoperative mortality and procedural complexity in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Incorporating these markers into preoperative risk assessment may improve clinical decision-making and patient outcomes.

Although modern resuscitation strategies increasingly incorporate parameters such as lactate kinetics and venous oxygenation, clinical practice still predominantly relies on macrocirculatory targets. However, restoring systemic hemodynamics often fails to correct cellular dysoxia due to a loss of hemodynamic coherence. This perspective proposes an integrated framework that assesses tissue vitality by combining microcirculatory imaging, optical oxygenation indices, and mitochondrial redox state. By simultaneously evaluating convective flow, oxygen availability, and metabolic utilization, this multi-domain approach can reveal organ dysfunction and guide resuscitation toward genuine cellular recovery rather than macro-circulatory targets alone.

OBJECTIVE: Early risk prediction of major adverse cardiovascular events in individuals with suspected coronary heart disease may help prevent major adverse events. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) is a crucial examination for its ability to identify coronary atherosclerosis, assess plaque morphology, and predict the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). The Prognostic Nutrition Index (PNI), derived from lymphocyte count and serum albumin levels, is a marker reflecting both the immunological and inflammatory status of an individual based on serum albumin and lymphocyte values. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the degree of coronary artery disease detected by coronary CTA and the Prognostic Nutrition Index in predicting the risk of MACE. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All data from 484 patients who underwent coronary CTA were retrospectively analyzed. The degree of coronary artery stenosis was classified as less than 50%, 50%-70% stenosis, and greater than 70%. Blood analyses of the patients included in the study were reviewed, and PNI was calculated using the formula = 10 x serum albumin (g/dL) + 0.005 x total lymphocyte count (per mm3). In our study, patients who had mortality within 1 year of CTA and who had a CVA or MI was divided into two groups based on whether they developed MACE. The development of MACE was compared with the degree of coronary artery stenosis on CTA, albumin levels, and PNI. RESULTS: The parameters that showed significant differences in the development of MACE were age, albumin, and PNI levels when comparing the degree of coronary artery stenosis and biomarkers on CTA. Our study demonstrated a significant negative correlation between PNI and the development of MACE, indicating that each unit increase in PNI reduces the risk of MACE by approximately 10.5%. Coronary CTA found a significant association with the development of MACE at 1 year for all degrees of stenosis, particularly in the left anterior desending artery (LAD) . The association was even more pronounced for stenoses of 50% or greater. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary CTA provides a significant contribution to the risk estimation of MACE, enabling early diagnosis and preventive intervention to improve the prognosis of the target population. CTA findings and biochemical markers should be evaluated together in predicting the risk of MACE; nutritional status, in particular, should not be overlooked in risk management. The findings emphasize the need for a holistic approach to estimating the potential risk of MACE.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a critical clinical condition characterized by a sudden loss of kidney function, accompanied by complex metabolic and structural changes. In this study, the early molecular and metabolic effects of AKI were investigated using an ischemia-reperfusion (IR) model. The study aims to evaluate the levels of total autofluorescent molecules, analyze diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) findings, and understand the roles of oxidative stress biomarkers and functional parameters in the kidney IR. The IR model was applied in rats, DRS data were measured in vivo from the kidney and from isolated mitochondria using a fiber optic probe. Additionally, NADH and FAD levels were assessed in serum and mitochondrial isolates using fluorescence spectrometer. Kidney function/injury parameters (creatinine, KIM-1, NGAL and L-FABP) and oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, L-OOH, dityrosine, kynurenine, and AOPP) were analyzed. In the IR group, significant increases in NADH and FAD levels were observed in both serum and mitochondrial isolates. Oxidative stress biomarkers such as kynurenine, dityrosine, and lipid hydroperoxides also increased in the IR group. DRS analyses of mitochondrial isolates revealed a marked reduction in optical signals in the IR group, but no significant changes were detected in in vivo DRS analyses. Significant correlations were identified between functional and oxidative stress parameters in serum and mitochondria. Although not significant at the tissue, the alterations observed at the mitochondrial level demonstrate the efficacy of the DRS. This study highlights the importance of integrating optical and biochemical approaches to elucidate the effects of IR on mitochondrial-related metabolic processes.

Conventional endpoints may overlook pulmonary biological stress during abdominal mechanical loading and volume expansion. This controlled experimental study evaluated whether intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH), hypervolemia (HV), or their combination induces early pulmonary biochemical, permeability, oxidative-ischemic, inflammatory, and structural responses, with particular focus on surfactant protein A1 (SP-A1). Thirty-five male Wistar rats were randomized to Sham, HV, IAH, or IAH + HV groups. IAH was induced by CO2 pneumoperitoneum at 12-15 mmHg, and HV by 6% hydroxyethyl starch infusion until hematocrit decreased to approximately 25%; animals were followed for 120 min. Physiological variables, blood gases, wet-to-dry ratio, ATS-based histopathology, and biomarkers in plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and lung tissue were assessed. The dominant finding was a compartment-specific SP-A1 response: plasma SP-A1 was highest in the IAH group, whereas BAL fluid SP-A1 increased in both HV and IAH groups. These changes occurred without significant alterations in MAP, HR, SpO2, wet-to-dry ratio, or ATS lung injury score. Permeability index was higher in HV-containing groups, and sialic acid and oxidative-ischemic markers showed compartment-dependent changes, whereas TNF-α, IL-6, HA, and ANP did not differ significantly. These exploratory, hypothesis-generating findings suggest that SP-A1 may reveal early pulmonary epithelial/barrier stress before overt physiological or structural injury becomes apparent.

Pneumonia-induced sepsis is a major cause of acute kidney injury (AKI), which can lead to high morbidity and mortality. Ceragenins, such as CSA-13, are synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides with known antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. This study aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that CSA-13, administered intraperitoneally following pneumonia-induced sepsis, was able to induce renal protection in mice. C57/BL6 female mice were randomly categorized into four groups (n = 6/group): (1) healthy control; (2) pneumonia control; (3) pneumonia followed by a low dose of CSA-13; and (4) pneumonia followed by a high dose of CSA-13. We tested CSA-13 for its effects on renal tissue IL-6 (inflammation marker) and plasma levels of cystatin C (renal injury marker). Plasma levels of hyaluronan were measured to evaluate glycocalyx degradation. Cellular integrity was assessed by histological evaluation. We found that (1) both CSA-13 doses successfully restored cystatin C; (2) high and low doses of CSA-13 decreased IL-6 levels to normal levels; (3) plasma hyaluronan remained elevated in treated and untreated mice; and (4) cellular integrity was largely maintained by the administration of either high or low doses of CSA-13. Intraperitoneal administration of CSA-13 decreases IL-6 levels in the kidneys and protects kidney function and cellular integrity in a model of pneumonia-induced sepsis. Plasma hyaluronan levels of infected mice were not substantially altered by the administration of ceragenin. CSA-13 may be helpful as a treatment protocol for pneumonia that inhibits acute kidney injury.

Although transradial coronary angiography is associated with a low risk of vascular complications, it is an invasive procedure that can lead to serious complications. Acute dissection of the ascending aorta during coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention is a rare fatal complication. Most cases occur during cannulation of the coronary artery. Generally, limited dissections are treated with stenting or conservative treatment, while large dissections may require surgical intervention. In this case, we wanted to present a case of acute aortic dissection that progressed from the left subclavian artery to the ascending aorta and affected a large area in a patient who underwent left trans-radial diagnostic coronary angiography.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a clinical condition with a high mortality and morbidity rate. Cardiac involvement is common in COPD patients. In this disease, beta-blocker (BB) treatment could not be used in sufficient doses most of the time since it is thought that this treatment may aggravate the disease. However, BB is the main drug therapy in patients with atherosclerotic heart disease. In this study, right ventricular (RV) functions were examined using speckle-tracking echocardiography in COPD patients under BB therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients, who were followed up with the diagnosis of COPD, were involved in the study. Patients under BB treatment for three months or more were assigned to Group 1 and patients with similar demographic and clinical features to the control group by using propensity score matching (PSM) analysis. Baseline demographic and clinical features of patients were compared, and the effects of BB treatment were analyzed. RESULTS: After PSM analysis, right ventricular free-wall global strain (p <0.001), right ventricular global longitudinal strain (p <0.001), right ventricular right ventricular free-wall global strain rate (p: 0.001), and right ventricular global longitudinal strain rate (p: 0.005) were found to be significantly higher in Group 1. CONCLUSIONS: COPD and atherosclerosis have similar pathways such as inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, and the use of BB in COPD patients may have a positive effect on the improvement of right ventricular functions. This effect can be demonstrated by making use of the deformation analysis rather than conventional parameters.

Lev’s disease is an age-related degenerative conduction disorder characterized by progressive fibrosis and calcification of the His-Purkinje system and adjacent structures. It typically manifests in elderly patients as advanced atrioventricular (AV) block and is often associated with calcific valvular disease. This case report describes a 74-year-old man with a history of stable, non-obstructive coronary atherosclerosis who presented with dizziness and was found to have complete AV block with a ventricular escape rhythm of 36 beats per minute. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated severe aortic stenosis with an aortic valve area of 0.96 cm². Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed extensive aortic valve calcification extending into the interventricular septum, raising strong clinical-radiological suspicion of Lev’s disease due to the anatomical proximity of the His bundle. Surgical risk stratification using Society of Thoracic Surgeons and European System for cardiac operative risk evaluation II indicated an elevated operative risk. Given the patient’s advanced age, severe symptomatic aortic stenosis, and persistent conduction abnormality, the multidisciplinary Heart Team recommended transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) rather than surgical replacement. The patient underwent successful TAVI followed by dual-chamber pacemaker implantation for persistent AV block and remained pacemaker-dependent with a stable rhythm and resolution of symptoms during follow-up. This case underscores that degenerative conduction disease may remain clinically silent until irreversible AV block occurs. Unlike most reports describing new-onset conduction disturbances after TAVI, our patient already presented with complete AV block and imaging demonstrated extension of septal calcification involving the conduction system. Although histopathological confirmation and prior serial electrocardiogram were unavailable, this case highlights the potential role of advanced imaging in identifying patients at increased risk for permanent pacemaker dependence, thereby enabling more accurate risk stratification and guiding closer follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: Peripheral artery disease ranks as the third leading cause of death and illness following coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease among atherosclerotic conditions, representing a significant health concern worldwide. Our study aims to explore the association between the systemic immune- inflammation index a combined marker of inflammation and aggregation and survival in patients with peripheral artery disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we examined the medical records of 432 individuals diagnosed with peripheral artery disease between the years 2010 and 2020. The systemic immune-inflammation index was calculated based on platelet to lymphocyte ratios from the patients’ complete blood count tests, and the relationship between this index and mortality was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS: Our findings demonstrate that the systemic immune- inflammation index is an independent predictor of mortality in peripheral artery disease. Statistical analyses have shown that higher values of the systemic immune-inflammation index (> 854), correlate with increased mortality in individuals with peripheral artery disease and type two diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.02, %95 GA: 0.98-1.04, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the systemic immune-inflammation index is a significant determinant of survival in patients with peripheral artery disease. These results can enhance our understanding of the role of inflammation and immune response in the management of peripheral artery disease and may contribute to developing potential therapeutic strategies.

The development of microcirculation imaging devices has significantly advanced our comprehension of the capillary environment's dynamics. Early research suggested that erythrocytes did not contact the vessel's inner surface due to the Fåhraeus effect, implying the presence of a covering on the endothelial cell surface. Subsequent electron microscopy studies revealed this layer to be a complex part of the vessel wall, now known as the endothelial glycocalyx (EG). The EG is a network of proteoglycans and glycoproteins bound to the endothelial membrane, incorporating soluble molecules from the endothelium and plasma. Over time, studies have elucidated the structure, function, and therapeutic targets of the glycocalyx, underscoring its pivotal role in vascular biology. The presence of cellular extensions of lung tissue cells in both vascular and nonvascular areas demonstrates the pivotal role of the glycocalyx in pulmonary vascular leak, surfactant dysfunction, impaired lung compliance and gas exchange abnormalities, which are hallmarks of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It is of the utmost importance to elucidate the mechanisms underlying alveolocapillary glycocalyx degradation to develop efficacious treatments for ARDS, which has a mortality rate of 35 %. An understanding of the glycocalyx's role in vascular integrity provides a foundation for exploring new therapeutic avenues to mitigate lung injury and improve clinical outcomes in ARDS patients.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia worldwide and is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism, ischemic stroke, impaired quality of life, and mortality.The latest research that shows the prevalence and incidence of AF patients in Türkiye was the Turkish Adults' Heart Disease and Risk Factors study, which included 3,450 patients and collected data until 2006/07.The Turkish Real Life Atrial Fibrillation in Clinical Practice (TRAFFIC) study is planned to present current prevalence data, reveal the reflection of new treatment and risk approaches in our country, and develop new prediction models in terms of outcomes. Methods:The TRAFFIC study is a national, prospective, multicenter, observational registry.The study aims to collect data from at least 1900 patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation, with the participation of 40 centers from Türkiye.The following data will be collected from patients: baseline demographic characteristics, medical history, vital signs, symptoms of AF, ECG and echocardiographic findings, CHADS2-VASC2 and HAS-BLED (1-year risk of major bleeding) risk scores, interventional treatments, antithrombotic and antiarrhythmic medications, or other medications used by the patients.For patients who use warfarin, international normalized ratio levels will be monitored.Follow-up data will be collected at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months.Primary endpoints are defined as systemic embolism or major safety endpoints (major bleeding, clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding, and minor bleeding as defined by the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis).The main secondary endpoints include major adverse cardiovascular events (systemic embolism, myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular death), all-cause mortality, and hospitalizations due to all causes or specific reasons. Results:The results of the 12-month follow-up of the study are planned to be shared by the end of 2023. Conclusion:The TRAFFIC study will reveal the prevalence and incidence, demographic characteristics, and risk profiles of AF patients in Türkiye.Additionally, it will provide insights into how current treatments are reflected in this population.Furthermore, risk prediction modeling and risk scoring can be conducted for patients with AF.

This review discusses the pivotal role of microcirculation in maintaining tissue oxygenation and waste removal and highlights its significance in various pathological conditions. It delves into the cellular mechanisms underlying hemodynamic coherence, elucidating the roles of the endothelium, glycocalyx, and erythrocytes in sustaining microcirculatory integrity. Furthermore, the review gives comprehensive information about microcirculatory changes observed in cardiac surgery, sepsis, shock, and COVID-19 disease. Through comprehensive exploration, the review underscores the intricate relationship between microcirculation, disease states, and clinical outcomes, emphasizing the importance of understanding and monitoring microvascular dynamics in critical care settings.

PurposeThe incidence of cardiovascular events is high in diabetic patients. In diabetic patients, the levels of inflammatory parameters in the circulation are increased, which is associated with poor outcome. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the systemic immune inflammatory index (SII), which is a sensitive indicator of the inflammatory response, and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis in diabetic patients.Materials and MethodsDiabetic patients who underwent coronary computed tomography for chest pain were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups according to their median systemic immune inflammatory index values, and the predictors of SII elevation were investigated.ResultsA total 210 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 52.6 +/- 9.3 and 44.3% were male. In univariate analysis, HDL, triglyceride, lesion severity, and CAR were associated with high SII. In the regression analysis, lesion severity and lower HDL levels were determined as predictor of high SII.ConclusionInflammation plays an important role in the development of coronary atherosclerosis. Diabetic patients with elevated SII levels may require further investigation for significant atherosclerosis. Patient flow diagram. Enrollment and patients with available serum samples. Coronary CT is frequently used in the diagnosis and staging of coronary artery disease. The validation of coronary CT-based classifications and their relationship with other surrogate markers are not clear. In our study, we detected a close relationship between inflammation and coronary artery disease through coronary CT-based classification, which is quite interesting. image

Aim: Kidney damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion (IR) is a serious clinical problem. Many studies have emphasized the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Curcumin. Material and Methods: Wistar-Albino male rats were divided into three groups. The sham group was the group in which only laparotomy was performed, the IR group was the group in which the infrarenal aorta was clamped after laparotomy and ischemia-reperfusion was created, and the IR+ curcumin group was the group in which intraperitoneal curcumin was given 1 hour before the procedure and the same procedures were repeated with the IR group. After creating the IR, blood and kidney tissue were taken from the rats and biochemical and histopathological examinations were performed. Results: Potassium (p=0.005), urea (p=0.050), and blood urea nitrogen (p=0.050) levels were higher in the IR+curcumin group. While total antioxidant status was found to be high in the IR+curcumin group (p=0.021), there was no difference in total oxidant status across the groups (p=0.069). Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were found to be higher in the IR group (p=0.014, p=0.022, respectively). Tumour necrosis factor-α was higher in the IR group than in other groups (p=0.020). Interferon-γ did not differ across groups (p=0.140). In the histopathological examination, the IR group had more damage to the glomerulus and tubular epithelial cells than the other groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: Curcumin, despite its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics, had no protective effect on renal functions in IR-induced kidney injury. It was found that it suppresses the inflammatory response and is effective in preserving renal tissue structure.

Objective: The laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) system is a method to evaluate microcirculation. The primary aim of our study is to evaluate the relationship between LSCI and perfusion markers in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Our second aim is to investigate the relationship between LSCI and extubation time in the intensive care unit. Patients and Methods: Fifteen patients aged 43-80 years who will undergo on-pump CABG were included in the prospective study. Mean arterial pressure (mmHg), heart rate (min-1), PO2 (mmHg), PCO2 (mmHg) and lactate (mmol/L) levels were measured preinduction, post-induction, 10th minute of the extracorporeal circulation, post-crossclamp, and post-operatively. At the same time points, LSCI values from the skin were measured and recorded. The intubation times of the patients were also recorded. Results: There was no significant change in systemic tissue perfusion markers (P>0.05). LSCI perfusion values decreased significantly from induction and remained low until the end of surgery (P

Background/aim: Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury to a part of the body can cause damage to distant organs such as the kidney and heart. This study investigated the protective effects of safranal against IR-induced renal injury. Materials and methods: Used in this study were 24 Wistar Albino male rats, which were divided into 3 equal and randomised groups. The sham group underwent laparotomy only. In the IR group, the infrarenal aorta was clamped for 1 h, and then reperfused for 2 h. In the IR-safranal group, safranal was administered 30 min before the procedure and IR injury was induced in the same way as in the IR group. After the procedure, blood and tissue samples were collected from the rats for biochemical and histopathological analyses. Antioxidant capacity and proinflammatory cytokine analyses were performed on the blood samples. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was performed to determine the number of cells undergoing apoptosis in the kidney tissue. Results: The estimated glomerular filtration rate, an indicator of renal function, was lower in the IR group (p1 = 0.024 vs. p3 = 0.041, respectively) compared to the other groups, while creatinine levels were higher in the IR group compared to the other groups (p1 = 0.032 vs. p2 = 0.044, respectively). The blood urea nitrogen level was higher in the IR group than in the other groups (p1 = 0.001vs p2 = 0.035, respectively). The total antioxidant and total oxidant status, indicating tissue oxidative stress, did not differ between groups (p = 0.914 vs. p = 0.184, respectively). Among the proinflammatory cytokines, the interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the IR group (p = 0.034 vs. p = 0.001, respectively), but the tumour necrosis factor-α (p = 0.19), and interferon-α (p = 0.311) levels did not differ between groups. Histopathological examination showed significantly less damage to glomerular and tubular cells in the IRsafranal group (p < 0.001). The number of TUNEL-positive cells was higher in the IR group compared to the other groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Safranal may have protective effects against kidney damage caused by distant ischemia-reperfusion injury.