On Earth, a plethora of 112, 56, and 28-rayed or pointed, linear or concentric artifacts are found; ampere's law of attraction pulling south polar plasma filaments together in two's and three's, with quasi-equilibria at 56 and 28, ending at 4, as recorded by mankind. These objects, Synchrotron Light Recordings (SLR's) possess the same concentric diameter ratios, range in size from centimeter petroglyphs to large carved granite disks (often thought as 'calendars'). On a larger scale, megaliths of a hundred meters diameter or more were constructed in the Mesolithic, or later, as they are concurrently. Other SLR's are 'Lines on the Landscape' traversing tens of kilometers of any terrain as if marked for digging by laser surveying instruments.

Synchrotron Light Recordings (SLR's) of the filaments in a high-current, auroral-like extraterrestrial Z-pinch were recorded on all continents during the Neolithic. Mostly carved on granite (petroglyphs), SLR's also provided the templates for megaliths, stupas and temples, large statues and circles from quarried stones weighing up to 200 tons. In this paper we report the discovery of some 5,000 surveyed sites worldwide where the common motif is that of the 56 filaments inflowing (electrons) to the Earth's southern pole. In addition to the rock art, the influence of the pattern is also reflected in sacred iconography from all cultures. From our survey of over 139 countries now including Lhailand, Cambodia, Mongolia, India, Chile, and Easter Island, we find that the artists view was ±1.5° true south, the direction of aurora synchrotron radiation seen above Antarctica.

At 27.8°N, 32.6°E, Ancient Egypt was well-positioned to observe synchrotron radiation light from Birkeland currents coming in and out of the polar regions as-well-as those directly overhead. Together with an advanced society capable of recording these events on basalt, diorite, and granite; hieroglyphics carved with molybdenum tools; and lapidary and metallurgy skills, provides us not only the morphology of the archeoplasma sky, but the colors as well. The trueness of antiquity recordings is replicated on a petaflop computer using a fully 3D PIC code and tens of millions of plasma particles. Not expected was the morphing of light-emitting plasma collisions, as interpreted by an observer in the culture. These are seen in the 56 (gaussian peak) ray current patterns flowing past Earth recorded on nearly all finely-carved statues of the Pharaohs (nemes headcloths and nekhbet wing wrappings) and number of feathers on the sacred birds carved on steles, interlaid gold coffins, and a plethora of artifacts.

Fine detail comparisons of experimental and high fidelity computer simulations of MHD Z-pinch column instabilities; show that these configurations were carved by mankind on rock in antiquity. This recognition has led to a global survey of these objects in 139 countries, from 70degN to 48degS. In all cases, after a survey of fields of several million petroglyphs, the field-of-view (FOV) alignment is found to be within 1deg of true south. A complete survey of the rock art on Easter Island, especially from caves in the vast braided lava tube system validated an earlier study: that the artists had a narrow field-of-view of synchrotron light within half-a- degree of true south and an inclination between 22-31 degrees above the horizon.

The identification of prehistoric petroglyphs as artists recordings of MHD Z-pinch column instabilities has led to a global survey of these in 139 countries, from 70??N to 48??S. In all cases, after a survey of fields of several million glyphs, the field-of-view (FOV) alignment is found to be within 1?? of true south. This accuracy was determined from south-viewing caves in the Arnold Lave Tube system in Oregon and California, caves along 300 km of the Orinoco River in Venezuela, and the braided lava tube caves of Easter Island. Each unmoved petroglyph is treated as a pixel containing GPS position, survey transit FOV, and angle of inclination. GIS techniques on a 1-petaflop computer allow the reconstruction of a virtual image of the multi-gigaampere aurora. The reconstructed image shows one plasma column into the true South Pole at Antarctica. As the very intense solar storm appears sporadic, and its duration is very long compared to milder storms, it is not known if it was periodic, that is, if a north column once existed and evidence eroded due to time. Corroborating these results were witnesses of the polar storm of 1859 who reported 'figures in the sky as if drawn with fire on a black background'. Unexpected were the 2008 observations of the THEMIS spacecraft whose discoveries were contrary to long standing views of how and when solar plasma enters the Earth's magnetosphere. A northward IMF orientation was found to allow 20 times more solar wind plasma to penetrate the magnetosphere when the sun's magnetic field is aligned with that of the Earth.

On January 14, 2008 the NASA space probe Messenger came within 200-km of Mercury, photographing a plasma focus discharge penumbra etched into the surface. The pattern recorded is identical to that etched on steel plates in experimental discharges: 112-rays from a discharge channel terminating at and producing a thick torus, here 40 km wide. The rays emanate from the 2-3 GA termination as shown in the bottom figure, the etched lines differing from radial overlay lines only by surface conductivity irregularities. Previously, we reported the observation of a surface-traveling, infrared-radiating, plasma focus penumbra on the Jovian satellite Io whose effluent concentrated into filaments whose terminus was a narrow, well-defined, concentric annulus

The survey of overlaying granite boulders along 300 km of the Orinoco River: caves with views in all directions is reported. From the data found, the artist view was plusmn5deg polar south, the direction of aurora synchrotron radiation seen above Antarctica.

A past intense solar outburst and its effect on Earth was proposed by Gold (1962 Pontificiae Acad. Sci. Scr. Varia 25 159) who, along with others, based his hypotheses on strong astronomical and geophysical evidence. The discovery that objects from the Neolithic or Early Bronze Age carry patterns associated with high-current Z-pinches, as would result from an intense plasma impinging Earth, provides a possible insight into the origin and meaning of these ancient symbols produced by humans. Peratt (2003 Trans. Plasma Sci. 31 1192) dealt with the comparison of graphical and radiation data from high-current Z-pinches to petroglyphs, geoglyphs and megaliths. Peratt (2007 Trans. Plasma Sci. 35 778) focused primarily, but not exclusively, on petroglyphs of some 84 different morphologies; pictures found in laboratory experiments and carved on rock. These corresponded to mankind's visual observations of ancient aurora as might be produced if the solar wind had increased at times between one and two orders of magnitude, millennia ago (Gold 1962 Pontificiae Acad. Sci. Scr. Varia 25 159). In Peratt (2007 Trans. Plasma Sci. 35 778), the data were given on the source of light and its temporal change from a current-increasing Z-pinch or dense plasma focus aurora. Orientation and field-of-view data are given as surveyed and contributed from 139 countries, from sites and fields containing several millions of these objects, the latest data coming from a 300 km survey along the Orinoco river basin in Venezuela. In this paper, we include additional petroglyph figures derivable from experiment and computer. This information allows a reconstruction of the auroral form presumably associated with extreme geomagnetic storms and shows, based on existent geophysical evidence, relativistic electron flow inward at Earth's south polar axis and hypervelocity proton impacts around the north polar axis.

Summary form only given. The GPS locations and survey field-of view data of some four million rock carvings at petroglyph sites world-wide is allowing the visual reconstruction of a sub-gigaampere auroral Z-pinch column whose plasma flow was bent inward towards the south polar axis, subsequently flowing around the Earth. This data is analyzed by means of two and three dimensional satellite and aerial orthophotography with side looking radar sets allowing near ground level to vertical inspection of all-terrain views from each site. It is found that petroglyphs, shown to be depictions of synchrotron light from MHD instabilities, possess southerly preferred orientations and right-ascension-declination information. The computer model of the reconstructed Z-pinch, via high-speed, high-fidelity three-dimensional PIC simulations, add new petroglyph comparisons as shown by oblique views of the incoming Z-pinch. The reconstruction figure shows the incoming 56 current sheath with two pinches (egg-shaped plasmoids) approximately 300,000 km from Earth. Closer in, the 56 currents have merged to 28. Two 'bonnet' petroglyphs from the plethora of such at the Columbia River Gorge, found at the same locations as the 'Stonehenge' variety petroglyphs are also shown

Summary form only given. A direct correlation of several tens of morphologies of Z-pinch instabilities to archaic petroglyphs, thought to date to 5000-4000 BCE, has been made. The accuracy of the petroglyphs in depicting MHD instabilities suggests the influx to Earth of intense plasma visible as highly collimated synchrotron light from sub-gigaampere currents. Here we analyze an ancient Mixtec ceremonial shield or chimalli from a cave in Acatlan, Mexico, in terms of intense auroral sheath structure. The chimalli is a 30 cm wooden shield of concentric circles and inner pattern. The outer centric contains 28 holes adjacent to a ring of 56 pairs (112) of polished turquoise stones. For comparison, some hundreds of petroglyphs found on all continents having 56 outer dots or rays and concentric circles provide a universal comparison template. Thin multi-megaampere plasma sheaths show 56 current filaments, depicting 56 adjacent pairs. Fast 3D PIC simulations of the interacting currents show a rapidly evolving complex center subject to cultural interpretation, the most creative found between 15 and 25 deg, north, i.e., Mesoamerica and India

Summary form only given. The mapping of an auroral polar horn and Z-pinch column from an intense prehistoric solar outburst requires the surveying of petroglyphs world-wide. Here, we report preliminary results from GPS and inclination-off-horizon angle surveys from both the northern and southern hemispheres; tens of thousands of petroglyphs located in the regions of the Columbia River Gorge and South Australia. At 121degW, 45.6degN, the field of view is polar south with an intense synchrotron aperture demarcation (southerly object or terrain) of 23-28deg off horizon

Summary form only given. With precise petroglyph fields-of-view polar south from our loggings at Valcamonica, Italy (10degE, 46degN), the need is to augment our data sets of the North American and European continents (10degE-130degW, 30deg-56degN) with longitudes opposite and a range of latitudes. Preliminary data from South Korea and Thailand (M.A.V.S) are shown. Sites at Sugok-ri, Imdong-Myeon, Andong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Bangudae, San 234-1, Daegok-ri, Eonyang-eup, Ulsan, Ulju-gun, Stone, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Cheonjeon-ri, San 210, Cheonjeon-ri, Dudong-myeon, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, were surveyed. The results are preliminary and typical of the Sugok-ri site (129degE, 36.6degN) south channel

Summary form only given. A direct correlation of some dozens of morphologies of Z-pinch instabilities to archaic petroglyphs, thought to date to 3000-2000 BPE, has been made. The accuracy of the petroglyphs in depicting MHD instabilities suggests the influx to Earth of intense plasma, visible as highly collimated synchrotron light from sub-gigampere currents. Data obtained by GPS logging the locations of archaic petroglyphs throughout the American Southwest, Valcamonica Italy, Northern South American, Australia, and Chile indicates that the plasma influx was into the Earth's southern magnetic pole. In all cases the petroglyphs have a southern field-of-view (FOV) component. The southern horizon inclination angles of the carvings are nearly zero degrees at 50 degrees latitude north increasing to a maximum of about forty degrees inclination at latitude 31 degrees south. At mid and southerly latitudes, knife-edge apertures consisting of the slope of a canyon wall or rocks meters away to mountain ranges tens of kilometers to the south were used for light shielding. At high northerly latitudes, the Earth's curvature served this purpose. Estimates of the luminosity of the synchrotron radiation are made

Summary form only given. In the first presentation we reported an analysis of a GPS database of petroglyphs recorded in the western US and British Columbia. These results indicated that a plasma flowing into the Earth's south magnetic pole produced an intense aurora seen worldwide. In this paper we report the findings of logged petroglyphs in Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guyana and northern Brazil as well as some preliminary results from 93 countries. With decreasing longitude towards the Greenwich Meridian, petroglyphs appear to take on an increasingly easterly orientation. This swing from south to east can be tracked through the eastern US and the Caribbean Islands to the petroglyph sites shown below (dots), between 0 and 8 degrees north and 51 to 62 degrees west. The morphological types of petroglyphs oriented eastwards appear to belong to instabilities much further out in the inflowing plasma. This suggests that the plasma, at least intense enough to to be seen at dawn and/or dusk, curved in from the east to flow inwards along the Earth's southern magnetic pole.

Summary form only given. The radiation hydrodynamics of a 13-beam, 6 kilojoule, nanosecond laser pulse is modeled in a cylindrical hohlraum filled with CH foam having a density of tens of milligrams per cubic centimeter. The obliquely incident laser light produces a hard M-shell radiation field that impinges on and propagates through the foam. Simulations are compared to experiments performed on the Omega Laser Facility at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics. The temporal and spatial characteristics of the radiation wave as it evolves to Planckian in various foam densities are presented.

Summary form only given, as follows. Petroglyphs are images created on rock by means of carving or 'pecking' the outer surface to expose the surface underneath They are found on all continents except Antarctica. The purpose of this paper is an attempt to explain how in man's prehistory recordings of high-energy-density phenomena (some not experimentally recorded until the last few years) could have been carved on rock in an accurate, systematic and apparently temporally accurate fashion. Based on the compilation and analysis of the order of 50,000 digitally recorded petroglyphs, we have identified several dozen general categories of instabilities whose morphology is that of a highly nonlinear pinched plasma column generally associated with multi-mega-ampere Z-pinch experiments. We shall present the direct comparison of the temporal evolution of experimental instabilities with petroglyphs, indicating that nearly all archaic carvings match the phenomena that ought be produced in an intense and long-lasting aurora.

Summary form only given, as follows. With the availability of 80-125 MHz microprocessors, the methodology developed for the simulation of problems in pulsed power and plasma physics on modern day 'supercomputers' is now amenable to application on a wide range of platforms including laptops and workstations. These tools vastly reduce the tasks of laying out complicated conducting and dielectric boundaries and regions, placing diagnostic probes, designating wave launching and particle emitting surfaces, and specifying temporal and spatial properties of externally applied potentials and magnetic fields, respectively. This paper reports on the adaptation of IVORY, a three-dimensional, fully-electromagnetic, particle-in-cell simulation code, to this platform independent CAD environment. The primary purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how rapidly a pulsed power/plasma problem can be scoped out by an experimenter on a dedicated workstation. This involves the point and click drafting of the simulation setup, the real time execution of the simulation, and pull-down menus for the display of particles and fields; time-history data such as energies, fluxes, currents, and voltages; and Rogowski, Faraday cup, and calorimeter measurements. Demonstrations include a magnetically insulated transmission line, power flow in a graded insulator stack, a relativistic klystron oscillator, and the dynamics of a coaxial thruster for space applications. Comparisons of runs on Cray, HP700 and Power Macintosh machines suggest that solutions to many problems can be explored and optimized on workstations before they are brought to fine detail analysis on large scale machines.

Summary form only given. A problem arousing international concern is the long-term storage and disposal of radioactive wastes. Solving this problem is particularly important because of the dangers of improper storage, both for the present and the future. It is essential that radioactive waste be stored in a compact and stable form. Plasma torch technology provides a possible solution for radioactive material storage. During the past decade, plasma torches have been developed that produce temperatures as high as 25,000/spl deg/F. At these temperatures any substance is vitrified, i.e., reduced in volume and transformed into a glassy obsedian whose leachability is many times less than bottle glass, that can be safely contained and placed in long-term storage. High temperature plasma torches, the hottest members belonging to the family of plasma are heaters, are efficient devices for reducing matter to its constituent elements but also the most complex in theory and operation. Characterization of the high energy density plasma instability that produces the intense heat, ranges from MHD computer modeling to stimulated Raman scattering by laser diagnostics. This paper describes the history of the plasma torch and the possible use of a 1-megawatt reverse polarity torch in a low-level radioactive waste testbed. Issues such as torch diagnostics, control, and the monitoring of radioactive gaseous, aqueous, solid, and plasma effluent streams are discussed.

Highlights are presented from among the many contributions made by Oscar Buneman to the science, engineering, and mathematics communities. Emphasis is placed not only on "what" this pioneer of computational plasma physics contributed but, of equal importance, on "how" he made his contributions. Therein lies the difference between technical competence and scientific greatness. The picture which emerges illustrates the open-mindedness, enthusiasm, intellectual/physical stamina, imagination, intellectual integrity, interdisciplinary curiosity, and deep humanity that made this individual unique. As a gentleman and a scholar, he had mastered the art of making cold technical facts "come to life." Oscar Buneman died peacefully at his home near Stanford University on Sunday, January 24th, 1993. The profound influence he has had on so many of his colleagues guarantees his immortality.< >