G ASTROTOMY, a common veterinary surgery, requires effective closure to guarantee speedy recovery and minimal problems. Barbed and skin staplers are alternatives to polyglactin 910 sutures, which have been widely utilized. Skin staplers, standard hand-sewn polyglactin 910 sutures, and knotless self-anchoring barbed sutures were compared for dog gastrotomies. Thirty healthy adult mongrel dogs got gastrostomy procedures for an experimental comparison, separated into A, B, and C groups. The gastrostomy was closed with Meril Mirus Skin Stapler, 35 W, in group A. Polsyglactin 910 (Vicryle, Ethicon, 2/0) was used in group B, while absorbable barbed suture Ethicon was used in group C. Barbed sutures reduced inflammation and increased tissue regeneration, according to molecular studies that demonstrated stronger angiogenic factor production and fewer proinflammatory cytokines. The polyglactin 910 suture caused inflammation and epithelium regeneration problems. Skin staplers cause more wound inflammation than absorbable barbed but less than polyglactin 910. Absorbable barbed significantly accelerated stomach wound closure. All three groups receive safe stomach incision closure. No postoperative catastrophic complications or deaths were reported. In conclusion, barbed sutures are the fastest and safest way to close the stomach with speeding tissue regeneration.

Tendon calcification is a commonly associated with degenerative tendinopathy of the Achilles tendons in dogs. It is characterised by the formation of calcific deposits and is refractory to treatment, often re-forming after surgical removal. Little is known about its pathogenesis and therefore the aims of this study were to develop an in vitro model of canine tendon calcification and use this model to investigate mechanisms driving calcification. Cells from the canine Achilles tendon were cultured with different calcifying media to establish which conditions were best able to induce specific, cell-mediated calcification. Once optimum calcification conditions had been established, the effect of ATP treatment on calcification was assessed. Results revealed that 2 mM di-sodium phosphate combined with 2 mM calcium chloride provided the optimum calcifying conditions, increasing calcium deposition and expression of osteogenic-related genes similar to those observed in tendon calcification in vivo. ATP treatment inhibited calcification in a dose-dependent manner, reducing calcium deposition and increasing cell viability, while osteogenic-related genes were no longer upregulated. In conclusion, the in vitro model of canine tendon calcification developed in this study provides the ability to study mechanisms driving tendon calcification, demonstrating that ATP plays a role in modulating tendon calcification that should be explored further in future studies.

Food safety is an emerging global issue that impacts world trade and human health. Bacillus cereus is among the most significant global foods borne pathogens. 50 total random samples of karish cheese were obtained from a variety of food markets in Governorate of El-Menoufia. They were investigated bacteriologically in order to isolate, B. cereus species. According to the bacteriological analysis, 70% of the tested samples of karish cheese contained B. cereus species. The B. cereus isolates were resistance to Amoxicillin, Penicillin, and Amoxicillin Clavulanic acid. Contrarily, they were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline and Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole.

There is a paucity of information regarding the frequency and risk factors associated with the occurrence of an abdominal hernia in different equine species especially donkeys, and mules. In addition, the effectiveness of using polypropylene mesh for the surgical management of abdominal hernia in donkeys and mules is still unknown. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of using polypropylene mesh for the surgical treatment of abdominal hernia in horses, donkeys, and mules and to address the occurrence and risk factors associated with an abdominal hernia in the selected animal species. Based on clinical and ultrasound proof of abdominal hernia, 48 animals were included in the current study. A questionnaire was created to imply the assumed risk factors associated with occurence and clinical findings of abdominal hernia. Hernioplasty using polypropylene mesh was used for the surgical treatment. The abdominal hernia was prevalent (P < .05) in foals followed by adult horses, donkeys, and mules (25, 15, 6, and 2), respectively. Ages from 3 to 5 years exhibited more abdominal hernias in donkeys, mules, and horses (12.5%, 4.2%, and 31.3%, P < .05), respectively. In all studied animals, females were more prevalent than males (70.8%, n = 34 vs. 29.2%, n = 14) respectively. The complication of abdominal wall hernia was positively affected by the time to repair admitted cases (P = .000). The majority of the animals (36 cases) recovered without complications, however, 10 cases had mild difficulties such as suture abscess, wound infection, serous fluid accumulation, and hematoma postsurgery. In addition, two cases of postoperative recurrence were documented. The results herein indicated that polypropylene mesh hernioplasty may be an alternative to the treatment of equine abdominal hernia. Recognizing the potential risk factors associated with an abdominal hernia in different equine species may be helpful to construct the best preventive measures.

The objective of the current study was to evaluate clinical findings and treatment outcomes following tube cystostomy as an emergent technique for urine diversion in urine retention in cats. A total of thirty cats (25 males and 5 females) were studied. All cats had a history of urine retention for one to three days at the time of its presentation at the clinic, underwent a minimally invasive surgical tube cystostomy. The catheter was placed in the bladder lumen and fixed to the skin with a stay suture. Surgery was performed with the cats in dorsal recumbency on the day of presentation. Affected male cats showed a significantly higher prevalence (25 vs. 5, P

Calves and buffalo calves are commonly presented to veterinary clinics with umbilical hernias. The purpose of this research was to compare two herniorrhaphy patterns for the repair of reducible umbilical hernias in calves and buffalo calves. Twenty-eight animals (16 calves, 12 buffalo calves) with reducible congenital umbilical hernia were included in this study. The size of hernial ring ranged from 6-15 cm. Out of the 28 hernias, 10 were treated by primary closure herniorrhaphy and 18 were treated by on-lay technique for fixation of polypropylene mesh that was placed overlaying the defect (opening) made by the hernia. The mesh is fixed to the fascia and hernial ring using PDS suture material. After 6 months of follow-up, hernia complications in primary closure were higher (30%) than in mesh-treated animals (5.5%). In Group A, Hernia recurred in three calves and one of them exhibit a prolapsed intestine with strangulation within one-month post-surgery. In calves treated with mesh herniorrhaphy, an outstanding healing rate (94.4%) was found, with minor complications including wound infection, hematoma formation and one calf recurrence. In conclusion, these results suggest that mesh herniorrhaphy is safer and better for correcting umbilical hernia in calves and buffalo calves than primary herniorrhaphy. .

The current study aimed to investigate the most common surgical conditions in the pharyngeal area of buffalos through their diagnosis and further surgical management.Ten buffalos were attempted with smooth, fluctuating, painless swelling at the upper part of the neck.Exploratory cyst puncture showed the presence of milky fluid, bloody fluid and yellow viscous fluid in 6, 2 and 2 cases, respectively.Ultrasonography and histopathological examinations were performed to confirm the diagnosis of branchial cysts.Surgical excision was a controversial procedure.Branchial cyst ultrasonography showed an anechoic, fluid-filled structure with a hyperechoic capsule.Numerous tiny hyperechoic fimbriae were found to travel easily inside the liquid when the mass was palpated instantaneously.These were interpreted as potential fibrin or septa tags.Histologically, the cyst was lined with a simple squamous keratinized epithelium that greatly imitates the tissues of the skin.The hairy structure showed keratinized papillary tissues.The cyst under the epithelial layer was lined with mucous glands mixed with a few serous forms.The connective tissue was abundant in both blood vessels and nerve fibers.Surgical intervention to the handle the branchial cyst was curative without recurrence in any of these animals.Additional, exploratory puncture and ultrasonography provide accurate diagnosis and preoperative preparation for branchial cyst care in buffalo.

Reproductive disorders in farm animals represent a great importance due to economic losses for breeder and country economy. The main cause of reproductive failure in cattle is infectious abortion. Brucella, Leptospira, Mycoplasma and Listeria are important zoonosis and leading to sever economic losses in animals around the world, especially in Mediterranean countries and Egypt. Since early detection is crucial in control and treatment, molecular techniques proved to be a more rapid, sensitive and specific diagnostic tool. The present study is aimed to detect these four important pathogens using multiplex- PCR. The multiplex PCR has been standardized by using 4-pairs of primers to amplify 31kDa gene encoding protein in Brucella spp., lig gene in pathogenic Leptospira, hlyA gene in Listeria monocytogenes and 16S rDNA in Mycoplasma spp. A total of 161 different clinical samples were used, an expected band at 223bp, 468p, 370 bp and 270bp were obtained from Brucella spp., pathogenic Leptospira, Listeria monocytogenes and Mycoplasma bovis, respectively. In conclusion, the results of this conventional m-PCR assay revealed that it can be a valuable tool for simultaneous, rapid, cost saving and reliable detection of these microbial agents causing bovine abortion.

Objective:The aim of the present study was to compare between 25% metronidazole gel and 25% metronidazole loaded nanoparticle gel formulation on healing of experimentally induced periodontal defects in dogs. Materials and Methods:Periodontal defects were induced by ligatures placement in 10 beagle dogs in both lower sites.The defects were randomly and equally allocated in a split-mouth design to either Metronidazole gel nanoparticles gel (25%) (Experimental site group I) or Metronidazole gel (25 %) (Control site group II) The animals were sacrificed with an overdose of anesthesia at 8 weeks and block sections of the defects were collected for histological and histometric analysis. Results:The results showed improved outcomes in terms of bone as well as new cementum and functionally oriented periodontal ligament formation.However, sites treated with metronidazole loaded nanoparticles (25%) gel formula (experimental group I) showed significantly greater regenerative potential of the attachment apparatus in terms of newly formed cementum and bone compared to conventional metronidazole gel treated group. Conclusion:This, in turn, proves that 25% metronidazole loaded nanoparticle gel is more efficient compared to conventional metronidazole gel in treatment of periodontal defects.

Decreased effectiveness of bones' adaptive response to mechanical loading contributes to age-related bone loss. In young mice, intermittent administration of parathyroid hormone (iPTH) at 20–80μg/kg/day interacts synergistically with artificially applied loading to increase bone mass. Here we report investigations on the effect of different doses and duration of iPTH treatment on mice whose osteogenic response to artificial loading is impaired by age. One group of aged, 19-month-old female C57BL/6 mice was given 0, 25, 50 or 100μg/kg/day iPTH for 4weeks. Histological and μCT analysis of their tibiae revealed potent iPTH dose-related increases in periosteally-enclosed area, cortical area and porosity with decreased cortical thickness. There was practically no effect on trabecular bone. Another group was given a submaximal dose of 50μg/kg/day iPTH or vehicle for 2 or 6weeks with loading of their right tibia three times per week for the final 2weeks. In the trabecular bone of these mice the loading-related increase in BV/TV was abrogated by iPTH primarily by reduction of the increase in trabecular number. In their cortical bone, iPTH treatment time-dependently increased cortical porosity. Loading partially reduced this effect. The osteogenic effects of iPTH and loading on periosteally-enclosed area and cortical area were additive but not synergistic. Thus in aged, unlike young mice, iPTH and loading appear to have separate effects. iPTH alone causes a marked increase in cortical porosity which loading reduces. Both iPTH and loading have positive effects on cortical periosteal bone formation but these are additive rather than synergistic.

Escherichia coli O157 is recognized as an important foodborne pathogen responsible for sporadic cases to serious outbreaks worldwide. The morbidity and mortality associated with several recent outbreaks due to STEC have highlighted the threat this organism possess to public health. Bacteriological examination of 671 samples collected from cattle, sheep, chickens, ducks, milk and water showed that 34.3% (230/671) were positive E. coli. Out of 230 isolates of positive E. coli, (16) isolate were identified by vitek2 system as E. coli O157 (6.9%) with high incidence in cattle samples (20%) then chicken and water samples (13.6%) and (12.5%) respectively. On the other hand, there were no isolates from ducks samples for E. coli O157 and with low percent (7.8%) from raw milk samples and (1%) from sheep samples. The application of PCR for screening of virulence genes (sxt1, sxt2 and eaeA) in E. coli O157 isolates revealed that out of 16 isolates of E. coli O157 there were (9), (6) and (16) were positive for stx1, stx2 and eaeA, respectively. This study concluded that molecular identification by PCR for detection of E. coli O157 virulence genes is rapid, specific and accurate approach in studying the actual role of these genes in disease pathogenicity.

A modified in Situ Pinhole technique (MPH) for castration in the horse was evaluated in a clinical trial. Plasma testosterone concentrations after challenge with human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and histopathological changes of the testicular tissue were also assessed. Five stallions, aged 12-14 years, were castrated using MPH technique under general anaesthesia. The spermatic cords were double clamped and ligated. Both testes were left in situ. Testosterone concentrations were measured before, 2 months after castration, and immediately 1h and 24h after injection of 10,000 IU of hCG. Both testes from each castrate were collected at 2 months for histopathologic examination. MPH castration was successfully achieved. Moderated scrotal and preputial swelling was the only experienced short term complication. Testosterone concentrations were significantly lower than basal pre-operative levels at 2 months after castration, and did not respond to hCG. On histopathology, hyalinization of the seminiferous tubules and loss of testicular interstitial tissue were indicative of complete avascular necrosis. This modified primary closure castration technique of stallion is a simple practical method, with minimal postoperative complications; and could be safely advocated as an alternative to the traditional castration techniques allowing for second intention healing of scrotal wounds.

Numerous topical wound medicants are available today. Very few of these products have been tested in horses. Due to the unique nature of wound healing in the distal limbs of horses (carpus, tarsus and distad), many of these medicants seen in different animals but not been reproduced in equine limb wounds. The present investigation aimed to determine if application of Moist exposed Burn ointment (MEBO) dressing would improve measures of wound healing compared with a non‐adherent, semi-occlusive dressing applied to wounds created on the distal aspect of the equine limb. The study was performed on five clinically healthy non castrated horses weighing, 380–500 kg and aged from 14 -–17 years. A 6.25 cm2 wound was created on the dorsomedial aspect of the proximal metacarpus on each forelimb. A MEBO dressing was applied to one limb as a treatment and a non‐adherent, semi-occlusive dressing was applied to the contralateral limb as a control. Bandages were changed every 3 days for 39 days. Granulation tissue was scored and wound area measured every 3 days. The result of this study revealed that MEBO treatment accelerated wound healing in each horse and complete closure was achieved on average 9.4 ± 1.7 days sooner than in control wounds (p < 0.01). In addition, MEBO wound dressing did not increase granulation relative to control at any time point. It was concluded that MEBO wound dressing improved some measures of wound healing compared with the control dressing most significantly during the first 30 days. This suggests that MEBO wound dressing may be useful in the early management of wounds on the equine lower limb.

Burns is a global public health problem in the developed world and expensive burn dressings are not universally available. Most burns patients suffer from a deep second degree burn that can be treated conservatively. However, the ideal dressing for the burn wound has not been identified. This study is performed in animal experiment to compare the healing of deep second degree burns treated with silver sulfadiazine (SSD) and a Mixture of Honey, Beeswax and olive oil (MHBO). A standard deep second-degree burn wound was produced, in five dogs, each dog has three groups; MHBO, SSD 1% cream and control group (no topical therapy at all). The efficacy of treatment was assessed based on the healing percentage of the wound, time to complete wound healing and the degree of inflammation and exudation. Wound contraction was higher in MHBO group than both SSD and the control group. It was significantly higher in MHBO group than the control group on days 18, 21, 24 and 27 while significantly higher than the SSD group on days 21 and 24. The mean times for wound complete closure were 21.9±2.23 and 24.7±2.39 days for MHBO and SSD, respectively, being significantly shorter for MHBO. Clinically, inflammatory reaction and exudation were less in MHBO group than the SSD group and control group. Using topical MHBO will accelerate the burn wound healing process in comparison with both the control and SSD groups and can be used as an adjunctive or alternative agent in the future.

The purposes of this study were to report the types, causes, and clinical findings of esophageal obstructions in water buffaloes and to verify the role of radiography in diagnosis as well as the evaluation of the proposed treatment management and outcome after treatment. Forty-four buffaloes with esophageal obstruction were used in the study. Esophageal obstruction was significantly more frequent in females than males. Buffaloes at 1-3 years of age were significantly more liable to the disease than those of other ages. Complete obstruction was more frequent than partial obstruction. Intraluminal obstruction was more prevalent than extraluminal. Obstruction at the cervical portion was more frequent than those at pharyngeal region and cardia. Radiography was confirmative in 41 buffaloes (93%). Manipulative treatment was successful in 6 buffaloes (13%) and surgical intervention for cervical esophageal obstructions was carried out by exposure of the cervical esophagus (n = 3), cervical esophagatomy (n = 25), or surgical correction of periesophageal cellulitis (n = 2), while surgical treatment of thoracic esophageal obstruction was carried out via laparorumenotomy (n = 8). In conclusion, early diagnosis, proper application of manipulative or surgical interventions, and postoperative follow-up are the fundamental factors for successful outcomes of esophageal obstruction in water buffaloes.

Of the 1,328 genes revealed by microarray to be differentially regulated by disuse, or at 8 h following a single short period of osteogenic loading of the mouse tibia, analysis by predicting associated transcription factors from annotated affinities revealed the transcription factor EGR2/Krox-20 as being more closely associated with more pathways and functions than any other. Real time quantitative PCR confirmed up-regulation of Egr2 mRNA expression by loading of the tibia in vivo. In vitro studies where strain was applied to primary cultures of mouse tibia-derived osteoblastic cells and the osteoblast UMR106 cell line also showed up-regulation of Egr2 mRNA expression. In UMR106 cells, inhibition of β1/β3 integrin function had no effect on strain-related Egr2 expression, but it was inhibited by a COX2-selective antagonist and imitated by exogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). This response to PGE(2) was mediated chiefly through the EP1 receptor and involved stimulation of PKC and attenuation by cAMP/PKA. Neither activators nor inhibitors of nitric oxide, estrogen signaling, or LiCl had any effect on Egr2 mRNA expression, but it was increased by both insulin-like growth factor-1 and high, but not low, dose parathyroid hormone and exogenous Wnt-3a. The increases by strain, PGE2, Wnt-3a, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate were attenuated by inhibition of MEK-1. EGR2 appears to be involved in many of the signaling pathways that constitute early responses of bone cells to strain. These pathways all have multiple functions. Converting their strain-related responses into coherent "instructions" for adaptive (re)modeling is likely to depend upon their contextual activation, suppression, and interaction probably on more than one occasion.

Of the 1,328 genes revealed by microarray to be differentially regulated by disuse, or at 8 hours following a single short period of osteogenic loading of the mouse tibia, analysis by PASTAA (Predicting Associated Transcription Factors from Annotated Affinities) revealed the transcription factor EGR2/Krox-20 as being more closely associated with more pathways and functions than any other. Real time quantitative PCR confirmed up-regulation of Egr2 mRNA expression by loading of the tibia in vivo and in vitro by strain in primary cultures of mouse tibia-derived osteoblastic cells and the osteoblast UMR106 cell line. In UMR106 cells, inhibition of 1/ 3 integrin function had no effect on strain-related Egr2 expression but it was inhibited by a COX2 selective antagonist and imitated by exogenous PGE2. This response to PGE2 was mediated chiefly through the EP1 receptor and involved stimulation of PKC and attenuation by cAMP/PKA. Neither activators nor inhibitors of nitric oxide, estrogen signalling, or LiCl had any effect on Egr2 mRNA expression but it was increased by both IGF-1 and high, but not low, dose PTH and exogenous Wnt-3a. The increases by PGE2, Wnt-3a and PMA were attenuated by inhibition of MEK-1. EGR2 appears to be involved in many of the signalling pathways which constitute bone cells’ early responses to strain. These pathways all have multiple functions. Converting their strain-related responses into coherent “instructions” for adaptive (re)modelling is likely to depend upon their contextual activation, suppression and interaction probably on more than one occasion.

Osteocyte sclerostin is regulated by loading and disuse in mouse tibiae but is more closely related to subsequent local osteogenesis than the peak strains engendered.The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between loading-related change in osteocyte sclerostin expression, local strain magnitude, and local bone modeling/remodeling.The right tibiae of 19-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were subjected to non-invasive, dynamic axial loading and/or to sciatic neurectomy-induced disuse. The sclerostin status of osteocytes was evaluated immunohistochemically, changes in bone mass by micro-computed tomography, new bone formation by histomorphometry, and loading-induced strain by strain gauges and finite element analysis.In cortical bone of the tibial shaft, loading engendered strains of similar peak magnitude proximally and distally. Proximally, sclerostin-positive osteocytes decreased and new bone formation increased. Distally, there was neither decrease in sclerostin-positive osteocytes nor increased osteogenesis. In trabecular bone of the proximal secondary spongiosa, loading decreased sclerostin-positive osteocytes and increased bone volume. Neither occurred in the primary spongiosa. Disuse increased sclerostin-positive osteocytes and decreased bone volume at all four sites. Loading reversed this sclerostin upregulation to a level below baseline in the proximal cortex and secondary spongiosa.Loading-related sclerostin downregulation in osteocytes of the mouse tibia is associated preferentially with regions where new bone formation is stimulated rather than where high peak strains are engendered. The mechanisms involved remain unclear, but could relate to peak surface strains not accurately reflecting the strain-related osteogenic stimulus or that sclerostin regulation occurs after sufficient signal processing to distinguish between local osteogenic and non-osteogenic responses.

Bones' functionally adaptive responses to mechanical loading can usefully be studied in the tibia by the application of loads between the knee and ankle in normal and genetically modified mice. Such loading also deforms the fibula. Our present study was designed to ascertain whether the fibula adapts to loading in a similar way to the tibia and could thus provide an additional bone in which to study functional adaptation. The right tibiae/fibulae in C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a single period of axial loading (40 cycles at 10 Hz with 10-second intervals between each cycle; approximately 7 min/day, 3 alternate days/week, 2 weeks). The left tibiae/fibulae were used as non-loaded, internal controls. Both left and right fibulae and tibiae were analyzed by micro-computed tomography at the levels of the mid-shaft of the fibula and 25% from its proximal and distal ends. We also investigated the effects of intermittent parathyroid hormone (iPTH) on the (re)modelling response to 2-weeks of loading and the effect of 2-consecutive days of loading on osteocytes' sclerostin expression. These in vivo experiments confirmed that the fibula showed similar loading-related (re)modelling responses to those previously documented in the tibia and similar synergistic increases in osteogenesis between loading and iPTH. The numbers of sclerostin-positive osteocytes at the proximal and middle fibulae were markedly decreased by loading. Collectively, these data suggest that the mouse fibula, as well as the tibia and ulna, is a useful bone in which to assess bone cells' early responses to mechanical loading and the adaptive (re)modelling that this engenders.