The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is a detector array comprised by 988 5  cm×5  cm×5  cm TeO_{2} crystals held below 20 mK, primarily searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay in ^{130}Te. Unprecedented in size among cryogenic calorimetric experiments, CUORE provides a promising setting for the study of exotic throughgoing particles. Using the first tonne year of CUORE's exposure, we perform a search for hypothesized fractionally charged particles (FCPs), which are well-motivated by various standard model extensions and would have suppressed interactions with matter. Across the searched range of charges e/24-e/2 no excess of FCP candidate tracks is observed over background, setting leading limits on the underground FCP flux with charges e/24-e/5 at 90% confidence level. Using the low background environment and segmented geometry of CUORE, we establish the sensitivity of tonne-scale subkelvin detectors to diverse signatures of new physics.

We present the model we developed to reconstruct the CUORE radioactive background based on the analysis of an experimental exposure of 1038.4 kg yr. The data reconstruction relies on a simultaneous Bayesian fit applied to energy spectra over a broad energy range. The high granularity of the CUORE detector, together with the large exposure and extended stable operations, allow for an in-depth exploration of both spatial and time dependence of backgrounds. We achieve high sensitivity to both bulk and surface activities of the materials of the setup, detecting levels as low as 10 nBq kg^-1 and 0.1 nBq cm^-2, respectively. We compare the contamination levels we extract from the background model with prior radio-assay data, which informs future background risk mitigation strategies. The results of this background model play a crucial role in constructing the background budget for the CUPID experiment as it will exploit the same CUORE infrastructure.

In this contribution we present the achievements of the CUORE experiment so far. It is the first tonne-scale bolometric detector and it is in stable data taking since 2018. We reached to collect about 1800 kgxyr of exposure of which more than 1 tonxyear have been analysed. The CUORE detector is meant to search for the neutrinoless double 0 decay (0v00) of the 130Te isotope. This is a beyond Standard Model process which could establish the nature of the neutrino to be Dirac or a Majorana particle. It is an alternative mode of the two-neutrinos double 0 decay, a rare decay which have been precisely measured by CUORE in the 130Te. We found no evidence of the 0v 00 and we set a Bayesian lower limit of 2.2 x1025yr on its half-life. The expertise achieved by CUORE set a milestone for any future bolometric detector, including CUPID, which is the planned next generation experiment searching for 0v0 0 with scintillating bolometers.

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.171801.

The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso of INFN in Italy is an experiment searching for neutrinoless double beta (0νββ) decay. Its main goal is to investigate this decay in ^{130}Te, but its ton-scale mass and low background make CUORE sensitive to other rare processes as well. In this Letter, we present our first results on the search for 0νββ decay of ^{128}Te, the Te isotope with the second highest natural isotopic abundance. We find no evidence for this decay, and using a Bayesian analysis we set a lower limit on the ^{128}Te 0νββ decay half-life of T_{1/2}>3.6×10^{24}  yr (90% CI). This represents the most stringent limit on the half-life of this isotope, improving by over a factor of 30 the previous direct search results, and exceeding those from geochemical experiments for the first time.

The past few decades have seen major developments in the design and operation of cryogenic particle detectors. This technology offers an extremely good energy resolution, comparable to semiconductor detectors, and a wide choice of target materials, making low temperature calorimetric detectors ideal for a variety of particle physics applications. Rare event searches have continued to require ever greater exposures, which has driven them to ever larger cryogenic detectors, with the CUORE experiment being the first to reach a tonne-scale, mK-cooled, experimental mass. CUORE, designed to search for neutrinoless double beta decay, has been operational since 2017 at a temperature of about 10 mK. This result has been attained by the use of an unprecedentedly large cryogenic infrastructure called the CUORE cryostat: conceived, designed and commissioned for this purpose. In this article the main characteristics and features of the cryogenic facility developed for the CUORE experiment are highlighted. A brief introduction of the evolution of the field and of the past cryogenic facilities are given. The motivation behind the design and development of the CUORE cryogenic facility is detailed as are the steps taken toward realization, commissioning, and operation of the CUORE cryostat. The major challenges overcome by the collaboration and the solutions implemented throughout the building of the cryogenic facility will be discussed along with the potential improvements for future facilities. The success of CUORE has opened the door to a new generation of large-scale cryogenic facilities in numerous fields of science. Broader implications of the incredible feat achieved by the CUORE collaboration on the future cryogenic facilities in various fields ranging from neutrino and dark matter experiments to quantum computing will be examined.

The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is a large-scale cryogenic experiment searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay (0 nu beta beta) in Te-130. The CUORE detector is made of natural tellurium, providing the possibility of rare event searches on isotopes other than Te-130. In this work we describe a search for neutrinoless positron-emitting electron capture (beta+EC) decay in Te-120 with a total TeO2 exposure of 355.7 kg yr, corresponding to 0.2405 kg yr of Te-120. Albeit 0 nu beta beta with two final-state electrons represents the most promising channel, the emission of a positron and two 511-keV gamma's make 0 nu beta+EC decay signature extremely clear. To fully exploit the potential offered by the detector modularity we include events with different topology and perform a simultaneous fit of five selected signal signatures. Using blinded data we extract a median exclusion sensitivity of 3.4 x 10(22) yr at 90% credibility interval (C.I.). After unblinding we find no evidence of 0 nu beta+EC signal and set a 90% C.I. Bayesian lower limit of 2.9 x 10(22) yr on Te-120 half-life. This result improves by an order of magnitude the existing limit from the combined analysis of CUORE-0 and Cuoricino.

The CUORE experiment is a ton-scale array of $$\hbox {TeO}_2$$ cryogenic bolometers located at the underground Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso of Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), in Italy. The CUORE detector consists of 988 crystals operated as source and detector at a base temperature of $$\sim 10$$ mK. Such cryogenic temperature is reached and maintained by means of a custom built cryogen-free dilution cryostat, designed with the aim of minimizing the vibrational noise and the environmental radioactivity. The primary goal of CUORE is the search for neutrinoless double beta decay of $$^{130}\hbox {Te}$$ , but thanks to its large target mass and ultra-low background it is suitable for the study of other rare processes as well, such as the neutrinoless double beta decay of $$^{128}\hbox {Te}$$ . This tellurium isotope is an attractive candidate for the search of this process, due to its high natural isotopic abundance of 31.75%. The transition energy at (866.7 ± 0.7) keV lies in a highly populated region of the energy spectrum, dominated by the contribution of the two-neutrino double beta decay of $$^{130}\hbox {Te}$$ . As the first ton-scale infrastructure operating cryogenic $$\hbox {TeO}_2$$ bolometers in stable conditions, CUORE is able to achieve a factor $$>10$$ higher sensitivity to the neutrinoless double beta decay of this isotope with respect to past direct experiments.

The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is the most sensitive experiment searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay (0νββ) in 130Te. CUORE uses a cryogenic array of 988 TeO2 calorimeters operated at ∼10 mK with a total mass of 741 kg. To further increase the sensitivity, the detector response must be well understood. Here, we present a non-linear thermal model for the CUORE experiment on a detector-by-detector basis. We have examined both equilibrium and dynamic electro-thermal models of detectors by numerically fitting non-linear differential equations to the detector data of a subset of CUORE channels which are well characterized and representative of all channels. We demonstrate that the hot-electron effect and electric-field dependence of resistance in NTD-Ge thermistors alone are inadequate to describe our detectors' energy-dependent pulse shapes. We introduce an empirical second-order correction factor in the exponential temperature dependence of the thermistor, which produces excellent agreement with energy-dependent pulse shape data up to 6 MeV. We also present a noise analysis using the fitted thermal parameters and show that the intrinsic thermal noise is negligible compared to the observed noise for our detectors.

The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is a tonne-scale cryogenic experiment located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso that exploits bolometric technique to search for neutrinoless double beta decay [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text]Te. The detector consists of a segmented array of 988 natural [Formula: see text] cubic crystals arranged in a cylindrical compact structure of 19 towers. The detector construction was completed in August 2016 and data taking started in Spring 2017. In this work, we present a brief description of the bolometric technique for rare events search and the CUORE detector, then we concentrate on the data analysis results. In this respect, we focus on the procedure for data processing and on the first [Formula: see text] results we obtained from a total [Formula: see text] exposure of [Formula: see text]. Next, we illustrate the main background sources and the CUORE background model, from which we obtain the most precise measurement of [Formula: see text]Te [Formula: see text] half-life to date. Finally, we discuss the improvements achieved with 2018 and 2019 detector optimization campaigns and the current perspectives of our experiment.

Abstract The CUORE experiment is a large bolometric array searching for the lepton number violating neutrino-less double beta decay ( $$0\nu \beta \beta $$ 0 ν β β ) in the isotope $$\mathrm {^{130}Te}$$ 130 Te . In this work we present the latest results on two searches for the double beta decay (DBD) of $$\mathrm {^{130}Te}$$ 130 Te to the first $$0^{+}_2$$ 0 2 + excited state of $$\mathrm {^{130}Xe}$$ 130 Xe : the $$0\nu \beta \beta $$ 0 ν β β decay and the Standard Model-allowed two-neutrinos double beta decay ( $$2\nu \beta \beta $$ 2 ν β β ). Both searches are based on a 372.5 kg $$\times $$ × yr TeO $$_2$$ 2 exposure. The de-excitation gamma rays emitted by the excited Xe nucleus in the final state yield a unique signature, which can be searched for with low background by studying coincident events in two or more bolometers. The closely packed arrangement of the CUORE crystals constitutes a significant advantage in this regard. The median limit setting sensitivities at 90% Credible Interval (C.I.) of the given searches were estimated as $$\mathrm {S^{0\nu }_{1/2} = 5.6 \times 10^{24} \, \mathrm {yr}}$$ S 1 / 2 0 ν = 5.6 × 10 24 yr for the $${0\nu \beta \beta }$$ 0 ν β β decay and $$\mathrm {S^{2\nu }_{1/2} = 2.1 \times 10^{24} \, \mathrm {yr}}$$ S 1 / 2 2 ν = 2.1 × 10 24 yr for the $${2\nu \beta \beta }$$ 2 ν β β decay. No significant evidence for either of the decay modes was observed and a Bayesian lower bound at $$90\%$$ 90 % C.I. on the decay half lives is obtained as: $$\mathrm {(T_{1/2})^{0\nu }_{0^+_2} > 5.9 \times 10^{24} \, \mathrm {yr}}$$ ( T 1 / 2 ) 0 2 + 0 ν > 5.9 × 10 24 yr for the $$0\nu \beta \beta $$ 0 ν β β mode and $$\mathrm {(T_{1/2})^{2\nu }_{0^+_2} > 1.3 \times 10^{24} \, \mathrm {yr}}$$ ( T 1 / 2 ) 0 2 + 2 ν > 1.3 × 10 24 yr for the $$2\nu \beta \beta $$ 2 ν β β mode. These represent the most stringent limits on the DBD of $$^{130}$$ 130 Te to excited states and improve by a factor $$\sim 5$$ ∼ 5 the previous results on this process.

A. Giachero, D. Q. Adams, C. Alduino, K. Alfonso, F. T. Avignone III, O. Azzolini, G. Bari, F. Bellini, 5 G. Benato, M. Biassoni, A. Branca, C. Brofferio, C. Bucci, J. Camilleri, 9 A. Caminata, A. Campani, L. Canonica, X. G. Cao, S. Capelli, L. Cappelli, L. Cardani, 5 P. Carniti, N. Casali, 5 D. Chiesa, N. Chott, M. Clemenza, S. Copello, C. Cosmelli, 5 O. Cremonesi, R. J. Creswick, A. D’Addabbo, I. Dafinei, 5 C. J. Davis, S. Dell’Oro, 9 S. Di Domizio, V. Dompè, D. Q. Fang, G. Fantini, 5 M. Faverzani, E. Ferri, F. Ferroni, 5 E. Fiorini, M. A. Franceschi, S. J. Freedman, , S.H. Fu, B. K. Fujikawa, L. Gironi, A. Giuliani, P. Gorla, C. Gotti, T. D. Gutierrez, K. Han, E. Hansen, K. M. Heeger, R. G. Huang, H. Z. Huang, J. Johnston, G. Keppel, Yu. G. Kolomensky, C. Ligi, Y. G. Ma, L. Ma, L. Marini, R. H. Maruyama, D. Mayer, Y. Mei, N. Moggi, S. Morganti, 5 T. Napolitano, M. Nastasi, J. Nikkel, C. Nones, E. B. Norman, A. Nucciotti, I. Nutini, T. O’Donnell, 9 J. L. Ouellet, S. Pagan, C. E. Pagliarone, L. Pagnanini, M. Pallavicini, L. Pattavina, M. Pavan, G. Pessina, V. Pettinacci, 5 C. Pira, S. Pirro, S. Pozzi, E. Previtali, A. Puiu, C. Rosenfeld, C. Rusconi, M. Sakai, S. Sangiorgio, B. Schmidt, N. D. Scielzo, V. Sharma, 9 V. Singh, M. Sisti, D. Speller, P.T. Surukuch, L. Taffarello, F. Terranova, C. Tomei, 5 K. Vetter, M. Vignati, 5 S. L. Wagaarachchi, B. S. Wang, B. Welliver, J. Wilson, K. Wilson, L. A. Winslow, S. Zimmermann and . Zucchelli Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA INFN – Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Legnaro (Padova) I-35020, Italy INFN – Sezione di Bologna, Bologna I-40127, Italy Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma I-00185, Italy 5 INFN – Sezione di Roma, Roma I-00185, Italy INFN – Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L’Aquila) I-67100, Italy INFN – Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Milano I-20126, Italy Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milano I-20126, Italy Center for Neutrino Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA : INFN – Sezione di Genova, Genova I-16146, Italy Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova I-16146, Italy

We measured two-neutrino double beta decay of ^{130}Te using an exposure of 300.7 kg yr accumulated with the CUORE detector. Using a Bayesian analysis to fit simulated spectra to experimental data, it was possible to disentangle all the major background sources and precisely measure the two-neutrino contribution. The half-life is in agreement with past measurements with a strongly reduced uncertainty: T_{1/2}^{2ν}=7.71_{-0.06}^{+0.08}(stat)_{-0.15}^{+0.12}(syst)×10^{20}  yr. This measurement is the most precise determination of the ^{130}Te 2νββ decay half-life to date.

D. Q. Adams, C. Alduino, K. Alfonso, F. T. Avignone III, O. Azzolini, G. Bari, F. Bellini, 6 G. Benato, M. Beretta, M. Biassoni, A. Branca, 9 C. Brofferio, 9 C. Bucci, ∗ J. Camilleri, A. Caminata, A. Campani, 12 L. Canonica, 7 X. G. Cao, S. Capelli, 9 L. Cappelli, 8, 16 L. Cardani, P. Carniti, 9 N. Casali, E. Celi, 7 D. Chiesa, 9 M. Clemenza, 9 S. Copello, 12 O. Cremonesi, R. J. Creswick, A. D’Addabbo, 7 I. Dafinei, S. Dell’Oro, 9 S. Di Domizio, 12 V. Dompè, 7 D. Q. Fang, G. Fantini, 6 M. Faverzani, 9 E. Ferri, 9 F. Ferroni, 6 E. Fiorini, 10 M. A. Franceschi, S. J. Freedman, 8, † S.H. Fu, B. K. Fujikawa, A. Giachero, 9 L. Gironi, 9 A. Giuliani, P. Gorla, C. Gotti, T. D. Gutierrez, K. Han, E. V. Hansen, K. M. Heeger, R. G. Huang, H. Z. Huang, J. Johnston, G. Keppel, Yu. G. Kolomensky, 16 C. Ligi, R. Liu, L. Ma, Y. G. Ma, L. Marini, 16, 7, 17 R. H. Maruyama, D. Mayer, Y. Mei, N. Moggi, 4 S. Morganti, T. Napolitano, M. Nastasi, 9 J. Nikkel, C. Nones, E. B. Norman, 26 A. Nucciotti, 9 I. Nutini, 9 T. O’Donnell, J. L. Ouellet, S. Pagan, C. E. Pagliarone, 27 L. Pagnanini, 7 M. Pallavicini, 12 L. Pattavina, M. Pavan, 9 G. Pessina, V. Pettinacci, C. Pira, S. Pirro, S. Pozzi, 9 E. Previtali, 9 A. Puiu, 7 C. Rosenfeld, C. Rusconi, 7 M. Sakai, S. Sangiorgio, B. Schmidt, N. D. Scielzo, V. Sharma, V. Singh, M. Sisti, D. Speller, P.T. Surukuchi, L. Taffarello, F. Terranova, 9 C. Tomei, K. J. Vetter, 16 M. Vignati, S. L. Wagaarachchi, 16 B. S. Wang, 26 B. Welliver, J. Wilson, K. Wilson, L. A. Winslow, S. Zimmermann, and S. Zucchelli 4

CUORE is a cryogenic experiment that focuses on the search of neutrinoless double beta decay in 130Te and it is located at the Gran Sasso National Laboratories. Its detector consists of 988 TeO2 crystals operating at a base temperature of ∼10 mK. It is the first ton-scale bolometric experiment ever realized for this purpose. Thanks to its large target mass and ultra-low background, the CUORE detector is also suitable for the search of other rare phenomena. In particular the low energy part of the spectra is interesting for the detection of WIMP-nuclei scattering reactions. One of the most important requirements to perform these studies is represented by the achievement of a stable energy threshold lower than 10 keV. Here, the CUORE capability to accomplish this purpose using a low energy software trigger will be presented and described.

CUORE is a tonne-scale cryogenic experiment located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso that exploits bolometric technique to search for neutrinoless double beta decay of $$^{130}{\hbox {Te}}$$ . Thanks to its very low background and large mass, CUORE is also a powerful tool to study a broad class of phenomena, such as solar axions and WIMP scattering. The ability to conduct such sensitive searches crucially depends on the energy threshold, which has to be kept as low as possible. In this contribution, we show how the trigger algorithm affects the sensitivity to low-energy phenomena and the interpretation of the energy spectrum. In particular, we focus on the impact that the trigger algorithm has on the identification of the coincidence events among different crystals and, consequently, on the reconstruction of the background.

The cryogenic underground observatory for rare events (CUORE) is a cryogenic experiment searching for neutrinoless double beta decay ($$0\nu \beta \beta$$) of $${^{130}\hbox {Te}}$$. The detector consists of an array of $$988\,{\hbox {TeO}_{2}}$$ crystals arranged in a compact cylindrical structure of 19 towers. We report the CUORE initial operations and optimization campaigns. We then present the CUORE results on $$0\nu \beta \beta$$ and $$2\nu \beta \beta$$ decay of $${^{130}\hbox {Te}}$$ obtained from the analysis of the physics data acquired in 2017.