По данным инструмента Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) на борту Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) о компонентах вектора магнитного поля в фотосфере Солнца для 46 активных областей (АО), находящихся на финальной стадии эволюции, вычислены величины горизонтального, вертикального и крупномасштабного электрического тока на уровне солнечной фотосферы. В каждом случае исследована динамика параметров электрического тока за время нахождения области в пределах ±35o от центрального меридиана. Параметры электрического тока сопоставлены со скоростью затухания магнитного потока в пятне. Получены следующие результаты: 1) Выявлена прямая зависимость между величиной средней беззнаковой плотности локальных вертикальных электрических токов и скоростью затухания магнитного потока в пятне с коэффициентом корреляции k = 0.56. 2) Ненулевой крупномасштабный электрический ток обнаружен только в областях с относительно низкой скоростью затухания магнитного потока в пятне (не превышающих значение 6.0 ·1019 Мкс ч-1). Таким образом, крупномасштабный электрический ток может оказывать стабилизирующее воздействие на пятно, не являясь, однако, единственным механизмом стабилизации пятен, поскольку только для 37% АО анализируемой выборки, для которых скорость затухания магнитного потока в пятне ниже 6.0 ·1019 Мкс ч-1, его величина, с учетом ошибок вычисления, является отличной от нуля. 3) Статистический анализ также указывает на стабилизацию солнечных пятен индукционной составляющей кольцевого горизонтального электрического тока, описываемой законом Фарадея и обусловленной изменением во времени магнитного потока пятна. Коэффициент корреляции между средней величиной квадрата плотности горизонтального тока в кольцевой структуре вокруг пятна и скоростью затухания магнитного потока k = 0.42.

This paper describes an ocean-bottom laser seismograph, based on the modified laser meter of hydrosphere pressure variations, and designed to record vertical bottom displacements at the place of its location. Its measuring accuracy is about 1 nm, limited by the stability of the laser emission, which can be improved by using more advanced lasers. The purpose of this instrument is to measure the displacements of the seabed's upper layer in the low-frequency sonic and infrasonic ranges. Theoretically, it can operate in the frequency range from 0 (conditionally) to 1000 Hz; the upper limit is determined by the operating speed of the digital registration system. We demonstrated the capabilities of the ocean-bottom laser seismograph while registering vertical bottom displacements caused by sea wind waves and lower frequency processes-seiches, i.e., eigenoscillations of the bay in which the instrument was installed. Comparison of experimental data of the bottom laser seismograph with the data of the laser hydrosphere pressure variations meter and the velocimeter-installed in close proximity-shows good efficiency of the instrument.

Data from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) instrument on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO) on the components of the magnetic field vector in the sun’s photosphere are obtained for 46 active regions (AR) in the final stage of evolution to calculate the magnitudes of the horizontal, vertical, and large-scale electric current at the solar photosphere level. In each case the dynamics of the parameters of the electric current over the time the regions are within ±35° from the central solar meridian was studied. The parameters of the electric current with the decay rate of the magnetic flux in a sunspot was compared. The following results are obtained: (1) a direct relationship between the value of the average unsigned density of the local vertical electric currents and the decay rate of the magnetic flux in a spot with a correlation coefficient of k = 0.56 was found. (2) A nonzero large-scale electric current only in ARs with a relatively low decay rate of the magnetic flux in a sunspot (not exceeding the value 6.0∙1019 Mx h-1) was detected. Thus, a large-scale electric current can have a stabilizing effect on a sunspot without being the only mechanism for stabilizing sunspots, since only for the 37% of the ARs in the analyzed sample for which decay rate of the magnetic flux in a sunspot was below 6.0∙1019 Mx h-1, its value, taking into account the computational errors is nonzero. (3) A statistical analysis also indicates stabilization of sunspots by the inductive component of the annular horizontal electrical current described by Faraday’s law and caused by a change in the magnetic flux of the sunspot over time. A correlation coefficient k = 0.42 between the average value of the horizontal electric current density square in the annular structure around the sunspot and the decay rate of the magnetic flux was found.

This article presents results on the development, creation, and application of a control system for long-base laser strain gauges intended for the study of geodynamic processes over a wide frequency range. The control system includes: a long base laser strain gauge employing test quadrature signals based on an unequal-arm Michelson laser interferometer, a recording apparatus, and a device for data collection and storage. A geophysical laser-interference complex is described which serves as a basis for constructing interregional spatially separated measurement systems. The efficiency of laser-interference measurement devices based on a Michelson interferometer is demonstrated in accounting for the influence of external factors during geophysical measurements employing laser strain gauges. A strain-gauge recording system based on a Michelson interferometer is described which yields high sensitivity and permits detection of high frequency oscillations (up to 2 kHz). The advantages of this monitoring system compared to the previous versions are noted: the optical scheme of the proposed interferometer contains fewer parts and the recording system is more reliable and consumes less power.

Features of the tomography of the marine crust are described, based on the use of coastal laser strainmeters and broadband low-frequency underwater acoustic projectors. This approach is useful in studying the structure and composition of the marine crust in shelf areas, including ones covered with ice without destroying it. Numerous experimental studies have established that at sea depths equal to or less than half the length of a hydroacoustic wave generated by low-frequency underwater acoustic projectors, the hydroacoustic energy is mainly transformed into Rayleigh-type surface waves that radiate through the bottom on the hydroacoustic source–coast path.

Crimean astrophysical observatory, Nauchny,

This paper presents an instrument based on an equal-arm Michelson interferometer and a frequency-stabilized helium-neon laser. It is designed to record hydrosphere pressure variations in the frequency range from 0 (conventionally) to 1000 Hz, with accuracy of 0.24 mPa at sea depths of up to 50 m. The operating range of the instrument can be increased by order of magnitude by improving the registration system speed, and accuracy can be enhanced by using larger diameter membranes and/or their smaller thickness. The paper demonstrates some experimental results obtained on the supersensitive detector of hydrosphere pressure variations, confirming its high performance in the infrasonic and sonic ranges.

Aspects of the use of a laser meter that measures pressure variations in a hydrosphere functioning as a laser-interference bottom seismograph capable of recording variations in displacements of the floor are described. The capabilities of the bottom seismograph are demonstrated in recording of seismic signals.

Saturation effect at magnetograms appears in strong magnetic fields, when a dependence between the LOS magnetic field and Stokes V/I becomes non-linear.It forces the magnetograms to show smaller magnetic field value in a sunspot's center.In this work we tried to use a third-order polynomial for the dependence.The polynomial coefficient were calculated with a cross-correlation between SMFT and HMI SDO magnetograms.The described method shows a good correction of the saturation.

Рассмотрены этапы создания технологии томографии земной коры шельфа и глубокого моря на основе применения береговых лазерных деформографов и широкополосных низкочастотных гидроакустических излучателей. Технология предназначена для изучения структуры и состава морской земной коры шельфовых областей, в том числе покрытых льдом без его разрушения. В ходе многочисленных экспериментальных исследований, выполненных в разные сезоны года и на различных акваториях, продемонстрирована ее высокая эффективность при построении модели морской земной коры исследуемых полигонов, в том числе при использовании низкочастотных гидроакустических излучателей буксируемого типа. Показано, что применение низкочастотного гидроакустического излучателя с центральной частотой 22 Гц позволяет исследовать структуру и состав морской земной коры на больших глубинах шельфовой области моря, чем применение низкочастотного гидроакустического излучателя с центральной частотой 33 Гц. The stages of creation of the tomography technology of the earth's crust of the shelf and the deep sea on the basis of the use of coastal laser deformographs and broadband lowfrequency hydroacoustic radiators are considered. The technology is designed to study the structure and composition of the marine crust of shelf areas, including those covered with ice without its destruction. In the course of numerous experimental studies carried out in different seasons and in different water areas, its high efficiency in the construction of a model of the marine crust of the studied polygons, including the use of lowfrequency hydroacoustic radiators towed type. It is shown that the use of a low-frequency hydroacoustic radiator with a central frequency of 22 Hz makes it possible to study the structure and composition of the marine crust at greater depths of the shelf area of the sea than the use of a low-frequency hydroacoustic radiator with a central frequency of 33 Hz.

Previously, we have observed a correlation between Earth's seasonal crust deformations, measured by a laser strainmeter, and backscattering signal acquired during tectonic aerosol laser sensing using a compact lidar (laser radar). It was established that large sensing track partition step (5 m) combined with relatively short sensing track length (strainmeter tunnel length 17.5 m) leads to partial mixing of aerosol backscattering and track round-trip transmission signals. To reduce the influence of this factor a new lidar has been developed based on a diode laser pumped by pulses of current which generates remarkably short light pulses (~1.5 ns). This allowed to shorten the track partition step 50-fold (to 10 cm). Calculations and experimental measurements have shown that such partition step shortening allows for multiple increase in signal-to-noise ratio in the lidar data. As the tectonic aerosol variations are a new indicator of Earth's crust deformations, such an increase in the lidar signal sensitivity to aerosol variations undoubtedly opens new possibilities for the search of earthquake precursors.

Приведен обзор по лазерно-­интерференционным измерителям вариаций гидросферного давления различных модификаций, предназначенных для измерения вариаций гидросферного давления в частотном диапазоне от 0 (условно) до 1 000 Гц с точностью 1 мПа. Кратко обсуждены некоторые результаты применения данных лазерно-­интерференционных систем при регистрации колебаний и волн инфразвукового и звукового диапазонов.

The results of tests of a hydrobiophysical system consisting of a laser meter, for determining the hydrosphere pressure variations in the frequency range from 0 (conventional) to 1000 Hz with an accuracy of 2.45 mPa, and a fluorimeter are presented. It is established that the dynamics of chlorophyll emission in the blue and red spectral bands at a certain depth depends on the hydrosphere processes of the range of wind waves, seiches, and tides. (C) 2018 Optical Society of America

In this work it was founded that in the realization protected SNP effect on wheat plants contributes its ability to positively regulate the accumulation of reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase activity under salinity.

Lidar sensing of tectonic aerosol fluctuations in the laser strainmeter–interferometer tunnel during 2017.12–2018.05 at the Schultz cape (131°9′8″ E, 42°34′6″ N) near Vladivostok was performed for the first time to our knowledge. A negative correlation of laser interferometer and aerosol lidar signals was observed during low-frequency Earth crust deformations.