Background: Despite international support for integrating planetary health into nursing curricula from academia, clinicians, and students themselves, there is limited evidence of incorporation into undergraduate curricula in Australia and New Zealand. Aim: To obtain a snapshot of planetary health theory and practice in nursing curricula, to inform future education development at a professional and policy level. Methods: A descriptive study incorporated a web-based desktop audit of preregistration nursing programs in Australia and New Zealand and surveyed program directors to ascertain the perceived level of importance of climate change and carbon emission reduction in curricula. Results: The audit and survey demonstrated sparse evidence of planetary health in the Australian and New Zealand undergraduate nursing curriculum (11%), and the sub-optimal response to a survey regarding the integration of planetary health into the curriculum further supported evidence of limited integration. Conclusion: The pedagogic recontextualization of planetary health within nursing curricula by employing case study concept nodes and utilizing the person-centered care framework by centering patients at the core of planetary health is required to amplify nursing's response to the global health priorities caused by climate change. (c) 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Organization for Associate Degree Nursing. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

BACKGROUND:The development of First Nations nurses and midwives is crucial to addressing health inequities stemming from systemic injustices. However, this workforce is significantly underrepresented globally. Understanding the reasons for this underrepresentation and identifying key challenges and opportunities for leadership is necessary. AIM:This scoping review aimed to explore the challenges and opportunities in leadership development of First Nations nursing and midwifery professionals internationally. DESIGN:A scoping review was conducted following the framework developed by Arksey and O'Malley (2005). DATA SOURCES:Six databases including PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, PsychInfo, Proquest and Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet were searched. METHODS:The search was performed on 30 January 2024. Items were included if the research focus was on First Nations nursing and midwifery leadership. Full texts were then thematically analysed for overarching themes, and extracted data was charted. After charting, key findings were reviewed, and emerging themes were grouped into common categories. RESULTS:The scoping review identified a paucity in the contemporary literature, with only ten articles retrieved. Analysis revealed five main theses: (1) systemic injustices impacting leadership opportunities, (2) complex responsibilities beyond typical roles, (3) underrepresentation in leadership positions, (4) shifting from colonial leadership models and (5) effective methods for leadership development. Opportunities identified included promoting equitable leadership, fostering integrated relationships, building cultural resilience and emphasising community-orientated leadership approaches. CONCLUSION:Promoting adequate representation and developing culturally safe leadership models are essential steps towards empowering First Nations nurses and midwives in their leadership development. The study highlights the need for targeted leadership development strategies for First Nations nurses and midwives to enhance representation and impact within healthcare systems globally.

The rising popularity of veganism and vegetarianism has attracted significant market attention, yet limited understanding exists regarding consumer perceptions and adoption of these ethical and sustainable lifestyle choices. To address this gap, we conducted a netnographic analysis using Google Trends and HappyCow. Google Trends data found that food and restaurant-related searches predominated, with lower volumes in France, indicating a distinct food culture and potentially less interest in veganism. Australians exhibited higher search frequencies for "vegan," reflecting a keen interest in vegan food establishments and products. HappyCow data indicated a relatively more significant number of vegan outlets in Australia. This study provides cross-cultural insights into consumer information-seeking behavior regarding veganism, highlighting the availability of vegan choices in diverse food settings and influencing factors for plant-based alternatives.

Background Climate Change is causing frequent and sever extreme weather events globally, impacting human health and well-being. Primary healthcare (PHC) nurses' are at the forefront of addressing these challenges and must be prepared. Purpose This scoping revieww explored literature on the preparedness of the PHC nursing workforce for extreme weather events and identify gaps in knowledge and practice. Methods Using Arksey and O’Malley's framework, a comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, CINHAL, Web of Sciences, and ProQuest, on studies from 2014-2024, addressing PHC nurses’ preparedness. Discussion Nine studies were identified and highlighted a need for preparedness training and facility-based preparedness plans. Key themes included prioritizing regional networks, clinical leadership, service delivery, health information, health workforce, medical products and technologies, and financing. Conclusion Strengthening PHC nurses' resilience against extreme weather requires targeted professional development, mental health support, comprehensive planning, and collaborative efforts. Future strategies should enhance PHC nurses' capacity through training, support, and policy development.

Increasing the willingness to reduce animal product consumption has the potential to contribute to ameliorating the impact of animal agriculture on the environment, as well as foster healthier diets and improve the lives of farmed and wild animals. Reduction of animal product consumption is a prosocial behaviour (PSB), and factors that are considered to influence it are empathy and selfishness. In this research, animal-oriented empathy examined empathy specifically for animals. Animal oriented empathy and three types of selfishness: adaptive, egoistic, and pathological were measured to determine if they could predict willingness to reduce animal product consumption. PSB is also influenced by motivations and motivations can lead to willingness. The three most common motivations to reduce animal product consumption: animal welfare, the environment, and health were examined to determine whether they predict willingness. A sample of 492 Australian adults completed questionnaires via the Zoho survey platform, and the data underwent a hierarchical regression. Higher pathological selfishness predicted a greater willingness to reduce animal product consumption, as did environmental and animal welfare motivations. However, higher health motivation predicted a lower willingness to reduce animal product consumption. Interpretation of the perplexing results in relation to pathological selfishness suggested further research. The practical value of utilising environmental and animal motivations to increase willingness to reduce animal products whilst bringing attention to the health issues was also discussed.

Background: Due to the escalating severity of the impact of climate change on human and ecological health and its implications for nursing practice, it is imperative that planetary health is embedded into the undergraduate nursing curriculum. Purpose: This rapid review was undertaken to identify the barriers and enablers to implementing planetary health into the undergraduate Bachelor of Nursing curriculum. Methods: Databases (PubMed, Education Source, CINAHL, and Scopus) were searched for relevant studies between 2013 and 2023. Seven papers were eligible for review. Findings: The studies demonstrated that adequate knowledge, skill development, social support, a supportive organization, and access to adequate resources were required to embed changes into the curriculum. Conclusion: This study has identified enablers that can be leveraged to successfully integrate planetary health into the undergraduate nursing curriculum, preparing nurses who are working in a practice environment impacted by climate change. (c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Organization for Associate Degree Nursing. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

The Paris Agreement adopted in 2015 is an international binding United Nations (UN) treaty that aims to unite the global community to halt ongoing climate change through governmental and multisectoral partnerships (United Nations, 2015). Its primary objective is to limit global warming to below 1.5°C above preindustrial levels (United Nations, 2015). Despite this commitment, the World is not on track to achieve these targets (United Nations Environment Program [UNEP], 2023). In 2021, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported climate change as a "code red for humanity" (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC], 2023; Romanello et al., 2021). It is now apparent that we need much more aggressive interventions than previously anticipated to adequately cut global greenhouse gas emissions and avoid worsening climate change scenarios (IPCC, 2023). The global impact of climate change on health and healthcare is becoming increasingly evident. The significant death toll from extreme heat during the 2024 Hajj pilgrimage and the impact of recent floods in Europe and wildfires in Canada illustrate the growing threat (McCloskey et al., 2024). Healthcare systems and professionals, including nurses, are and will continue to care for patients affected by extreme weather events like storms, flooding, cyclones, wildfires, and droughts, which are becoming more frequent and severe (Mosadeghrad et al., 2023). The science is clear—our planet is warming and it is due to human activity. We need action, not debate or denial, and nurses must lead this response to build planetary health. The urgency of this situation highlights the importance of the nursing profession's role in leading systems change and adapting to these challenges. Understanding systems thinking and complexity, along with envisioning the tangible realities of an unpredictable future and leading a hopeful response, are essential (Braithwaite et al., 2024). Hope is the belief in our collective ability to create a healthier, more equitable world for current and future generations. This commentary embraces hope by presenting two future scenarios. The first envisions a reality where emission targets are unmet, global warming continues, and limited mitigation and adaptation responses exist in healthcare settings. The second outlines a reality where emission targets are met, global warming is halted, and proactive measures are implemented. We challenge nurses to imagine a thriving future for humans and the planet. This commentary not only provides a glimpse into possible futures but also serves as a call to action, emphasizing the pivotal role of nurses in driving necessary for a positive and hopeful future. It is 2050. Coral Haven, once a serene retreat, now bears the scars of a changing world due to the failure to limit global warming to 1.5°C. Rising sea levels and relentless storms have transformed Coral Haven into a place of constant struggle. The Coral Haven Hospital stands resolute amidst chaos, a beacon of both hope but also of despair. Sarah is a registered nurse at the Coral Haven Hospital. She and her children, Lily, aged 12 years, and Ben, 8 years, face the harsh daily realities of a changing climate. Lily spends her days mostly indoors due to oppressive heat and poor air quality, and Ben's outdoor adventures are stifled by the threat of mosquito-borne diseases. They both long for the world that their mother remembers, where families could run and play and explore nature and where the ocean was a pristine, sparkling refuge on summer days. The family's lives are now a daily battle against the challenges of global warming and the impact that humans have had on the planet. As Sarah heads to work, another severe storm descends upon Coral Haven. Floodwaters turn the streets into dangerous torrents. The hospital, now an island in chaos, loses power, leaving it in an eerie half-light as the generators struggle to maintain essential power. Electronic medical records are inaccessible, and the morgue has no cooling. Silent incubators expose premature babies to chilling air. The pharmacy's powerless refrigeration units threaten life-saving medications. In the ICU, patients on ventilators face grave danger as backup generators fail. The emergency department is overwhelmed by storm injuries and is running low on medication supplies. The air conditioning failure has turned the hospital into a sweltering furnace. Patients with heart and respiratory issues deteriorate in the heat, as do pregnant women. The floodwaters have turned the hospital into a breeding ground for infection. Many hospital staff have been stranded due to the havoc caused by the storm and roads that are blocked with debris or submerged under water. The few staff who were able to make it into work are stretched beyond their limits. Sarah's struggle to maintain order amidst the disaster is desperate. Sarah worries about her children who are being cared for by their elderly grandmother at home. She hopes the damage to her house is not too bad but knows that it is unlikely they will still have power. It will probably be days before the storm surge settles and she is able to return home. The emotional toll is visible on everyone's faces, but Sarah's resolve remains strong. She fights not only for her patients but also for a future where healthcare systems are resilient and prepared for climate challenges. Sarah makes a silent vow to advocate for better infrastructure and policies prioritizing climate adaptation to ensure a safer future for her children and community. It is 2050. The coastal town of Coral Haven has adapted remarkably to the changing climate, becoming a model of resilience. Rising sea levels and extreme weather remain frequent challenges. However, achieving the Paris Agreement target of 1.5°C and becoming net zero by 2050 has limited the scale and impact of these events. The community's actions have fortified their town, with Coral Haven Hospital standing as a testament to these efforts—a beacon of hope and innovation. Sarah, one of the registered nurses at Coral Haven Hospital, epitomises compassion and dedication. Her life is a delicate balance between managing her demanding job and caring for her elderly mother and two young children, Lily and Ben. Like other community members, Sarah's family have benefited from the proactive climate measures that have been taken in Coran Haven. They enjoy the new community parks that are safe and vibrant due to extensive tree planting and cool zones. They are able to enjoy the natural environments surrounding the town and often swim at local beaches. Their lives are enriched by the community's commitment to a healthier planet. Sarah sees the storm warning on television before she leaves for work. While storms are frequent, advanced early warning systems and resilient infrastructure mitigate their impact. Driving to work, she feels reassured by stormwater management systems and reinforced buildings. As the storm begins, Coral Haven Hospital is prepared. Clean, cool air fills the hospital, and Sarah moves with a sense of purpose, knowing they are equipped to handle the storm. While working, Sarah's thoughts are on her family. Despite the storm, she knows they will be safe in their retrofitted, storm-resistant home. The power remains stable, supported by a renewable energy grid and robust backup systems. In the neonatal unit, incubators hum reassuringly, keeping premature babies warm and safe. The pharmacy's refrigeration units maintain life-saving medications at required temperatures. In the intensive care unit, patients on ventilators are secure, with backup generators ready but unnecessary due to the reliable power grid. The emergency department, busy but orderly, efficiently treats storm-related injuries, supported by well-stocked medical supplies. Sarah finds herself part of a coordinated effort to maintain order. Staff members, confident in their training and resources, respond to the situation with professionalism. The phones and internet remain operational, connecting them to outside support. The emotional toll is visible but manageable, and Sarah's resolve is bolstered by the community's efforts. She commits to continuing to act for a sustainable and resilient future, advocating for ongoing improvements and educating her community on both climate mitigation and adaptation. Nurses form the largest group of healthcare professionals (~60%) and are described as "the most trusted profession globally" (Lokmic-Tomkins et al., 2023). Given the expected increase in climate change impacts on human health and healthcare, current and future nurses must be able to respond effectively, engaging in advocacy, leadership, systems thinking, and adaptability to ensure effective action at local, national, and global levels (Ward et al., 2022). The two scenarios in this paper highlight the stark differences between a future where proactive measures are taken to limit emissions, and one where they are not. Scenario A shows the chaotic and vulnerable healthcare environment resulting from political inaction and inadequate preparation and failing to meet emission targets. Conversely, scenario B depicts a resilient healthcare system thriving due to meeting Paris Agreement targets and comprehensive climate efforts. These contrasting futures illustrate the critical role nurses must play in driving change and safeguarding community health. In light of the increasing urgency of climate change and its impact on health, nurses must take on roles in research, education, advocacy, policy development, practice adaptation, and health systems design. We advocate that it is essential for planetary health to be integrated into nursing education to prepare nurses for the challenges posed by an uncertain climate future (Martin et al., 2024). Education strategies must focus on building competencies in systems thinking and complexity, human–nature connection (Martin et al., 2020), disaster response (Flaubert et al., 2021), and sustainable practices in the personal and professional domains (Zelenski et al., 2023). We recommend the evidence-based guidelines such as the Planetary Health and Sustainable Healthcare Knowledge and Skills Framework developed by Levett-Jones et al. (2024) and the Planetary Health Education Framework (Guzmán et al., 2021) to guide curriculum development. Nursing research must prioritize the development of evidence-based interventions that support planetary health and promote healthcare and community resilience (Portela Dos Santos et al., 2023). Additionally, nurses must be willing to advocate for policies that limit fossil fuel use and that support climate adaptation, ensuring that healthcare systems are robust and responsive. Nurses are uniquely positioned to drive change and must implement updated standards of practice that address the health impacts of climate change. This involves shifting the traditional roles of nurses to include population health (Portela Dos Santos et al., 2023) and a planetary empathy lens (Ward et al., 2024), along with specific actions that support the interconnectedness of human and planetary health. By adopting a holistic approach to care, nurses can better address determinants of health and advocate for climate justice. A call to action for the nursing profession is imperative. Nurses must advocate for systemic changes that prioritize climate adaptation and resilience. Embodied leadership means leading by example, demonstrating sustainable practices, preparing healthcare services for climate impacts, and influencing peers and policymakers. This includes demanding healthcare policies that integrate adaptation and mitigation strategies, support for nurse-led research on innovative climate health solutions, and participate in public health campaigns that prioritize people's health over fossil fuel interests. Nurses' core remit must expand to protect and promote health in the Anthropocene. Through collective and individual actions, nurses can shift the healthcare landscape toward planetary health, ensuring better health outcomes for all. Nurses' role in the Anthropocene, where human-caused environmental damage impacts health globally, is more critical than ever. As climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution continue to impact the human health and healthcare systems, nurses must provide clear leadership in advocating for policies that limit emissions and enhance resilience. The contrasting scenarios of Coral Haven illustrate the urgent need for significant proactive measures. By integrating planetary health into nursing education, research, advocacy, policy, and practice and raising our voices locally and globally, we can mitigate health impacts of climate change. Embodied leadership and a population health lens are essential for nurses to champion a future where healthcare systems are resilient, equitable, and responsive to the needs of all communities. The time to act is now, and nurses are uniquely positioned to lead this transformative journey toward a healthier planet. The authors report that no funding was received for this article. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Not applicable.

This systematic review identifies Australasian aviation climate change hazards to guide evidence-based climate risk management for the Australasian aviation industry. Identifying evidence-based climate hazards is imperative to inform local adaptation strategies. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach, literature from 2005 to 2023 was searched and a qualitative systematic analysis of results undertaken. The search identified 22 records, including grey literature, and showed climate change hazards to flight operations include changes in wind, turbulence, dust, smoke, icing and hail. Hazards to airport operations include changes in precipitation, heat, saltwater inundation, tsunamis, lightning and volcanic ash. A first pass risk assessment was conducted to prioritise these climate change hazards to further guide industry risk management. In response, the Australasian aviation industry needs to introduce evidence-based climate risk management systems and disparate climate literature transferred to the aviation knowledge base. Research from the northern hemisphere needs to be adapted and contextualised to the Australasian setting where feasible, or replicated to meet specific regional needs, enhancing the climate resilience of the local aviation sociotechnical system.

Background Planetary Health emphasizes the interconnectedness of human health and the natural environment. Despite this, human-induced destruction of ecosystems threatens planetary stability. Understanding planetary empathy may offer insights into how healthcare professionals can better live and work with nature. Purpose This paper presents a concept analysis of planetary empathy, exploring its impact on healthcare and the roles of healthcare professionals. Methods The Walker and Avant eight-stage approach for concept analysis informed this paper. Data were obtained from literature searches, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and relevant international organization websites. Discussion Planetary empathy is a cyclical process involving reflection, reciprocal relationships with nature, recognition of biases, responsibility for future generations, and behavioral responses to protect planetary health. Conclusion Planetary empathy catalyzes prosocial environmental behaviors. Healthcare professionals who embody this empathy are more likely to be engaged in creating a healthier, more equitable world for all people and ecosystems.

This study examined how the level of meat consumption was related to two psychological factors, selfishness and animal-oriented empathy, and three motivations related to animal, health, and environmental issues. A sample of Australian adults between 18 and 80 ( N = 497) was surveyed online via the Zoho Survey platform. Structural equation modelling was applied to the data, and the resulting models revealed that higher selfishness and lower empathy were associated with higher meat consumption for males but there was no association between psychological factors and meat consumption for females. All three motivations were associated with both higher empathy and selfishness for males. For females, higher empathy was associated with higher health and animal motivations, while higher selfishness was associated with higher environmental motivation. Lastly, none of the three motivations were related to meat consumption for either gender. Thus, the results only partially supported the hypotheses that selfishness and empathy would influence meat consumption and motivations. Nevertheless, this study contributes to research on personality factors in relation to meat consumption and the link between masculinity and meat consumption.

The current management of microalgae cultivation requires manual microscopic examination in order to identify desired and competing species, as well as predators. In this study, we trained and tested a transfer learning model modified from EfficientNetV2 B3 model on 434 and 161 prospectively acquired images of the preferred Nanno-chloropsis sp microalgae and competitor Spirulina, respectively, and achieved >98

IntroductionBarriers to accessing specialist services impart a significant burden on patient outcomes and experience as well as a cost and administrative burden on health systems due to healthcare wastage and inefficiencies. This paper outlines the planned protocol for a systematic review relating to how health systems perform with regard to patient access to specialist care, and the efficacy of interventions aimed at improving this.Methods and analysisSystematic review of the literature will be carried out on publications retrieved by searching the following electronic literature databases: EBSCOhost Megafile Ultimate (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Academic Search Ultimate, APA Psychological Abstracts (PsycINFO), HealthSource), PubMed (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE)), Elsevier Bibliographic Database (Scopus), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Web of Science and The Cochrane Library. Articles published over a 10-year period (2012–2022) will be analysed to determine; current accessibility and availability problems faced by primary care services when referring patients to specialist care, and the effectiveness of interventions to improve primary care access to specialist services. Grey literature publications (ie, government reports, policy statements and issues papers, conference proceedings) will not be analysed in this review. Articles not published in English, Spanish or Portuguese will not be included. Two independent reviewers will conduct the initial screening, disagreements will be resolved by a third independent reviewer, following which data extraction and selection of eligible sources will be carried out. Selected articles will be categorised on study design, setting and participants. Methodological quality and heterogeneity will subsequently be assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. A descriptive approach will be used to review and synthesise the findings.Ethics and disseminationThis study does not require ethics committee review as it solely focuses on analysing published literature. Findings will be published and disseminated through a peer-reviewed journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022354890.

Healthcare systems in many Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Countries (OECD) are ill prepared for minimizing the risks and withstanding the impacts of natural disasters caused by climate change. In the 21st century, all nursing specialties will be affected by escalating natural disasters as practice is adapted for the Anthropocene. This rapid review defines the current evidence base of nurses' experiences during "natural" disasters. Nurses are providing professional services during "natural" disasters, however, are often personal victims of the events. Nurses report being ill equipped with disaster knowledge and for working with damaged infrastructure during extreme weather events. This challenges their capacity to provide clinical decision-making and leadership under uncertainty. These lessons learned should be translated into education resources that better prepare nurses for climate crisis nursing in the Anthropocene.

Background: The healthcare sector is a significant producer of emissions globally and yet paradoxically cares for those who are most impacted by climate change.Purpose: This rapid review examined the role of the nurse in reducing emissions within the hospital setting. Methods: Literature meeting inclusion criteria were identified from 2009 to 2021, resulting in 11 primary research papers being reviewed.Finding: The review found that nurses, the largest profession within the healthcare workforce, are in a unique position to influence emissions reduction in the hospital setting.Conclusion: Whilst nurses have not reached their full potential in influencing emissions reduction, education, setting policy direction, and undertaking research are pivotal for the nursing profession to reduce emissions within the hospital setting.(c) 2022 Organization for Associate Degree Nursing. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUND:The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Accreditation Council mandates the teaching of cultural safety in Bachelor of Nursing and Midwifery programs in Australia. However nursing and midwifery academics may lack the awareness and knowledge required to share and develop cultural safety practices with their students. Specific cultural safety professional development for academics may be needed.OBJECTIVES:This research explores how nursing and midwifery academics at an Australian university understand cultural safety and whether they are equipped to embed it in the curriculum. It also examines whether professional development workshops can support academics to prepare for cultural safety.METHODS:An intervention involving three cultural safety professional development workshops was offered to nursing academics at an Australian university. The authors used qualitative surveys to consider whether the workshops deepened participants' understanding of cultural safety and developed the self-reflection required to embed cultural safety in teaching.RESULTS:The workshops contributed to participants' improved understandings of culture, colonisation, white privilege and the need for self-reflection, but not all participants developed a working knowledge of cultural safety practice.CONCLUSION:Professional development workshops can assist nursing and midwifery academics to develop their knowledge of cultural safety, but detailed, contextual understanding is likely to need more than three sessions. Academics' motivations to include cultural safety in their teaching may be linked to their desire for patient-driven and equitable services and a desire to meet accreditation requirements.

Microalgae form the base of the food web in aquatic ecosystems and holds great promise as a source of alternative energy production. However, their consumption by pests, and rotifers with the potential to devastate the microalgal ‘crop’, is a commercial bottleneck to the developing industry. Early detection of invaders through deep learning methods is important, albeit challenging. This paper reports on research to design a deep learning image processing architecture that classifies and extracts the rotifer-infested features from microalgae images. A 2-dimensional convolutional neural network ( Conv2D ) was trained using transfer learning techniques along with fine-tuning and image augmentation methods. The model, deep learning ‘ TA-Conv2D’ , has a CNN -based classifier that automatically detects the important features e.g., rotifers, and other anomalies while transfer learning optimises the model’s efficiency. The addition of fine-tuning utilises a pre-trained network and augmentation to boost the accuracy of the resultant model during the feature extraction process. We benchmark the proposed model with further five case models: Dropout Regularisation, Data Augmentation, Visual Geometry Group ( VGG-16) feature extraction model, and VGG-16 feature extraction with weights tuning. The study uses metrics of cross-entropy loss and F-beta score to evaluate the proposed model’s accuracy and register good results with increased accuracy and minimum loss for the proposed deep learning architecture TA-Conv2D , outperforming alternative approaches. The extensive empirical evaluation of this study, model analysis, and valuable insights using multi-label classification and deep image analysis methods can be extended to design high-performance computer-aided detection systems for medical imaging or other image processing tasks.

Aim: This descriptive study examined the incidence of food insecurity indicators in a large regional community, in Queensland, Australia, where high rates of obesity and corresponding obesity-driven non-communicable diseases are present. The implications of food insecurity in a large regional community are due to findings within the literature that demonstrate an association between mild-to-moderate food insecurity and a higher incidence of overweight or obesity. This concept was termed the ‘food insecurity obesity paradox’ within the literature. Subject and Methods: Six key food insecurity risk factors were examined using chi-square analysis and odds ratio, including education level, unemployment, single-parent status, rental status, Indigenous heritage, and young people. Publicly available information from the Australian Bureau of Statistics was utilized for data analysis. Results: Analysis indicated that social inequity, associated with food insecurity may result in higher obesity levels within regional Australia. These findings were even more pronounced among females, young people, and Indigenous community members, who had a higher incidence of corresponding social and cultural determinants that influenced experience of food system inequity. Conclusion: The present study has indicated that high rates of obesity in ‘at risk’ communities, government policies designed to create social mobility to address social inequity, may be effective in decreasing obesity rates and the associated corresponding chronic disease burden.