The non-linear behaviour, load-carrying capacity and design, via the DSM (Direct Strength Method), of simply supported lipped channel CFS beams uniformly bent about the major-axis and affected by distortional-global (D-G) interaction at high temperatures are investigated. The study extends previous investigations by the authors concerning beams buckling and failing in pure distortional or pure global modes. The beams analysed (i) have two support conditions, differing in the end cross-section warping and local displacement/rotation restraints, (ii) exhibit various geometries (cross-section dimensions and length) and yield stress combinations, covering wide slenderness ranges, (iii) undergo different levels of D-G interaction and (iv) are under elevated temperatures, caused by fire conditions, up to 800 ℃. The results presented and discussed include post-buckling equilibrium paths, failure moments and collapse mode natures characterisation (distortional, global or interactive), obtained from GMNIA performed using Abaqus shell finite element models. The temperature-dependent steel material properties adopted are those prescribed in EN 1993–1-2 (EC3–1.2). On the basis of the obtained failure moment data, concerning beams under D-G interaction under fire conditions, DSM-based design methodologies aimed at their safe, accurate and reliable estimation are proposed, and it is shown that the above task is adequately carried out by them. This finding paves the way to look for a general and performant design approach based on the DSM for beams (i) with arbitrary cross-section shapes and end support conditions, and (ii) undergoing D-G interaction at elevated temperatures.

Normal 0 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:PT-BR; mso-fareast-language:PT-BR;} This work reports the findings of a comprehensive numerical investigation on the post-buckling behaviour, failure and Direct Strength Method (DSM) design of cold-formed steel (CFS) single-span simply supported lipped channel beams buckling in pure distortional and global modes at elevated temperatures (up to 800 ºC) due to fire conditions. It extends the scope of a previous investigation carried out by Landesmann and Camotim [1], by analysing a substantially larger lipped channel beam set, exhibiting various cross-section dimensions and yield stresses, selected to cover wider distortional slenderness ranges. The beams analysed (i) display two end support conditions (SCA and SCB), (ii) the Eurocode 3 (part 1.2) model to describe the temperature-dependence of the CFS material properties is adopted and (iii) the results are obtained by means of Abaqus shell finite element GMNIA. After presenting and discussing the main features of the beam distortional and global post-buckling behaviour, extensive beam failure moment sets are gathered and used to develop and validate DSM-based design approaches. The methodology followed consists of modifying the most performant available DSM-based design curves, which naturally involves the temperature-dependent reduction factors of the CFS model. A merit assessment procedure shows that the modified DSM-based strength curves predict the lipped channel beam distortional and global failure moments with remarkable accuracy and reliability, thus constituting an excellent starting point to search for a DSM-based design approach capable of handling arbitrary CFS beams failing in pure distortional and global modes at elevated temperatures.

This work presents and discusses the results of a numerical investigation dealing with the post-buckling behaviour, strength and Direct Strength Method (DSM) design of cold-formed steel (CFS) simply supported lipped channel beams (LCB) uniformly bent about the major-axis and experiencing interaction between distortional and global buckling (D-G interaction) at room and elevated temperatures. It extends the scope of previous studies, recently reported by authors, concerning beams buckling and failing in pure distortional or global (lateral-torsional - LT) modes. The LCB considered in this work (i) undergo different D-G interaction levels, (ii) are exposed to fire conditions (i.e., temperatures up to 800 degrees C), (iii) display various cross-section dimensions, lengths and yield stresses, and (iv) exhibit two distinct support conditions, differing in the end cross-section warping and local rotations. The results presented and discussed consist of different post-buckling equilibrium paths, failure moments and collapse mode natures (distortional, global or interactive), obtained from ABAQUS shell finite element geometrically and materially non-linear analyses with imperfections (GMNIA). The temperature dependence of the CFS material behaviour is simulated on the basis of the model prescribed in EC3:1-2. The D-G interactive failure moment data assembled in this work are used to develop and assess the performance of DSMbased design approaches, taking into account the distortional-global interaction and elevated temperature effects. The findings reported in this work, namely those concerning the DSM-based design of LCB against D-G interactive failures, provide encouragement to proceed this research endeavour, aimed at searching for an efficient DSM-based design approach to handle D-G interactive failures in arbitrary CFS beams at both room and elevated temperatures.

Abstract This article aims to investigate the residual structural behavior, strength and Direct Strength Method (DSM) design of cold-formed steel (CFS) columns that fail in distortional modes after exposure to elevated temperatures from fire (post-fire conditions). It specifically examines the influence of temperature-dependent material properties of cold-formed steel on the residual strength of fixed-end lipped-channel (LC) columns after exposure to seven temperatures (T=20-300-400-500-600-700-800 ºC) and subsequent cooling, as reported in literature. Residual failure load data for the columns, obtained through ANSYS shell finite element analysis (SFEA), are employed to evaluate the impact of temperature-dependent steel constitutive models on the predictive accuracy of existing DSM distortional strength curves. The findings demonstrate that the current DSM distortional design curve for room temperature effectively addresses distortional failures in post-fire scenarios.

This work investigates the impact of incorporating alumina trihydrate (ATH) on the mechanical properties of glass-fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites, while improving their flame-retardant performance. The use of ATH has been a promising strategy to increase the flame-retardant properties of GFRP, which are widely used in civil construction. However, high concentrations of ATH, as those used for reaching better flame-retardant performance, can impair the mechanical properties. Therefore, through a series of comprehensive experiments and analyses, the research aims to shed light on the relationship between mechanical reinforcement and flame retardancy, thereby paving the way for advanced composite materials with superior mechanical strength and enhanced flame retardancy. To achieve this objective, different concentrations of ATH (40, 50, and 60 phr) were evaluated within the isophthalic polyester matrix in pultruded GFRP. Flammability testing was carried out using the limiting oxygen index, Mass Loss Calorimeter Cone (MLCC), and UL-94 test. Mechanical evaluations included tensile and flexural tests to measure the material's strength. Additionally, SEM (scanning electron microscopy) analysis was utilised to examine the material's morphology and identify its constituent elements, allowing for a detailed observation of the distribution and interaction of ATH within the composite matrix. Ultimately, the research concluded that the addition of 50 phr of ATH resulted in a significant increase in mechanical strength, including tensile and flexural strength and modulus of elasticity. These findings indicate that incorporating ATH not only enhances the flame retardancy of GFRPs but also strengthens their mechanical properties, achieving an optimal balance between fire safety and structural performance.

This review paper provides the motivation and an overview of the main concepts, procedures and results of recent numerical investigations concerning the behaviour, strength and Direct Strength Method (DSM) design of cold-formed steel (CFS) fixed-ended and pin-ended (cylindrical and spherical hinges) singly symmetric columns buckling in major-axis flexural-torsional (FMT) modes, taking into account the possible occurrence of interaction with minor-axis flexural (Fm) buckling, termed FMT-Fm (global-global) interaction. Columns exhibiting seven cross-section shapes were considered and analysed, whose geometries and yield stresses ensure covering (i) wide FMT slenderness ranges and (ii) a large variety of ratios between the Fm and FMT critical buckling loads. After presenting and discussing the results obtained in investigations carried out on the post-buckling behaviour and failure of selected columns, several parametric studies, conducted to gather extensive column numerical failure load data (including a considerable number of them associated with FMT-Fm interactive collapses), are addressed. Then, the paper focuses on how these numerical failure loads, together with very few experimental ones available in the literature, were used to show that the current DSM global design curve does not predict adequately a large number of them, a finding that prompted the development and calibration of novel DSMbased design approaches capable of handling adequately CFS fixed-ended and pin-ended singly symmetric columns buckling in FMT modes. Next, these DSM-based design approaches are presented and their merits (safety, accuracy and reliability), in estimating the failure loads of all the columns considered and analysed, are assessed-it is shown that an excellent failure load prediction quality is achieved in all cases. Finally, after casting all the DSM-based design approaches proposed in a common format, thus making their joint view and appraisal easier, the paper closes with a few concluding remarks about the work reported.

ABSTRACT Timber plays a fundamental role in the fire performance of historic building components, where ageing and environmental exposure can markedly influence its physical and chemical properties. This study presents an experimental investigation of the fire behaviour of Ocotea sp. ( Lauraceae ) wood obtained from a single original historic flooring element preserved in the sacristy of the São Pedro de Alcântara Chapel in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The element was not part of the post‐2011 reconstruction and showed no visible fire damage. Both as‐received and oven‐dried samples were analysed to evaluate the effect of moisture content on flammability. Thermal stability and thermal degradation were characterised using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), highlighting differences in decomposition pathways and residual char yield. Flammability assessments included vertical and horizontal burning tests adapted from UL 94 V and UL 94 HB to examine the influence of specimen orientation on fire propagation. Additionally, limiting oxygen index (LOI) testing quantified the flammability under varying oxygen concentrations, while glow‐wire tests evaluated the response to localised incandescent heating. Under the adopted bench‐scale conditions, the as‐received specimens required a higher oxygen concentration to sustain flaming and yielded higher glow‐wire indices than the oven‐dried specimens. The vertical and horizontal test configurations produced different flame‐propagation outcomes, although the different exposure procedures do not allow this difference to be attributed solely to specimen orientation. These findings provide preliminary material‐level evidence for future element‐scale testing and fire‐dynamics modelling.

Bamboo bio-concrete (BBC) consists of a cementitious matrix that binds together plant biomass particles as bio-aggregates. Bamboo imparts characteristics such as lightness, low thermal conductivity, and reduced carbon footprint to the material. However, since bamboo is a combustible material, it is crucial to understand its behavior in fire situations. Therefore, this work aims to evaluate the fire reaction properties of bamboo bio-concretes and assess post-fire residual uniaxial compressive strength. For this purpose, bio-concretes with 30

Recently, the authors investigated the post-buckling behaviour, strength and Direct Strength Method (DSM) design of cold-formed steel (CFS) single-span simply supported lipped channel beams failing in lateral-torsional (LT) modes at elevated temperatures (up to 800 degrees C), adopting the constitutive model prescribed in Part 1-2 of Eurocode 3. The main fruit of this investigation was the development of an efficient DSM-based design approach capable of predicting adequately the beam LT failure moments. Since the failure moments at elevated temperatures are obviously influenced by the temperature-dependent material model considered, it is important to assess how the failure moment prediction quality provided by the above DSM-based design approach is influenced by a change in the material model adopted - this paper aims precisely at reporting an investigation dealing with such a performance assessment for the particular case of the material model at elevated temperatures prescribed by the current Australian/New Zealand specification for cold-formed steel structures (AS/NZS 4600). Like in the previous investigation, a large set of CFS beams at elevated temperatures (up to 800 degrees C) are analysed, exhibiting (i) various cross-section dimensions and yield stresses, selected to cover wider LT slenderness ranges, (ii) two end support conditions, differing only in the end cross-section wall displacement/rotation and warping restraints (either fully free or fully prevented), and (iii) temperature-dependent steel material properties according with the model prescribed in AS/NZS 4600. The results presented and discussed, obtained through ABAQUS shell finite element (SFE) geometrically and material non-linear analyses including (criticalmode - LT) initial geometrical imperfections (GMNIA), consist of beam LT (i) post-buckling equilibrium paths and deformed configurations, and (ii) fairly extensive numerical failure moment data. These numerical failure moments, together with those available in the literature, are then used to show that the quality of their predictions provided by the recently developed DSM-based strength curves becomes inadequate due to the change in the temperature-dependent steel constitutive model adopted. However, it is also shown that such inadequacy can be removed by merely inserting a new parameter that takes into account the specific features of the AS/NZS 4600 CFS constitutive model. This means that the format of the recently developed DSM-based strength curves can be retained and should constitute a good starting point to search for an efficient general DSM-based design approach for CFS beams failing in LT modes at room and elevated temperatures.

About a decade ago, in-depth investigations on the behaviour of cold-formed steel (CFS) single-span simply supported lipped channel beams failing in lateral-torsional modes at both room and elevated temperatures were reported at QUT (Queensland Technical University). They revealed a significant underestimation of the lateraltorsional (LT) failure moments by the Direct Strength Method (DSM) global design curve at room temperature, then codified in the Australian/New Zealand and North American specifications. In order to remedy this situation, the authors proposed two novel DSM-based beam strength curve sets, which were found to substantially improve the LT failure moment prediction quality, both at room and elevated temperatures. This work aims at extending the scope of the above investigations, by analysing a visibly larger set of CFS lipped channel beams at room and elevated temperatures (up to 800 degrees C), exhibiting (i) various cross-section dimensions and yield stresses, selected to cover wider LT slenderness ranges, (ii) two end support conditions, differing only in the end crosssection wall displacement/rotation and warping restraints (either fully free or fully prevented), and (iii) temperature-dependent steel material properties according with the model prescribed in Part 1-2 of Eurocode 3. The results presented and discussed consist of beam LT post-buckling equilibrium paths and failure moments, obtained through ABAQUS shell finite element GMNIA that include critical-mode (LT) initial geometrical imperfections. Lastly, the numerical failure moment data obtained in this work and reported in the literature are used to develop and propose a new unified set of DSM-based strength curves capable of adequately handling beam LT failures at room or elevated temperatures. Since it is shown that the proposed strength curve set provides a quite good LT failure moment prediction quality, it is fair to argue that it constitutes a good starting point to search for an efficient general DSM-based design approach for CFS beams failing in LT modes at room and elevated temperatures.

The Brazilian Amazon Rainforest is home to a vast number of fauna and flora species and plays a crucial role in mitigating the effects of global climate change. Despite its importance, the biome has been severely impacted by wildfires for years. Fuels are the most critical element in wildfire management, and leaves are the combustible particles present in all potential layers of fire spread. This paper presents the flammability evaluation of oven-dried live leaves from 24 native tree species of the Brazilian Amazon Ombrophilous Dense Forest, using the mass-loss cone calorimeter (MLCC) at 50 kW/m(2). Additionally, through hierarchical clustering analysis, species were grouped into five flammability clusters. The interquartile range (IQR) of the cone calorimeter parameters-PHRR, THR, and TPHRR-was the difference between 67.90 and 61.03 kW/m(2); 5.93 and 5.50 MJ/m(2); and 33.67 and 29.58 s, respectively, showing a smaller variation than that reported in live leaf cone calorimeter test literature (both dry and fresh). A clear distinction was also observed between palms and other species with compound leaves. While palms-Leopoldinia piassaba, Oenocarpus bacaba, and Phytelephas macrocarpa-were classified into the flammable, highly flammable, and Extremely Flammable groups, respectively, other species with compound leaves were grouped into the low flammable (Pentaclethra macroloba) and very low flammable groups (Anadenanthera colubrina and Parkia pendula). Finally, the results have the potential to improve predictions of Brazilian Amazon wildfire behavior and inform the selection of less flammable species for green belts or reforestation projects.

This study explores the cracking behavior of steel-lightweight concrete-steel (SCS) sandwich composite beams with shear connectors through finite element analysis (FEA) using DIANA FEA software. Originally developed by DNV for marine vessel construction, SCS panels offer advantages such as reduced weight, simplified manufacturing, fire insulation, sound and vibration damping, and enhanced impact resistance. Despite proven applications in building and bridge construction, their adoption in marine applications requires further development. The numerical model incorporates the nonlinear stress-strain behavior of steel and concrete, as well as bond-slip interactions at the steel-concrete interface. Key performance metrics, including load-deformation curves, crack opening, and failure modes, are analyzed to assess the structural behavior of SCS beams. The results inform a preliminary design approach for SCS beams, addressing the current lack of specific design rules. The proposed simplified method demonstrates safe and accurate predictions, offering a foundation for broader applications in building and offshore industries. This work underscores the potential of SCS systems as an innovative structural solution, advancing their feasibility and commercialization.

Nowadays, wood bio-concrete (WBC) can be seen as an alternative to reduce environmental impacts of the construction industry. The behavior of this material under fire conditions, however, is still poorly understood. In this sense, this work aims to investigate the behavior of wood bio-concrete under fire conditions. In this study, the wood shavings content varied from 40 to 90 %. A Mass Loss Cone Calorimeter with an incident heat flux of 50 kW/m2 was used to analyze the combustion and reaction to fire of WBCs. Then, properties such as heat release rate, total heat released, total mass loss, mass loss rate, effective heat of combustion, time to ignition and temperature of ignition were evaluated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to better explain the results from the Cone Calorimeter tests. The results showed that the cementitious matrix promoted the protection of the wood and no ignition was observed for the materials studied, excepted when 90 % of shavings were used. The lower the density of the bio-concrete, the higher the values of combustion properties. This study confirmed that, under high heat flux conditions, most of the WBCs did not exhibit characteristics that promote ignition or flame propagation.

Bio-based aggregates can be seen as one of the promising alternatives to reduce the environmental impacts of buildings due to their lower carbon footprint and energy efficiency. They have great potential to be incorporated into inorganic matrices and produce insulating materials. However, there is a lack of information about the flammability of these materials. This work presents the results of an experimental investigation of the fire behaviour of bio-based materials. In this study, wastes of bamboo, wood shavings and rice husk were used and were evaluated for their fire performance in the natural state and after treatment in an alkaline solution. The fire reaction properties were determined by using a Mass Loss Cone Calorimeter in order to obtain the parameters of heat release rate (HRR), total heat released (THR), effective heat of combustion (EHC), total mass loss (TML), ignition time (IT) and time of combustion (TC). In addition, physical characterization and thermogravimetric tests were carried out as well as scanning electron microscopy analyses. The results show that the alkaline treatment of the bio-based aggregates is able to reduce the average HRR and the EHC of all bio-aggregates but does not delay the ignition of these materials. Among the residues studied, rice husk presented the lowest peaks and averages of HRR, THR, total mass loss, EHC and time to flameout; however, the ignition occurred faster.

This paper reported the results of an ongoing numerical (ABAQUS shell finite element) investigation on the distortional buckling, post-buckling and ultimate strength behaviours and DSM (Direct Strength Design) Design of cold-formed steel beams subjected to major-axis non-uniform bending due to one midspan point load (transverse applied load). The beams analysed consisted of single-span lipped channel members exhibiting (i) 15 geometries, (ii) end sections that are locally and globally pinned and may warp freely, (iii) triangular bending moment diagrams, and (iv) 8 yield stresses, selected to cover a wide distortional slenderness range. After acquiring in-depth insight into how the triangular bending moment diagram influences the beam distortional buckling and post-buckling behaviours, an extensive numerical (shell finite element) parametric study is carried out in order to gather significant distortional failure moment data concerning lipped channel beams. These failure moments are then employed to assess the merits of the available DSM beam distortional strength curves in predicting them, namely (i) the one currently codified in North America (AISI 2016) and (ii) those proposed by Martins et al. (2017). The above curves were found to be inadequate for providing safe and accurate predictions of failure moments, highlighting the need to continue developing an efficient and reliable DSM-based design approach for beams failing in distortional modes under non-uniform bending.

Recently, the authors investigated the post-buckling behaviour, strength and Direct Strength Method (DSM) design of cold-formed steel (CFS) fixed-ended singly symmetric columns buckling in major-axis flexural-torsional modes (FMT), some of which were shown to experience interaction with minor-axis flexural (Fm) buckling - FMTFm (global-global) interaction. The main fruit of this investigation was the development of an efficient DSMbased design approach capable of predicting the failure loads of such columns, regardless of their failure mode nature (pure FMT or FMT-Fm interactive). This work extends the scope of the above study to singly symmetric columns with three types of pin-ended support conditions, all fixed with respect to torsion and having warping fully prevented. Columns with seven cross-section shapes are considered, having their wall dimensions, lengths and yield stresses selected to ensure covering wide FMT slenderness ranges and various ratios between the Fm and FMT buckling loads. Following an investigation on the elastic and elastic-plastic post-buckling behaviours of the selected pin-ended columns, paying attention to the possible occurrence of FMT-Fm interaction, parametric studies are carried out to gather extensive pin-ended column failure load data, including some potentially associated with FMT-Fm interactive collapses. Then, the assembled numerical failure loads are used to show that (i) the available DSM-based strength curves are only able to predict adequately part of them and, thus, (ii) novel DSM-based design curves are needed to estimate the failure loads of the remaining pin-ended singly symmetric columns buckling in FMT modes. After developing such curves and assessing their merits (safety and reliability), it is concluded that different DSM-based design curves/approaches must be employed for columns with each type of pin-ended support conditions.

Society's need for safe flame-retardant technologies in passive fire protection is undeniable. To address this concern, this paper presents an experimental investigation of the fire-retardant properties of slash pine wood treated with banana plant pseudostem sap, obtained from a cultivated banana plant variety widely grown in Brazil. The natural sap extract was characterized through X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy techniques, revealing the presence of key components, including water, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium silicate, calcium phosphate, sodium phosphate, lignin and tannins. The authors explored different treatment parameters, including various sap impregnation times, number of impregnations and use of natural versus various levels of concentrated sap. First, a horizontal burning test, similar test to UL 94 HB, was used to obtain an initial assessment of the suitability of sap as a flame retardant for slash pine wood. Subsequently, the Mass Loss Calorimeter equipment with thermopile attachment described in ISO 13927:2015 was used to measure various heat release rate parameters. The findings suggest that reducing the water content in sap and increasing the number of repeat treatments results in a more effective treatment for slash pine wood. More specifically, the results indicate that the most efficient treatment involves three impregnations with high-concentration (1/10 volume reduction) sap. Future work to improve the efficacy of the concentrated sap impregnation process could explore the use of pressure treatment instead of soaking.

This work reports a numerical investigation dealing with the post-buckling behaviour, strength, and Direct Strength Method (DSM) design of cold-formed steel fixed-ended lipped channel columns experiencing coupling between distortional and global (flexural-torsional) buckling - distortional-global (D-G) interaction. Various cross-section dimensions and lengths are considered, to ensure that the columns selected undergo different levels and types ("true", "secondary-bifurcation distortional" or "secondary-bifurcation global") of D-G interaction. The results presented and discussed, determined by means of ABAQUS shell finite element geometrically and materially non-linear analyses, consist of elastic and elastic-plastic post-buckling equilibrium paths, failure loads and collapse modes. The steel material behaviour is deemed elastic-perfectly plastic and several yield stresses are considered, thus making it possible to cover a wide column D-G slenderness range. Particular attention is devoted to identifying the most detrimental initial geometrical imperfection shapes, in the sense that they lead to the lowest column failure loads. The numerical failure load data gathered are subsequently used to assess the merits of the available DSM-based design approaches developed to handle cold-formed steel columns undergoing D-G interaction. Since these design approaches are shown to be either inefficient and/or improvable, the above failure load data are also used to propose modifications/improvements aimed at achieving an efficient failure load prediction in the specific context of fixed-ended lipped channel columns. The success of this endeavour provides encouragement to the authors in their search for a safe, accurate and reliable DSM-based design approach capable of handling cold-formed steel columns with arbitrary cross-section shapes and/or end support conditions that fail in D-G interactive modes.

This work reports the findings of a comprehensive numerical investigation on the post-buckling behaviour, failure and Direct Strength Method (DSM) design of cold-formed steel (CFS) single-span simply supported lipped channel beams buckling in distortional modes at elevated temperatures (up to 800 degrees C) due to fire conditions. It extends the scope of a previous investigation carried out by Landesmann and Camotim [1], by analysing a substantially larger lipped channel beam set, exhibiting various cross-section dimensions and yield stresses, selected to cover wider distortional slenderness ranges. As done before, (i) the beams analysed display two end support conditions, (ii) the Eurocode 3 (part 1.2) model to describe the temperature-dependence of the CFS material properties is adopted and (iii) the results are obtained by means of ABAQUS shell finite element GMNIA. After presenting and discussing the main features of the beam distortional post-buckling behaviour, extensive beam failure moment sets are gathered and used to develop and validate DSM-based design approaches. The methodology followed consists of modifying the most performant available DSM-based design curves (developed for beams at ambient temperature [2]), which naturally involves the temperature-dependant reduction factors of the CFS model. A merit assessment procedure shows that the modified DSM-based strength curves predict the lipped channel beam distortional failure moments with remarkable accuracy and reliability, thus constituting an excellent starting point to search for a DSM-based design approach capable of handling arbitrary CFS beams failing in distortional modes at elevated temperatures.