Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are used in a variety of research areas, including the military, industry, healthcare, agriculture, the Internet of Things (IoT), transportation, and smart cities. The swift advancement in MANET technology is the driving force behind this rising adoption rate. Routing over MANET is a critical problem due to the dynamic nature of the link qualities, even when nodes are static. A key challenge in MANETs is the need for an efficient routing protocol that establishes a route according to certain performance metrics related to the link quality. The routing protocols utilised by the nodes in WMNs and MANETs are distinct. Nodes in both types of networks exchange data packets through the routing protocols. For this highly mobile network, the ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol has been suggested as a possible solution. Recent years have attracted researchers' attention to AODV since it is a routing technique for ad-hoc networks that prevents looping. The architecture of this routing protocol considers several factors, including the mobility of nodes, the failure of connection links, and the loss of packets. In this systematic review, one of the key focuses is bringing attention to the classic AODV, which was developed after discussing the recent development of several versions of AODV. The AODV routing protocol performs a path strength check to generate a more reliable and secure route between the source and destination nodes. In AODV, investigations demonstrate advances in both the format protocol approach and the network simulation-2 (NS-2), and these improvements were made in the same scenario used to revitalise AODV. It has been discovered that the AODV is more effective in several aspects, such as throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), energy consumption, jitter, packet loss ratio, and network overhead. Furthermore, this paper presents this systematic review based on AODV modifications in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). It also provides a methodological framework for the papers' selection.

Based on the idea of word2vec embedding method in NLP, this paper presents a novel idea called sensor2vec which captures the contextual information of the heterogeneous sensory information in the ambient assisted living setting. The contextual information is essential in order to classify and understand the human activity using multi-modal sensory data. In the activity classification, the sensor2vec embedding method is able to do the pre-processing which produce the embedding layer which represents the semantic value in the high-dimensional space. The preliminary experiment based on LSTM shows that the sensor2vec performs better classification result than the one-hot inputs.

Background: Parkinson’s disease is the second most common long-term chronic, progressive, neurodegenerative disease, affecting more than 10 million people worldwide. There has been a rising interest in wearable devices for evaluation of movement disorder diseases such as Parkinson’s disease due to the limitations in current clinic assessment methods such as Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and the Hoehn and Yahr (HY) scale. However, there are only a few commercial wearable devices available, which, in addition, have had very limited adoption and implementation. This inconsistency may be due to a lack of users’ perspectives in terms of device design and implementation. This study aims to identify the perspectives of healthcare professionals and patients linked to current assessment methods and to identify preferences, and requirements of wearable devices. Methods: This was a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews followed by focus groups. Transcripts from sessions were analysed using an inductive thematic approach. Results: It was noted that the well-known assessment process such as Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) was not used routinely in clinics since it is time consuming, subjective, inaccurate, infrequent and dependent on patients’ memories. Participants suggested that objective assessment methods are needed to increase the chance of effective treatment. The participants’ perspectives were positive toward using wearable devices, particularly if they were involved in early design stages. Patients emphasized that the devices should be comfortable, but they did not have any concerns regarding device visibility or data privacy transmitted over the internet when it comes to their health. In terms of wearing a monitor, the preferable part of the body for all participants was the wrist. Healthcare professionals stated a need for an economical solution that is easy to interpret. Some design aspects identified by patients included clasps, material choice, and form factor. Conclusion: The study concluded that current assessment methods are limited. Patients’ and healthcare professionals’ involvement in wearable devices design process has a pivotal role in terms of ultimate user acceptance. This includes the provision of additional functions to the wearable device, such as fall detection and medication reminders, which could be attractive features for patients.

In this paper, we propose an approximate method for solving a general class of pantograph differential equations. The proposed method is based on a combination of least squares, epsilon and Ritz methods. The convergence properties of the method are analyzed and discussed. Finally, several numerical examples are given to illustrate the applicability and efficiency of the method.

Wind power has become one of the renewable resources with a major growth in the electricity market. However, due to its inherent variability, forecasting techniques are necessary for the optimum scheduling of the electric grid, specially during ramp events. These large changes in wind power may not be captured by wind power point forecasts even with very high resolution numerical weather prediction models. In this paper, a fuzzy approach for wind power ramp characterisation is presented. The main benefit of this technique is that it avoids the binary definition of ramp event, allowing to identify changes in power output that can potentially turn into ramp events when the total percentage of change to be considered a ramp event is not met. To study the application of this technique, wind power forecasts were obtained and their corresponding error estimated using genetic programming and quantile regression forests. The error distributions were incorporated into the characterisation process, which according to the results, improve significantly the ramp capture. Results are presented using colour maps, which provide a useful way to interpret the characteristics of the ramp events.

This paper presents a numerical method for solving a class of fractional variational problems (FVPs) with multiple dependent variables, multi order fractional derivatives and a group of boundary conditions. The fractional derivative in the problem is in the Caputo sense. In the presented method, the given optimization problem reduces to a system of algebraic equations using polynomial basis functions. An approximate solution for the FVP is achieved by solving the system. The choice of polynomial basis functions provides the method with such a flexibility that initial and boundary conditions can be easily imposed. We extensively discuss the convergence of the method and finally present illustrative examples to demonstrate validity and applicability of the new technique.

In this article the Legendre multiwavelet basis with the aid of a collocation method has been applied to give the approximate solution for the fractional optimal control problems (FOCPs). The properties of the Legendre multiwavelet are presented. These properties together with the collocation method are then utilized to reduce the problem to the solution of an algebraic system. Numerical results and a comparison with the exact solution in the cases when we have an exact solution are given to demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of the new method.

This paper presents a numerical method for solving a class of fractional optimal control problems (FOCPs). The fractional derivative in these problems is in the Caputo sense. The method is based upon the Legendre orthonormal polynomial basis. The operational matrices of fractional Riemann–Liouville integration and multiplication, along with the Lagrange multiplier method for the constrained extremum are considered. By this method, the given optimization problem reduces to the problem of solving a system of algebraic equations. By solving this system, we achieve the solution of the FOCP. Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the new technique.

The Seventh International Conference on Intelligent Environments (IE11) was held July 25‐28, 2011, at the Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK. The general chairs were Ahmad Lotfi (Nottingham Trent University) and Sean Hanna (Bartlett School of Graduate Studies, University College London). Juan Carlos Augusto (University of Ulster) and Achilles Kameas (Hellenic Open University and Computer Technology Institute) served as program chairs. This article presents a report of the conference.

In this article, He's variational iteration method has been applied to find the optimal control of linear systems, approximately. Numerical results are given for several test examples involving scalar and second-order systems to demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of the method.

In this paper He's variational iteration method is used to give the approximate solution of nonlinear mixed Volterra–Fredholm integral equations. The method constructs a convergent sequence of functions, which approximates the exact solution with few iterations. Numerical results and a comparison with the exact solution are given, which reveal its efficiency.

In this paper, we propose two controllers which extend the original PD+I fuzzy logic controller to treat the plant with time varying nonlinear dynamics. The adaptation ability of the first self tuning PD+I fuzzy logic controller (STPD+I_31) is obtained by adjusting the output scaling factor automatically thereby contributing to significant improvement in performance. Second proposed controller (STPD+I_9) is the simplified version of STPD+I_31 which is designed under the imposed constraint that allows only minimum number of rules in the rule bases. The proposed controllers are compared with two classical nonlinear controllers: the pole placement self tuning PID controller and sliding mode controller. All the controllers are applied to the two-links revolute robot for the tracking control. The tracking performance of STPD+I_31 and STPD+I_9 are much better than the pole placement self tuning PID controller during high speed operations while the performance are comparable at low and medium speed. In addition, STPD+I_31 and STPD+I_9 outperform sliding mode controller under same method of comparison study.

A novel 9 rules self-tuning PD+I fuzzy logic controller applicable for a class of nonlinear plants is proposed in this paper. The controller comprises of three separate fuzzy logic controllers with each uses minimum number of rules and the output scaling factor is tuned automatically depending on the tracking error dynamic conditions. The controller is applied to a two-link revolute robot for the tracking control. Simulation results show that the robustness and tracking performance of the proposed controller is comparable to standard PD+I fuzzy logic controller at low and medium speed motions. However, the performance of the proposed new design far exceeds the standard design at high speed motions.

This paper proposes the applications of soft computing to deal with the constraints in conventional modelling techniques of the dynamic extrusion process. The proposed technique increases the efficiency in utilising the available information during the model identification. The resultant model can be classified as a 'grey-box model' or has been termed as a 'semi-physical model' in the context. The extrusion process contains a number of parameters that are sensitive to the operating environment. Fuzzy rule-based system (FRBS) is introduced into the analytical model of extrusion by means of sub-models to approximate those operational-sensitive parameters. In drawing an optimal structure for each sub-model, a hybrid algorithm of genetic algorithm with fuzzy system (GA-fuzzy) has been implemented. The sub-models obtained show advantages such as linguistic interpretability, simpler rule-base and less membership functions (MFs). The developed model is adaptive with its learning ability through the steepest decent error back-propagation algorithm. This ability might help to minimise the deviation of the model prediction when the operational-sensitive parameters adapt to the changing operating environment in the real situation. The model is first evaluated through simulations on the consistency of model prediction with the theoretical analysis. Then, the usefulness of adaptive sub-models during the operation is further explored in existence of prediction error.