The integration of phase change materials (PCMs) into lightweight foam concrete presents a promising approach for improving the energy efficiency of buildings, as it couples thermal insulation with effective thermal energy storage capacity. In this research, expanded perlite (EP) was impregnated with capric acid (CA) to produce EP/ CA composites, which were incorporated into foam concrete mixtures at various substitution levels. The resulting composites retained up to 58 % CA without leakage and exhibited a phase transition enthalpy of 96.4 J/g with a melting point of 29.2 & ring;C. Increasing EP/CA content reduced flow diameter and dry density, while leading to higher porosity and water absorption. Both mechanical strength and thermal conductivity declined with higher EP/CA ratios, with 30 % replacement mixture showing the lowest values (4.04 MPa and 0.213 W/m & sdot;K, respectively). Field-scale evaluations of thermal comfort performance revealed that the mixture containing 30 % EP/CA reduced peak indoor temperatures by approximately 6.6 & ring;C during daytime and provided a modest nighttime heating benefit of up to 1.1 & ring;C. Overall, these results demonstrate the strong potential of EP/CA modified foam concrete to moderate indoor thermal fluctuations and contribute to improved building energy efficiency.

This study is about the easy and efficient determination of methylene blue (MB), a toxic and carcinogenic cationic dye in wastewater, with Nb2O5 modified carbon paste electrode (NMCPE) using cyclic voltammetry. Firstly, high purity Nb2O5 particles were extracted from the raw ore after a number of procedures. NMCPE was fabricated in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of pH 6.8 for MB analysis. A maximum current response of 50 mu A was recorded during the electro-oxidation of MB using 8 mg NMCPE. The effects of scan rate, pH, and MB concentration were investigated on the anodic current response using cyclic voltammetry. The calculated active surface area for bare and NMCPE is found to be 0.04768 and 0.3311 cm(2) respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the NMCPE were determined to be 0.093 mu M and 0.311 mu M respectively. The effect of potential interfering species was evaluated like metal ions, dyes, and bioactive molecules and found that, these interferents do not affect the Ipa of MB and the percentage deviation of MB's Ipa is +/- 5%. This confirms that, the fabricated NMCPE depicted an extra ordinary selectivity and stability at the same time. This study reports, for the first time, the use of ore-extracted Nb2O5 nanoparticles as a carbon paste electrode modifier for methylene blue detection, offering a cost-effective and sustainable approach.

Phase change materials (PCMs) are becoming a key component in the design of next-generation textiles that can control temperature in response to ambient temperature for the goal of heat management. The high heat capacity of methyl palmitate (MP) was directly impregnated into porous diatomite in this study at four ratios (40%, 50%, 53%, and 55% by weight). The leakage test showed that composites with 53% and 55% MP exhibited leakage, whereas composites with 40% to 50% MP did not exhibit any leakage. Consequently, the cellulosic fabric coating method employed composites containing 50 wt% MP. A two-component silicone matrix that can be cured at room temperature was mixed with MP/Diatomite composite (MPDIA) in three ratios (10%, 20%, and 30% by weight). The resulting composite‑silicone mixture was then applied to the fabric surface. FTIR results showed no chemical interaction between diatomite and MP. The fabrics coated with MPDIA‑silicone mixture exhibited melting enthalpy (from 7.4 to 24.2 J/g) and freezing enthalpy (from 7.1 to 23.8 J/g). After 600 thermal cycles, no significant difference was observed in either the phase transition temperatures or latent heats of the coated fabrics. SEM-EDS analyses demonstrate that the coating layer maintains its durability on the textile surface, exhibiting resistance to 10 washes. Under solar exposure conditions, the thermoregulation performance of coated fabric with paste containing silicone and 30% MPDIA (CFMPDIA30) were experimentally assessed. Due to latent heat release, PCM-integrated fabric provided brief nocturnal heating while lowering peak daytime temperatures by up to 6.4 °C under intense solar radiation. A dominant and long-lasting cooling impact with a time-limited heating contribution was established by temperature difference analysis.

Energy consumption can be reduced by improving thermal performance of buildings and using energy efficiently. This can be achieved by integrating phase change material (PCM) with heat storage properties into foam concretes in building envelopes. The present study aims to prepare diatomite/capric acid (CA) composite, integrate it into foam concrete structure and enhance thermal energy performance of buildings under real weather conditions. For this purpose, it was first determined that diatomite could absorb capric acid at a maximum of 50 % (by weight) without leakage by direct impregnation. The prepared diatomite/CA composite was incorporated to foam concrete mixture as a substitute for sand aggregate at four different ratios of 15 %, 20 %, 25 % and 30 %. For diatomite/CA composite, melting and freezing temperatures and enthalpy values were found to be 28.73 degrees C and 28.49 degrees C, and 101 J/g and 193 J/g, respectively. While spreading diameter and dry unit weight values decreased as the ratio of diatomite/CA rose, water absorption and apparent porosity values increased. Thermal conductivity and compressive strength decreased depending on the increase in amount of diatomite/CA. For foam concrete with 30 % diatomite/CA, the highest water absorption, apparent porosity and compressive strength were measured as 25.9 %, 34 % and 6.31 MPa, respectively. Thermal conductivity varied between 0.495 and 0.241 W/mK. Thermoregulation test results demonstrated that foam concrete slabs containing 30 % diatomite/CA significantly improved indoor temperature regulation, achieving a cooling effect of approximately 3.7 degrees C during peak heat periods and contributing to a heating load reduction at night by maintaining indoor temperatures up to 8.8 degrees C warmer.

Spent hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts were considered as a vital secondary resource for precious metals like Mo. The current pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy usually exhibits the characteristic of remarkable high energy consumption and high secondary pollutions. This study proposes an innovative technique to recycling MoO3 from spent HDS catalyst by sublimation process at high temperature, which has notable advantages of zero wastewater-generation and zero chemical reagent consumption. Notably, MoO3 recovery efficiency was improved remarkably with the introduction of water-vapor. About 99.33 % of MoO3 was recovered by heating spent HDS catalyst at 1100 degrees C for 2.5 h in water-vapor atmosphere with partial pressure of 101.33 kPa. The yielded MoO3 was tested with the purity of 99.94 % and exhibited the appearance of thin strips. Furthermore, the sublimation kinetic of MoO3 in air was adhered to a desorption model, while agreed with a non-desorption model in water-vapor atmosphere. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations revealed that-OH obtained by the dissociation of H2O molecules preferably combined with MoO3 and formed the volatile MoO3-OH, which was responsible for enhancing MoO3 sublimation efficiency significantly in water-vapor atmosphere. Economic analysis suggested that the direct cost of this method was 345 $/t, accounting for around 50 % compared to current roasting-leaching-purification methods. Overall, MoO3 sublimation enhanced by water-vapor atmosphere can be considered as a high-efficient and environmental-friendly approach for Mo recovery from spent catalysts.

Polymer composites are widely employed in engineering and industrial applications owing to their tunable properties, lightweight structure, and enhanced performance achieved through the incorporation of fillers and additives. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites are of particular interest due to their chemical resistance and mechanical strength; however, their non-polar nature often results in weak interfacial bonding with polar additives. This challenge highlights the need for systematic investigations of filler-matrix interactions. This study examines the mechanical and electrical performance of HDPE-based composites incorporating calcite, graphite, ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), elastomer, and crosslinker. The significance of this work lies in its multi-factorial approach, which evaluates the synergistic effects of multiple additives rather than relying on single-variable analyses. A total of twenty-six HDPE composite samples were fabricated using extrusion and injection molding processes designed through a statistical experimental plan. Samples were characterized by tensile strength, hardness, and electrical conductivity tests, alongside surface morphology analyses (SEM-EDS). Statistical evaluation was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and response surface methodology (RSM) to determine the significance of parameters and their interactions. Results revealed that yield strength was best explained by the second-order model (quadratic), hardness by the first-order model (linear), while electrical conductivity did not fit the tested models. SEM-EDS further indicated poor dispersion and weak interfacial bonding between the HDPE matrix and additives. In conclusion, the findings emphasize the critical influence of additive type and proportion on the performance of HDPE composites.

The increasing demand for building materials and the depletion of natural resources have prompted the search for sustainable alternatives, particularly to clay. Drinking water treatment sludge (DWTS) and eggshells are two abundant solid wastes that pose environmental challenges due to their disposal difficulties. This paper propes a novel and eco-friendly approach to brick production by simultaneously using DWTS as substitute for clay and eggshells as pore-forming agent-an underexplored combination in literature. To prepare brick mixtures using semi-dry method, eggshells were incorporated to DWTS at rates ranging from 5 % to 25 %. Molded brick samples were fired at 900 degrees C, 1000 degrees C and 1100 degrees C for 2 h. The findings indicated that increasing eggshell content and firing temperature led to higher apparent porosity and water absorption. Compressive strength decreased from 28.9 MPa to 14.7 MPa however it was still within acceptable limits. At 900 degrees C and 25 % eggshell content, the lowest thermal conductivity (0.615 W/mK) was recorded, suggesting enhanced thermal insulation potential. Experimental results demonstrate the potential of DWTS and eggshells to be jointly valorized as sustainable raw materials in brick manufacturing, contributing to both waste management and low-carbon construction materials.

Spent hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts, produced in the petroleum refining process, are usually classified in hazardous solid waste. Recovery of valuable metals from spent HDS catalyst not only reduce substantially environmental risk but is an important way to alleviate global resource shortages for high-valuable metals. This study reviews numerous references regarding to recovery valuable metals from spent HDS catalyst in last decades, and divided current methods into three processes: pretreatment, oxidation-leaching, and separation-purification processes. Roasting and solvent washing usually emerge as primary methods in the pretreatment process, and effectively eliminate the surface oily substances and sulfur. Sodium salt roasting-leaching are considered as higher efficient among all leaching methods. The application of organic acid in the leaching can separate valuable metals selectively and simplify subsequent purification steps. In separation-purification processes, solvent extraction is still a standout method to isolate challenging metals such as Mo, W and V. However, the burgeoning field of ion imprinting technology exhibits the promising potential. Additionally, Random Forest and XGBoost model are used to analyze reported methods to recovery Mo and Ni and predict the key factor to regulate recovery efficiency. The results show that Mo recovery process is depended on the spent HDS characteristics and solid-liquid ratio in leaching process, while Ni recovery processes is depended on the roasting time and roasting temperature. Finally, serval specific industrial cases on recycling valuable metals from spent HDS were given, and found that sodium salt roasting-water leaching process was still frequent used in practical application due to its characteristics of high efficiency and low cost.

Cement kiln co-processing has become a popular strategy for dealing with solid waste containing Cr(III) because hazardous Cr(III) can be incorporated into the cement matrix to reduce its leaching risk. However, whether Cr (III) can be transformed and leached from the cement matrix under extreme conditions remains unclear. This study demonstrates that even when Cr(III) is solidified and encapsulated by the cement matrix, it can undergo substantial oxidation into soluble Cr(VI) at temperatures 100-250 degrees C. Approximately 43.8 % of Cr(III) was oxidized into Cr(VI) when the cement matrix was fired at 250 degrees C for 1 h, and CrO3 was identified as the predominant phase of Cr(VI). When the firing time was increased over 10 h, part of CrO3 was reduced into Cr(III), and the combination of CrO3 and Ca(OH)2 occurred accompanied with CaCrO4 formation. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) indicated that Cr(VI) concentrations leached from cement matrix samples fired at 200 and 250 degrees C for 5 h exceeded the regulatory limit. The cumulative leaching amounts of Cr(VI) from the cement matrix samples fired at 200 and 250 degrees C by EA NEN 7375:2004 tank tests were 1381 and 1369 mg/m2, far higher than the limit of 25 mg/m2. Cement matrices after firing process exhibited significant degradation in mechanical properties. The high temperature process in the event of a fire for cement matrix not only poses critical environmental hazards but also severely impacts the structural stability of buildings.

Discarding PET plastic (dPET) causes serious environmental pollution and enormous fossil resources waste. Processing techniques have mainly focused on the conversion of dPET into monomers, with minimal reports highlighting their transformation into high-value materials. This work intends to transform dPET into a high-performance material with potential alternative value in harsh production environments. The soft and hard segments of the thermoplastic polyester elastomeric (TPEE) molecular structure are reacted and cross-linked with dPET using a facile one-pot process, and two main polymers, (C8H4O4)n and ((C16H18O4)0.76·(C4H8O)0.24)n are generated after the reaction. Through chemical reactions between TPEE and dPET, new characteristic products and chemical bond-crossing structures are formed, while the resulting product particles or multiple TPEE particles are anchored by the high viscosity of dPET, which endows the material with superior tensile strength (34.21 MPa) and impact resistance. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the material implies that neither the molecular chain nor the chain segments can move, while only the atoms or groups composing the molecule vibrate at their equilibrium positions. The development of this new treatment method may contribute to the reduction of environmental pollution and the improvement of the high-value conversion and utilization of dPET.

Spent petroleum refining catalyst is regarded as the important secondary resource for valuable metals. However, common recycling strategies, including soda roasting, acid and alkaline solutions leaching and chemically precipitation, produced large quantities of high salinity wastewater. This study proposed an efficient method to recovery of Mo and Ni from the spent hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalyst via O2-rich roasting and organic acid leaching with the advantage of less salinity wastewater production. The transformation of Mo(IV) into soluble Mo(VI) was enhanced by O2-rich atmosphere roasting, and 98.64% of Mo(IV) was oxidized at 650 ℃ for 2 h in atmosphere containing 30% of O2. The oxidation process of Mo(IV) was agreed with the shrinkage pore model, and regulated by surface reaction and internal diffusion. 97.97% of Mo(VI) was leached from roasted product by oxalic acid, separated with complexation extraction agent of Ala-TBP and recovered as (NH4)8Mo10O34 and (NH4)2Mo3O10 by evaporative crystallization. Ni was leached out from spent catalyst with 1 mol/L acetic acid, and precipitated as NiC2O4 with oxalic acid. 95.92% of Mo and 96.77% of Ni were recovered from spent HDS catalyst with this recycling route. This study provided a high-efficient and eco-friendly method to recovery of valuable metals from spent catalyst.

Energy consumption rises as a result of numerous electrical devices used to maintain thermal comfort of interior building areas. Using building materials with low thermal conductivity and density as well as an effective thermal energy storage plan can help to mitigate this. In order to enhance thermal performance of building, phase change material (PCM) was incorporated to foam concrete mixture in this study. Capric acid (CA)-palmitic acid (PA) eutectic mixture was prepared and impregnated with pumice (50 % by weight), a light and porous material. DSC results indicated that pumice/CA-PA composite exhibited a melting temperature of 22.84 & ring;C and a freezing temperature of 20.85 & ring;C, with corresponding enthalpy values for melting and freezing determined to be 85.4 J/g and 85.1 J/g, respectively. TGA analyses demonstrated that operational temperature of pumice/CA-PA composite was significantly below its thermal degradation temperature (194 & ring;C). The prepared pumice/CA-PA composites were replaced with silica aggregate at different rates and incorporated in foam concrete mixture. Porosity and water absorption values rose as pumice/PCM content increased, yet there was a 7.2-41.1 % drop in dry unit weight when compared to reference. Compressive strength also showed a linear decrease and the lowest compressive strength value was recorded as 4.71 MPa in the presence of 40 % pumice/PCM. Thermal conductivity dropped from 0.487 W/mK to 0.167 W/mK, suggesting that foam concrete samples that were produced are all suitable as insulation materials. In peak solar radiation hours, PCM-impregnated pumice foam concrete (PFC) provided about 11.8 % and 8.72 % surface and room center temperatures compared to that of the reference in maximum case. PFC with PCM provided 6.54 % warmer surface temperature in cold weather. PFC-PCM can provide a cooler indoor temperature during peak temperature hours. Therefore, it may have a great potential to decrease the cooling load of a building.

For polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, a material used for food packaging, light transmission and mechanical performance, particularly environmental stress cracking (ESC), are essential characteristics. For this purpose, following extrusion of PET/CaO granules, preforms were manufactured using the injection technique, and bottles were produced by a stretch-blow-molding process. With incorporation of calcium oxide (CaO), light transmittance increased by around 25%, and ESC went from 0.3 to 11 min. In addition, whereas acetaldehyde (AA) and carboxylic acid (COOH) decomposition values rose with increasing CaO content, diethylene glycol and isophthalic acid values did not significantly change. Moreover, the maximum crystallization temperature and crystallinity both exhibited an upward trend with the CaO content.

Chromium is widely presented in industrial solid wastes like tannery sludge, electroplating sludge and metallurgical slag. These industrial solid wastes usually undergo thermal treatment process to reduce volume and toxicity. However, a significant amount of low-toxicity and low-mobility Cr(III) is determined to be oxidized to highly-toxic and highly-mobile Cr(VI) at high temperature, posing a greater threat to humans and the ecological environment. This paper summarizes the forms of Cr in solid wastes containing Cr, redox reactions mechanisms for different Cr forms, and methods to inhibit Cr(VI) formation during thermal treatment process. The Cr(III) compounds in solid waste containing Cr mainly include Cr(III) hydrates, Cr(III) oxides, Cr(III) hosting spinels and Organic-Cr(III). Cr(III) hydrates are usually oxidized at temperatures above 100 °C, even without the induction of alkali and alkaline earth metals. Compared to the direct reaction of Cr(III) oxides and spinels with O2, Cr(III) can be induced to oxidize at lower temperatures by alkali and alkaline earth metals. A large amount of Cr(III) is oxidized usually at 600–900 °C. Organic-Cr is generally pyrolyzed to CrO3(g), CrO2Cl(g) and Cr2O3(s) at high temperature. CrO2Cl(g) can be released directly into the atmosphere with CrO3(g), or captured by CaO to form CaCrO4. The reduction of Cr(VI) at high temperatures includes the decomposition of unstable Cr(VI) compounds driven solely by temperature, as well as reduction facilitated by acidic oxides. The reduction of Cr(VI) at high temperatures involves the decomposition of unstable Cr(VI) compounds, driven solely by temperature, as well as reduction facilitated by acidic oxides. Typical unstable Cr(VI) compounds include CrO3 and CaCrO4, which begin to decompose at temperatures above 270 °C and 1000 °C, respectively. Cr(III) oxidation and Cr(VI) reduction at high temperature are strongly dependent on the system basicity and the temperature. Subsequently, reducing oxygen content in atmosphere and the system basicity by adding common acidic oxides such as silicon dioxide, phosphate and sulfates exhibited a significant effect on inhibiting Cr(VI) formation during heating solid waste containing Cr. However, Cr oxidation and reduction mechanisms at molecular level have not yet been explored, and more effective measures to inhibit Cr(III) oxidation during thermal treatment of solid waste also should be developed in further works.

This study delves into the role of phase change materials (PCMs) in bolstering energy efficiency, particularly in response to escalating global energy consumption in construction. The research focuses on integrating recycled expanded glass (REG) as a support material for shape-stabilized PCMs, specifically emphasizing n-octadecane (nOD) in cement mortars. With nOD exhibiting a melting point around 27 degrees C and a high latent heat thermal energy storage (TES) capacity of 241 J/g, various analyses, including DSC, FT-IR, SEM, TGA, and thermoregulation tests, assess the impact of different nOD/REG concentrations on TES properties. Alterations in physicomechanical properties of mortar mixtures are noted with increasing REG/nOD content, impacting porosity and water absorption. The incorporation of REG/nOD PCMs decreases thermal conductivity, from 0.3620 W/mK (no PCM) to 0.1494 W/mK (full replacement). Thermo-regulation tests highlight PCM's ability to counteract temperature fluctuations, surpassing results from other studies. Temperature difference outcomes (-10.60 degrees C daytime cooling, 4.00 degrees C nighttime heating) establish REG/nOD as promising for sustainable construction. The research evaluates PCM-infused concrete's impact on building energy efficiency, noting significant heat demand reductions across climates and wall thicknesses. Carbon emissions decrease notably, especially with coal as the fuel source. Customized material thickness in PCM-integrated walls shows potential for substantial energy savings. These findings contribute valuable insights to the viability of REG/nOD composites in mitigating heating and cooling loads, advancing sustainable building solutions.

Spent hydrodesulfurization catalyst (HDS) is considered as the important secondary resource for Mo and Ni. The separation of Mo from HDS was usually conducted by soda roasting and water leaching, while Ni remained in the leached residue. This study proposed a method to recover Ni from leached residue by H2SO4 leaching and solvent extraction, and Ni was recycled in the form of NiO. The results showed that the optimum Ni leaching process were conducted using 30

Spent hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalyst contains considerable amounts of Mo, Ni and V, is an important secondary resource for these valuable metals. Direct acid solution leaching method exhibits poor separation effect from catalyst carrier for Mo due to greater stability of MoS2. This study explored Mo leaching efficiencies from spent HDS catalyst by Fenton-like oxidation systems (H2O2 and K2S2O8), which were frequently employed in the wastewater treatment. To further improve Mo leaching efficiency, nano zero-valent iron (nZVFe) was used to activate H2O2/K2S2O8 and produce more free radicals (& sdot;OH and & sdot;SO4-). Approximate 96.0 % and 93.3 % of Mo were leached from spent HDS catalyst in nZVFe + H2O2 + H2SO4 and nZVFe + K2S2O8 + H2SO4 systems under optimal experimental conditions, increased by 16.2 % and 8.2 % than normal H2O2 (79.8 %) and K2S2O8 (85.1 %) system without nZVFe. The leaching process of Mo in both nZVFe + H2O2 + H2SO4 and nZVFe + K2S2O8 + H2SO4 systems conformed to the shrinkage core model. Kinetic analysis and molecular calculation demonstrated the leaching process of Mo in nZVFe + H2O2 + H2SO4 system was driven by chemical reaction and solid film diffusion, and the leaching and oxidation reactions of MoS2 occurred simultaneously. However, the leaching process of Mo in nZVFe + K2S2O8 + H2SO4 system was driven only by chemical reaction, solid MoS2 was firstly dissolved into Mo4+ by H+, and then oxidized into Mo6+ by & sdot;SO4-. The economic and environmental impacts evaluation indicated that the separation of Mo from spent HDS catalysts by nZVFe + H2O2 + H2SO4 was assigned as a better choice than normal H2O2 and K2S2O8 system without nZVFe due to higher leaching efficiency and lower cost.

Recent growth in materials science and engineering technologies has pushed the construction industry to engage in new applications, such as the manufacturing of smart and electrically conductive products. Such novel uses of conductive construction materials would potentially allow their use in conjunction with various fields, such as those referred to as “Industry 4.0.” The following study uses iron oxide (Fe3O4)-multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposites synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and incorporated into the cementitious mortars as a substitute for sand at 1, 2, and 3% ratios to enhance the electrical conductivity. Results reveal that the electrical resistivity of cementitious composites decreases (due to the increase in electrical conductivity) from 208.3 to 61.6 Ω·m with both the Fe3O4-MWCNTs nanocomposites ratio and the increasing voltage. The lowest compressive strengths at 7 and 28 days are 12.6 and 17.4 MPa for specimens with 3% Fe3O4-MWCNTs and meet the standards that comply with most applications. On the other hand, the highest porosity was reached at 26.8% with a Fe3O4-MWCNTs rate of 3%. This increase in porosity caused a decrease in both the dry unit weight and ultrasonic pulse velocity (from 5156 to 4361 m/s). Further, it is found that the incorporation of Fe3O4-MWCNT nanocomposites can have a negative effect on the hardening process of mortars, leading to localized air cavities and an inhomogeneous development of cementing products. Nonetheless, the improvement of the electrical conductivity of the samples without significantly compromising their physico-mechanical properties will allow their use in various fields, such as deicing applications with low-voltage electric current.

Wood fiber is a great potential supportive material for creating a new composite the phase change materials (PCM) due to its beneficial qualities, including high sorption competency, low density, enviro -friendliness, economic effectiveness, and chemical inertness. The main objective of this paper is to study the effect of using the wood fiber/eutectic mixture of stearic and capric acid on the fuel, cost, and carbon emission-saving potentials for various PCM cases. Which experiences a phase transition within the thermally pleasant temperature range of buildings, used for the building's thermal energy storing purposes and consumption cost saving. The energy performance analysis was carried out for buildings incorporated with stearic and capric acid eutectic mixture of PCM with wood fiber-based insulation material (INS) in different climate regions. The results showed that the largest energy-saving capacity belongs to PCM5. The energy saving reaches 52.7% for PCM5 for a thickness of 0.1 m. The PCM1, PCM2, PCM3, PCM4 can provide energy saving rates of 23.5%, 34.3%, 44.7% and 50.5%, respectively. INS-PCM5 can provide about 1.74-, 1.5-, and 1.33 times larger cost savings than INS in 2nd, 3rd, and 4th regions for all fuels. The payback period varies between 0.37 and 5.81 years regarding the fuel and Region. Finally, the results indicate that the proposed composite provided a promising energy-saving potential in building applications by reducing.