ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent whose clinical utility is limited by dose-dependent hepatotoxicity, primarily driven by oxidative stress and inflammation. Agmatine, an endogenous polyamine, has demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in various models; however, its hepatoprotective effects in cisplatin-induced liver injury remain underexplored. METHODS: This experimental study investigated the protective effects of agmatine against cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity in 28 male Sprague Dawley rats. The animals were randomized into four groups: Sham, Cisplatin, Cisplatin + Agmatine (20 g/kg/day, orally), and Placebo. Biochemical markers, including ALT, AST, MDA (malondialdehyde), SOD (superoxide dismutase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase), TNF-α, IL-1β, and TGF-β, were assessed using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Histopathological evaluation was performed to assess liver architecture and injury severity. RESULTS: Cisplatin administration significantly increased serum levels of ALT, AST, MDA, and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β), while reducing antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and GPx) (p < 0.01). Agmatine co-administration significantly reversed these biochemical alterations and ameliorated histopathological damage, as evidenced by reduced inflammatory infiltration, sinusoidal dilatation, and hepatocellular degeneration. CONCLUSION: Agmatine demonstrates significant hepatoprotective effects against cisplatin-induced liver injury by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. These findings suggest its potential role as an adjunctive agent to improve the hepatic safety profile of cisplatin chemotherapy.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and often develops from precancerous polyps. Early detection and differentiation of polyp types are essential for prevention and management.Aim: This study evaluated long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression levels in hyperplastic polyps(HP), adenomatous polyps(A), and colon adenocarcinomas(CA) tissues to assess their diagnostic potential as tissue-based candidate biomarkers for distinguishing CA from A and HP tissues. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded colon tissue samples from 120 patients were analyzed, including 40 CA, 40 A, and 40 HP. Expression levels of CCAT1, CCAT2, HOTAIR, HOTTIP, GAS5, LNCP21, H19, and MALAT1 were quantified by qRT-PCR. Statistical analyses were performed using PRISM9.2.0. Diagnostic performance was evaluated by ROC analysis, including AUC, sensitivity, and specificity. Age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression models were performed. Several lncRNAs were differentially expressed among CA, A, and HP groups. ROC analyses showed strong diagnostic performance for HOTAIR, CCAT2, and MALAT1, with AUC values of 0.896, 0.834, and 0.833, respectively. LNCP21, HOTTIP, H19, and CCAT1 also demonstrated significant discriminatory ability after multiple-testing correction. In age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression analyses, HOTAIR, LNCP21, H19, CCAT2, CCAT1, MALAT1, and HOTTIP remained independently associated with colorectal adenocarcinoma, whereas GAS5 showed limited discriminatory value. Exploratory pathway enrichment analysis suggested involvement of WNT/β-catenin/MYC, p53/ubiquitin-mediated, and inflammatory JAK-STAT/EGFR-related signaling pathways. HOTAIR, CCAT2, MALAT1, LNCP21, HOTTIP, H19, and CCAT1 showed potential diagnostic value for distinguishing CA from A and HP, with HOTAIR, CCAT2, and MALAT1 exhibiting the strongest performance. Pathway enrichment findings provide exploratory biological context and require validation in larger prospective studies and functional analyses.

ObjectiveHyperthyroidism's impact on cardiovascular, hematopoietic systems and metabolism might lead to hemorheological changes. This study aimed to investigate the changes in hemorheological properties via erythrocyte deformability and aggregation, whole blood viscosity (WBV) and plasma viscosity (PV) in hyperthyroid patients. The effect of anti-thyroid treatment on hemorheology was also studied.Material methodsThirty-six patients with overt hyperthyroidism, 19 patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism and 66 controls were included in the study. Hematocrit, erythrocyte deformability and aggregation, plasma and whole blood viscosity values were measured before treatment. Hemorheological parameters of the patients were compared with the control. Before and after treatment results of overt hyperthyroidism were analyzed. Methimazole was given as anti-thyroid treatment. Deformability and aggregation measurements were conducted using a laser ektacytometer (LORRCA) while viscosity measurements were performed with a cone-plate viscometer (Brookfield DV-III).ResultsThe maximum elongation index (EImax) decreased significantly from 0.664 (0.01) pre-treatment to 0.657 (0.01) post-treatment (p = 0.04). The aggregation index was significantly higher in both the subclinical hyperthyroidism group [68.05 (7.66), p = 0.001] and the overt hyperthyroidism group [66.78 (8.815), p = 0.001] compared to the control group. Additionally, the aggregation half-time was significantly shorter in the subclinical hyperthyroidism group [1.9 (1.21-2.27), p = 0.001] and the overt hyperthyroidism group [1.91 (1.43-2.46), p = 0.001] relative to the control group.ConclusionThe hemorheological status of patients was influenced by excessive thyroid hormones in both subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism groups. Additionally, anti-thyroid therapy with methimazole may play a role in the observed decrease in the maximum elongation index following treatment.

BACKGROUND/AIMS:This current research targeted to assess whether long non-coding RNAs MALAT1 and H19, which are accepted to act a pivotal role in the progression of acute pancreatitis (AP), can be used as candidate biomarkers in addressing the diagnosis and severity of AP. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Healthy volunteers who applied to the Internal Medicine outpatient clinic between October 2022 and June 2023 and patients who were hospitalized and treated for AP in the same period were enrolled in the research. The sociodemographic charac teristics, biochemical values, and expression levels of MALAT1 and H19 of the study participants were compared. RESULTS:There was no difference in terms of H19 level among the patient and healthy individuals (P = .619). However, a marked upregula tion of MALAT1 expression was observed in cases of AP (P = .018). In addition, a range of biochemical markers showed notable disparities between the patient cohort and healthy individuals. CONCLUSION:According to the results of this current study, because the MALAT1 levels were significantly increased in AP cases, it could be postulated that MALAT1 can be used as a candidate biomarker in AP cases in order to diagnose the illness. However, MALAT1 and H19 did not correlate with the severity of the disease.   Cite this article as: Karahan HT, Tanoglu A, Tanoglu EG, Gokce MS, Karahan E. Evaluation of metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT 1) and H19 in determining the diagnosis and severity of the disease in patients with acute pancreatitis. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2026;37(3):347-353.

AIM:To assess whether miRNA expression can be a biomarker for distinguishing between hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps and colon cancer tissues. METHODS:The study involved 40 colon adenocarcinoma (CA) tissue samples, 40 low-grade adenomatous (A) polyps, and 40 hyperplastic (HP) polyps. The samples were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions were used to determine the expression levels of miR-21, miR-200c, and miR-145. RESULTS:miR-145 expression was significantly lower in the CA than in both the A and HP groups (P=0.012 and P=0.004, respectively) and in the A than in the HP group (P=0.028). miR-200c expression was higher in the CA than in the A (P=0.008) and HP groups (P=0.009), while no difference was observed between the A and HP groups (P=0.624). miR-21 showed a stepwise increase across the groups, with the highest levels in the CA, followed by the A and HP groups (P<0.001 for both CA vs A and CA vs HP; P=0.037 for A vs HP). CONCLUSION:The study revealed dysregulated expression of miR-145 and miR-21 in colon polyps and cancer tissue, showing that these miRNAs may be used to distinguish between hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps and predict colorectal cancer.

Objective: The study aimed to assess the predictive significance of inflammatory parameters as potential markers for malignancy in individuals with thyroid nodules. Method: Nine hundred and ninety-one patients with thyroid nodules who had undergone thyroid fine -needle aspiration biopsy were included and classified according to the Bethesda system. Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and systemic immune -inflammation index (SII) values obtained from hemogram parameters were determined for each patient. The study examined the correlation between the Bethesda classification and NLR/SII levels. In addition, a comparison was made between the inflammatory parameters of the benign and malignant Bethesda groups. Results: Five hundred and seventy-three patients were classified as Bethesda 2 (benign), 34 as Bethesda 6 (malignant). A correlation was observed between the Bethesda classification and NLR and SII levels (r: 0.230, p < 0.001; r: 0.207 p < 0.001, respectively). NLR and SII values were significantly higher in the malignant group (p < 0.001). The cutoff value for SII in predicting benign and malignant thyroid nodules was 489.86 x 10(3)/mm(3 )with a sensitivity of 88.2% and a specificity of 63.7%. The cutoff value for NLR for the same prediction was 2.06 with a sensitivity of 82.4% and a specificity of 83.4%. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that SII and NLR may be valuable prognostic markers for predicting the malignancy of thyroid nodules.

Background and aim: The acute pancreatitis (AP) clinic has a wide spectrum with variability from asymptomatic to mortality. The aim in our study is to compare the Balthazar score with the C-reactive protein/albumin (CAR) ratio, which is simple, rapid, easily calculated and based on inflammation, in terms of predicting the severity of AP. Methods: This study retrospectively included 329 AP patients admitted and treated in hospital from January 2018 to December 2020. Patients had Ranson score, Balthazar score, CAR values and mortality rates calculated. Data were analyzed with SPSS for Windows version 20. Results: CAR values were significantly high in cases with mortality compared to cases without mortality. Ranson score, Balthazar score and CAR value had positive correlation in terms of 1-year mortality. When cases with mild severity pancreatitis and severe pancreatitis according to Balthazar score are compared, the difference in CAR values was statistically significant and a positive correlation was present (p<0.01). ROC analysis found the area under the curve (AUC) for CAR value was 0.844. For prediction of mortality in AP patients, CAR value of 4.16 had 73.3% sensitivity and 76.3% specificity and was found to be a significant marker of mortality (p<0.01). Conclusion: The CAR value and Balthazar score display variability in terms of determining AP severity. The CAR value elevates as AP severity increases and with a certain cut-off value, it is a simple, cheap and easily accessible biomarker to predict the severity of AP.

BACKGROUND/AIMS:It was aimed to investigate the biochemical and histopathological effects of resveratrol and melatonin, via histone H4 and β-defensin 1, in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley male rats were categorized into 4 groups, with 6 rats in each group (control, diabetes mellitus, melatonin - diabetes mellitus, and resveratrol+diabetes mellitus). Diabetes was formed by giving streptozotocin to all groups except the control group. Melatonin, 5 mg/kg/day, was given to the melatonin - diabetes mellitus group, and resveratrol, 5 mg/kg/day, was given to the resveratrol+diabetes mellitus group via intraperitoneally for 3 weeks. Interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, histone H4, and β-defensin 1 levels were measured in the blood of all rats. The lung, liver, and kidney tissue of all rats were performed as histopathological examinations. RESULTS:Whereas there was no difference between the other groups (P >.05), interleukin-1 beta levels of the diabetes mellitus group were found to be significantly higher compared with the control group (5.02 ± 2.15 vs. 2.38 ± 0.72 ng/mL; P < .05). Whereas histone H4 levels of the diabetes mellitus group were higher compared with the control and resveratrol+diabetes mellitus groups (7.53 ± 3.30 vs. 2.97 ± 1.57 and 3.06 ± 1.57 ng/mL; P <.05), the β-defensin 1 levels of the diabetes mellitus group were lower compared with control and resveratrol+diabetes mellitus groups (7.6 ± 2.8 vs. 21.6 ± 5.5 and 18.8 ± 7.4 ng/mL; P <.05). β-Defensin 1 levels were moderately inversely correlated with interleukin-1 beta and histone H4 levels (rs > -0.50, P < .01). Histopathological changes found in favor of target cell damage in the diabetes mellitus group were not observed in resveratrol+diabetes mellitus group. CONCLUSION:Resveratrol may be used as a biotherapeutic agent, which significantly reduces diabetes-induced histone H4 and interleukin-1 beta-mediated liver and other target organ damage.

Background/Aims: Acute pancreatitis which is characterized by pancreatic inflammation can sometimes be difficult to treat because of limited therapeutic options. The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of agmatine in the acute pancreatitis experimental rat model. Materials and Methods: An acute pancreatitis model was created with the administration of cerulein in 40 female Sprague–Dawley rats. Agmatine was administered as a protective agent at 5 mg/kg (low dose) and 10 mg/kg (high dose). The rats were divided into 5 groups, each with 8 rats: group 1 (acute pancreatitis); group 2 (acute pancreatitis + low-dose agmatine 5 mg/kg); group 3 (acute pancreati tis + high-dose agmatine 10 mg/kg); group 4 (placebo, acute pancreatitis + saline); and group 5 (sham and saline infusion). All rats were sacrificed 24 hours after the last injection, and the levels of superoxide dismutase, interleukin-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were assessed in blood samples collected via cardiac puncture. Histopathological examination was performed by a pathologist, who was blind to the groups, according to the Schoenberg’s pancreatitis scoring index. Results: The amylase (16.67 and 37.89 U/L), glutathione peroxidase (13.62 and 18.44 ng/mL), tumor necrosis factor-α (39.68 and 64 ng/mL), interleukin-1 (484.73 and 561.83 pg/mL), and transforming growth factor-β (110.52 and 126.34 ng/L) levels were significantly lower and superoxide dismutase (1.29 and 0.98 ng/L) and malondialdehyde (0.99 and 0.96 nmol/mL) levels were significantly higher ingroup 3 compared to group 1 (P < .05). Moreover glutathione peroxidase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and transforming growth factor-β levels were lower, and malondialdehyde levels were higher in the group 3 compared to group 2 (P < .05). Although the Schoenberg’s pan creatitis scoring index was not significantly different between the high- and low dose treatment groups, rats who received high-dose treatment had significantly lower scores compared to those with acute pancreatitis group. Conclusion: This is the first study that evaluated the efficacy of agmatine in an experimental model of acute pancreatitis. Agmatine, an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, had a protective effect in an experimental rat model of acute pancreatitis. Cite this article as: Yeniçeri M, Tanoğlu A, Salmanoğlu M, et al. Efficacy of agmatine treatment in experimental acute pancreatitis rat model. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2024;35(1):27-31.

Objetivo: Evaluar parámetros inflamatorios como posibles marcadores de malignidad en individuos con nódulos tiroideos. Método: Se incluyeron 991 pacientes con nódulos tiroideos que se sometieron a biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina y se clasificaron según el sistema de Bethesda. Se determinaron los valores de la relación neutrófilo-linfocito (NLR) y el índice de inflamación inmunitaria sistémica (SII). El estudio exploró la correlación entre la clasificación de Bethesda y los valores de NLR/SII, y comparó los parámetros inflamatorios de los grupos benignos y malignos de Bethesda. Resultados: Se clasificaron 573 pacientes como Bethesda 2 (benigno) y 34 como Bethesda 6 (maligno). Se observó una correlación entre la clasificación de Bethesda y los valores de NLR y SII (r: 0.230; r: 0.207). Los valores de NLR y SII fueron mayores en el grupo maligno (p < 0.001). El valor de corte para SII en la predicción de nódulos tiroideos benignos y malignos fue de 489.86 × 103/mm3, con una sensibilidad del 88.2% y una especificidad del 63.7%; para NLR fue de 2.06, con una sensibilidad del 82.4% y una especificidad del 83.4%. Conclusiones: El SII y el NLR pueden ser valiosos marcadores pronósticos para predecir la malignidad de los nódulos tiroideos.

It was aimed to evaluate long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in terms of diagnosis and prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) cases with peritoneal metastasis who underwent cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Paraffinized 32 CRC tissue and 32 adjacent normal colon tissue of 32 cases, and paraffinized metastatic 10 peritoneal tumor tissue and 10 adjacent normal peritoneal tissues of 10 cases were included in. Expression levels of lncRNAs GAS5, MALAT1, CCAT2, HOTAIR and H19 were measured by qRT-PCR, clinicopathological and demographic characteristics of the patients were also recorded. 11 (34%) patients were female and 21 (66%) were male. The mean age was 54.59 +/- 11.97 (24-73 years). Expression levels of GAS5 decreased significantly in colon tumor tissues compared to normal colon tissues (p<0.001), while HOTAIR, CCAT2, MALAT1 and H19 levels were increased significantly (p<0.001). In tissues where the tumor has metastasized to the peritoneum, the expression levels of GAS5 decreased significantly compared to the adjacent normal peritoneal tissue (p=0.028), while HOTAIR, CCAT2, MALAT1 and H19 levels were increased significantly (p=0.007, p=0.005, p=0.009, p=0.028, respectively). No association was found between lncRNAs and survival. In conclusion, lncRNAs GAS5, HOTAIR, CCAT2, MALAT1 and H19 may be used as diagnostic markers in CRC cases with peritoneal metastasis.

Entecavir is an important nucleoside analogue that plays a pivotal role in the treatment of Hepatitis B infection. In this case report, it was aimed to present a case regarding bilateral gynecomastia and mastodonia while receiving entecavir treatment.

OBJECTIVE:It was targeted to assess the efficacy of certolizumab on pancreas and target organs via biochemical parameters and histopathologic scores in experimental acute pancreatitis (AP). MATERIALS AND METHODS:Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into the following 5 equal groups: group 1 (sham group), group 2 (AP group), group 3 (AP + low-dose certolizumab group), group 4 (AP + high-dose certolizumab group), and group 5 (placebo group). Rats in all groups were sacrificed 24 hours after the last injection and amylase, tumor necrosis factor α, transforming growth factor β, interleukin 1β, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase levels were studied in blood samples. Histopathological investigation of both the pancreas and target organs (lungs, liver, heart, kidneys) was performed by a pathologist blind to the groups. In silico analysis were also accomplished. RESULTS:The biochemical results in the certolizumab treatment groups were identified to be significantly favorable compared to the AP group (P < 0.001). The difference between the high-dose group (group 4) and low-dose treatment group (group 3) was found to be significant in terms of biochemical parameters and histopathological scores (P < 0.001). In terms of the effect of certolizumab treatment on the target organs (especially on lung tissue), the differences between the low-dose treatment group (group 3) and high-dose treatment group (group 4) with the AP group (group 2) were significant. CONCLUSIONS:Certolizumab has favorable protective effects on pancreas and target organs in AP. It may be a beneficial agent for AP treatment and may prevent target organ damage.

OBJECTIVE:Crohn's disease (CD), an inflammatory bowel disease with unknown etiology, is influenced by genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. This study aimed to analyze the blood microbiome and inflammasome responses, emphasizing NLRP3 protein expression and IL-1β and IL-18 plasma levels, between Crohn's patients and healthy subjects. METHODS:A total of 40 volunteers were included in this study. The 16S rRNA technique was used to sequence the V3-V4 regions of the blood sample. NLRP3 protein levels in plasma were ascertained through Western Blot, and IL-1β and IL-18 plasma profiles were examined using ELISA. RESULTS:Analysis highlighted five unique phyla in patients' plasma, emphasizing the role of the blood microbiome in CD. Compared to controls, Crohn's patients exhibited elevated NLRP3 protein expression. Plasma IL-1β levels were diminished in patients ( P  = 0.0041), whereas IL-18 levels were comparably higher ( P  = 0.8209). In patients with CD, the presence of Staphylococcus sciuri in blood samples highlights its potential role in the disease's onset. The study also underscored the interplay between dietary habits, specifically increased meat consumption, and the progression of CD. CONCLUSION:Our pioneering research discerns the variations in the blood microbiome and inflammasome responses between Crohn's patients and healthy individuals. Significant microbiome alterations and the detection of the Staphylococcus sciuri pathogen in Crohn's patients were notable. The pronounced NLRP3 protein in patients suggests its potential as a diagnostic biomarker. Future explorations into IL-1β and IL-18 pathways promise to unveil innovative insights into CD.

Thyroid dysfunctions significantly impact various physiological processes, extending their influence on hemorheological properties and microcirculation. This comprehensive review explores the intricate relationship between thyroid disorders and hemorheology, emphasizing the substantial effects on blood flow dynamics and tissue perfusion. Examining the alterations in blood viscosity, erythrocyte behavior, and microvascular circulation in both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism reveals crucial insights into the pathophysiology of these conditions. Furthermore, elucidating the hemorheological changes associated with thyroid dysfunctions offers potential avenues for improved clinical management strategies. This review synthesizes current research findings, highlighting the importance of considering hemorheological aspects in understanding the complexities of thyroid-related complications and advancing patient care paradigms.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are noncoding RNA molecules with a heterogeneous structure consisting of 200 or more nucleotides. Because these noncoding RNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II, they have properties similar to messenger RNA (mRNA). Contrary to popular belief, the term "ncRNA" originated before the discovery of microRNAs. LncRNA genes are more numerous than protein-coding genes. They are the focus of current molecular research because of their pivotal roles in cancer-related processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. The incidence of pancreatic cancer (PC) is increasing around the world and research on the molecular aspects of PC are growing. In this review, it is aimed to provide critical information about lncRNAs in PC, including the biological and oncological behaviors of lncRNAs in PC and their potential application in therapeutic strategies and as diagnostic tumor markers.

Existing literature about peritoneal tuberculosis (TBP) is relatively insufficient. The majority of reports are from a single center and do not assess predictive factors for mortality. In this international study, we investigated the clinicopathological characteristics of a large series of patients with TBP and determined the key features associated with mortality. TBP patients detected between 2010 and 2022 in 38 medical centers in 13 countries were included in this retrospective cohort. Participating physicians filled out an online questionnaire to report study data. In this study, 208 patients with TBP were included. Mean age of TBP cases was 41.4 ± 17.5 years. One hundred six patients (50.9%) were females. Nineteen patients (9.1%) had HIV infection, 45 (21.6%) had diabetes mellitus, 30 (14.4%) had chronic renal failure, 12 (5.7%) had cirrhosis, 7 (3.3%) had malignancy, and 21 (10.1%) had a history of immunosuppressive medication use. A total of 34 (16.3%) patients died and death was attributable to TBP in all cases. A pioneer mortality predicting model was established and HIV positivity, cirrhosis, abdominal pain, weakness, nausea and vomiting, ascites, isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in peritoneal biopsy samples, TB relapse, advanced age, high serum creatinine and ALT levels, and decreased duration of isoniazid use were significantly related with mortality (p < 0.05). This is the first international study on TBP and is the largest case series to date. We suggest that using the mortality predicting model will allow early identification of high-risk patients likely to die of TBP.

Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammatory event involving the pancreas and causes significant mortality and morbidity. The most common causes are gastrointestinal stones and alcohol abuse, but well-known drugs used in daily practice can also cause acute pancreatitis. In this rare case report, we aimed to present a case of levetiracetam-associated acute pancreatitis.

Aim To assess the effects of 4-phenyl butyric acid (PBA) on oxidative stress, inflammation, liver histology, endoplasmic (ER) reticulum stress, and the expression levels of ATP -binding cassette transporter family members in a hepatic ischemia-reper fusion (IR) model.Methods Thirty-five rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham, IR, IR + 100 mg kg-1 PBA, IR + 200 mg kg-1 PBA, and IR + placebo. After sacrifice, we assessed serum biochemical variables, myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS). The expression levels of Abcc (2 and 5), Abcg2, Abcf2, Ire1-alpha, and Perk genes were measured with a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results Serum biochemical variables, MPO, MDA, TAS, and TOS levels of the PBA groups (especially in the low dose group) were lower than in the IR and placebo group (P < 0.05). Histological tissue damage in the IR group was more severe than in the PBA groups. Ire1-alpha and Perk expression levels were significantly lower in the PBA groups than the IR group (P < 0.001). Abcc (2 and 5) and Abcg2 expression levels were significantly lower in the IR group than in the sham and PBA groups (P < 0.001, P < 0.035, and P < 0.009, respectively).Conclusions The use of PBA significantly positively affected IR injury, which makes PBA a candidate treatment to reduce liver IR.

Objective: Association between the COVID-19 pandemic and mental well-being has been researched in several studies. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory is one of the most widely test used for measurement of anxiety. In this study, we aimed to determine the anxiety levels of patients waiting for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedure during the COVİD 19 pandemic Material and Methods: Patients above 18 years of both genders who were waiting for the gastroenterological endoscopic procedure included in the study. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory applied to the patient waiting in line for the procedure Results: A total of 150 patients were included in the study. During the pandemic, a greater proportion of women (36.9%) feared endoscopy than men (19.7%) (chi-square =0.016). The number of patients (94, 62.7%) reporting they feared visiting the hospital during pandemic (p<0.001, chi-square) had a significantly higher fear of undergoing endoscopy during the pandemic (87.5%, n=49). The median STAI-S score (39 [IQR 30.25 - 47]) was significantly lower in patients who had previously undergone endoscopy than in patients who had not (p=0.028). ). The mean STAI-T score of women (46.11+-7.62) was 5.08 (95% CI 2.67 - 7.48) higher than that of men (41.03+-7.09) (p<0.001, Student's t test). Conclusion: Mortality and morbidity experienced during the COVİD-19 period had devastating effects on the mental health of patients, but some groups were more affected by this situation. Therefore, identifying vulnerable groups, paying special attention to these groups, and providing more intense information will reduce potential concerns.