The Multidimensional Alcohol Craving Scale (MACS) assesses the subjective experience of urges to use alcohol during abstinence, a key factor in predicting relapse. This study aimed to adapt the MACS for the Chilean population and evaluate its psychometric properties and measurement invariance. Data from 365 adult patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) in outpatient or residential treatment were analyzed. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) tested one- and two-factor models, with and without an exploratory item. Measurement invariance across age, gender, and type of treatment was evaluated. Fit indices were strong for both models, though reliability and validity favored a one-factor solution, differing from the original two-factor model. Craving showed significant positive correlations with impulsivity, withdrawal symptoms (physical r = 0.55; psychological r = 0.57), and problematic alcohol use (r = 0.58). Invariance testing showed no differences between age, gender, and treatment settings groups. The MACS appears to be a valid and reliable one-factor measure of craving among Chilean adults in AUD treatment.

Background: The construct of pain acceptance has gained increasing attention in the management of chronic pain, and the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire - 20 (CPAQ-20) is the primary instrument used to measure it. Objectives: The objective of this study was to psychometrically evaluate the CPAQ-20 in a Chilean sample with chronic pain (N = 401). Design and methods: The factorial structure was analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), reliability with Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's Omega, and Test-retest. Concurrent validity was tested with SEM correlation and hierarchical regression analyses. Also, factorial invariance was assessed between different administration modalities (i.e., telephone survey vs. self-administration). Results/findings: The two-factor structure-Activity Engagement (AE) and Pain Willingness (PW)-was confirmed. This model showed metric invariance across different administration modalities. The subscales exhibited good internal consistency (alpha = .85 and 0.83, and both omega = 0.82) and moderate to good test-retest reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient of 0.65 and 0.75). Pain interference, depression, and kinesiophobia showed significant associations with AE and PW. In the hierarchical regressions, the two subscales predicted unique variance of pain intensity, pain interference, pain catastrophizing, depressive, and anxiety symptoms. Only PW predicted kinesiophobia. Overall, the AE subscale showed larger coefficient magnitudes. Conclusions: The results support the reliability and concurrent validity of the Chilean version of the CPAQ-20.

INTRODUCTION:The Marijuana Craving Questionnaire 12-item Short Form (MCQ-SF) was developed to assess marijuana craving. Few validations exist, and none have been conducted for Spanish-speaking countries. This study aimed to validate a modified version of the MCQ-SF, the Modified Marijuana Craving Questionnaire (MMCQ), in Spanish. METHODS:A sample of 373 Chilean adults (mean age: 26.10 years, 57.37% male, 71.31% secondary education) who reported Marijuana use completed the MMCQ, Impaired Control Scale (ICS), Cannabis Withdrawal Scale (CWS), and a sociodemographic and substance use characteristics questionnaire. We performed confirmatory factor analysis, using weighted least squares mean and variance adjusted, to test different factor structures. A unifactorial model was selected as the best-fitted solution and tested for measurement invariance by sex (male/female) and sample type (general population/clinical population). Convergent validity was examined through correlations between the MMCQ and the ICS, CWS, and age of onset of marijuana use. RESULTS:Four and two-factor models exhibited issues related to discriminant validity, as their factors were highly correlated, whereas a unifactorial model with one correlated residual showed the best fit. Measurement invariance using the selected model was met across sex and type of sample. The MMCQ correlated positively with the perceived control dimension of the ICS and the CWS, and negatively with age of onset. CONCLUSION:The unifactorial MMCQ, with one correlated residual, is a valid scale for research and clinical assessment of marijuana craving that can be used among the Spanish-speaking population.

One of the principal components of substance use treatment is the assessment of craving, as it is highly associated with relapse after treatment. The Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Brief (CCQ-Brief) has emerged as a commonly used tool in the field, relevant in a context like South America, where cocaine and cocaine base paste (CBP) consumption are critical public health issues. This study aimed to validate the CCQ-Brief in a Chilean sample, exploring for the first time its applicability in both cocaine and CBP use. Adults in substance use treatment (N = 439, 71,3

The use of the internet has become an increasingly integral part of individuals' daily lives, bringing negative consequences such as internet addiction. Understanding the motivations behind internet use is crucial for preventing addiction and developing effective intervention strategies. The objectives of this study are to test the validity and reliability of the Questionnaire of Internet Use Motives (MUI) among Turkish adults and to investigate the predictive effects of socio-demographic variables and internet use motivations on internet addiction. The study was conducted with a sample of 640 adults selected through convenience sampling at two different time points. The majority of participants were women, highly educated, and from a middle socioeconomic background. Data were collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Questionnaire of Internet Use Motives (MUI), and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT). To evaluate the structural validity of the scale, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed. Additionally, measurement invariance across genders was examined, and Hierarchical Multiple Linear Regression Analyses were conducted to identify predictors of internet addiction. CFA confirmed the structural validity of the MUI, revealing a five-factor structure with a good fit to the data. The five identified motives were enhancement, coping, social, conformity, and utility. The analyses also demonstrated that the scale possesses convergent and discriminant validity, as well as high reliability. Furthermore, the instrument exhibited measurement invariance across genders. Significant predictors of internet addiction included educational level, socioeconomic status, and the enhancement, social, coping, and conformity motives. The validated MUI provides a robust tool for assessing internet use motives in Turkish adults, offering a foundation for future research and intervention development. Addressing psychological motives such as enhancement, social, coping, and conformity in prevention and treatment strategies may reinforce efforts to mitigate problematic internet use.

BackgroundSubstance use is a high-impact biopsychosocial problem in Chile, where 21% of adults have experienced a severe alcohol use episode. In the past year, the prevalence rates were 12.5% for marijuana, 0.8% for cocaine, and 0.4% for cocaine base paste. Cannabis prevalence in Chile is higher than the global (4.2%) and South American (3.58%) averages. Cocaine prevalence in Chile is lower than in South America (1.62%) but higher than the global average (0.42%). No international reports are available for cocaine base paste. Mental health and substance use programs in Chilean primary care involve psychologists and social workers. Solution-focused brief interventions (SFBIs) are based on solution-focused brief therapy, a strengths-based and person-centered approach in which practitioners adopt a stance of “not being the expert,” respecting clients’ needs and perspectives. ObjectiveThis study aims to determine whether the SFBI implemented by psychosocial teams (psychologists and social workers) for individuals with alcohol and other drug use in primary health care centers leads to better outcomes than usual care. MethodsWe will conduct a randomized controlled clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov registration pending) comparing a 3-session SFBI (experimental group) with a single session of brief counselling as usual care (control group) in primary care. Interventions will be delivered in person by a psychologist or social worker. A total of 320 participants are expected to be recruited during preventive routine checkups using the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test. Participants reporting intermediate- to high-risk substance use on this screening tool will be randomly assigned to each group. Research assistants will administer instruments at baseline and at 3-, 6-, and 9-month follow-ups and will be blinded to the assigned treatments. The primary outcome assessed will be substance use patterns, while secondary outcomes include background information, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and motivation for treatment. Statistical analyses, including t tests, ANOVA, and Fisher exact tests will be conducted depending on variable type and normality. A qualitative component to assess acceptability and pertinence will include focus groups with participants and practitioners, followed by a content analysis. ResultsFunding for this study started in April 2024. As of the submission date of this protocol, 55 practitioners from 9 primary health care centers have been trained in SFBIs. Recruitment began in February 2025, with 73 participants enrolled and 23 who dropped out. Recruitment will continue until December 2026. No analyses have been conducted to date. Findings are expected to be published during the second half of 2028. ConclusionsThis study strengthens primary care by integrating targeted psychosocial interventions for substance use into existing programs, thereby enhancing real-world applicability. If effective, the intervention could be adopted into routine care and inform public policy on mental health and substance use. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/75628

The training of professionals who work in the treatment of substance use disorders is a fundamental aspect for the dissemination of evidence-based practices that ensure the quality of the treatment delivered to patients. Colombo Plan has developed a training model that allows effective, rapid, and scalable dissemination. However, this model does not have an empirical evaluation of its results to date. This project seeks to evaluate the dissemination model through a cluster-randomized clinical trial with a parallel superiority design, in which 27 treatment centers will be randomly assigned to training + action plan and technical advice, training only, or control without training, action plan or advice. The results of this study will inform public policy regarding substance use treatment at the national level and will help improve efforts by Colombo Plan at dissemination of evidence-based practices.

There is growing scientific evidence regarding the biological, psychological, and behavioral parallels involved in addiction and excessive food consumption. The Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS2.0) is currently the only validated measure to operationalize addictive eating behavior. This scale has not been validated in the Chilean population; therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the culturally adapted version of YFAS2.0 for the Chilean population. An observational, analytical, and cross-sectional study was carried out. Sampling was non-probabilistic, by convenience. N = 466 participants were recruited, of which n = 160 formed the clinical sample (two clinical centers that specialized in the management of chronic non-communicable diseases), and n = 306 formed the non-clinical sample (universities and private companies). The adapted Chilean version of YFAS2.0 was applied using the online REDCap platform, then anthropometric measurements were made, and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The internal consistency of the YFAS2.0 items was estimated (Kuder–Richardson formula 20), and the structure of the scale was confirmed using a confirmatory factorial analysis. The association between the number of addictive symptoms and BMI was also evaluated. The sample was composed mainly of women (62.7%), with an average age of 35.7 ± 15.8 years. The prevalence of food addiction was 13.1% and 10.1%, and the number of addiction symptoms presented was 2.3 ± 2.6 and 2.1 ± 2.8 in the clinical and non-clinical samples, respectively. The Chilean version of YFAS2.0 presented good internal consistency (KR20 = 0.85), and the factor analysis supports the one-factor structure, similar to the original version, showing adequate fit indexes (CFI was 0.969; RMSEA was 0.063) with all the factor loadings greater than 0.57 Additionally, a slight positive correlation was observed between number of symptoms and BMI (rho = 0.23, p = 0.012). The adapted Chilean version of YFAS2.0 was validated in clinical and non-clinical samples, presenting good psychometric properties, so it can be considered for research studies on food addiction in the Chilean population.

According to Lewisohn's model of depression, decreases in behavioral activation (BA) occurring after facing a vital stressor may increase the risk of depression. Transition to parenthood is a potentially stressful life event that increases the risks of postpartum depression. We aimed to (a) describe the changes in BA and depressive symptomatology between the prepartum period, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months postpartum and (b) evaluate the bidirectionality of the relationship between intraindividual changes in BA and intraindividual changes in depressive symptoms longitudinally. Chilean pregnant women (N = 503) completed a battery of questionnaires when they were between 32 and 37 weeks of gestation and 1, 3, and 6 months after delivery. A repeated measures analysis of variance showed that BA significantly decreased from prepartum to 1 month postpartum. A random intercept cross-lagged panel model supported the bidirectional inverse relationship between intraindividual changes in BA and intraindividual changes in depressive symptoms. The effect sizes of these associations were large (βs ranging from -.141 to -.243) according to Orth et al. (2022)'s recommendations for cross-lagged effect benchmarks. This relationship showed robustness when multigroup random intercept cross-lagged panel models were conducted to adjust for several covariates (i.e., marital status, the type of health insurance, type of delivery, primiparous vs. multiparous participants, and pregnancy or delivery complication or newborn health problem). Nonetheless, reporting a previous history of major depression moderated this relationship so that intraindividual decreases in BA more likely led to intraindividual increases in depressive symptoms in people with a history of depression than in people without such a history. We discuss implications for behavioral models of depression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Background: Cannabis refusal self-efficacy (CRSE), as the people´s belief about their capacity to resist cannabis, has been probed to predict cannabis use and related behaviors. The CRSE Questionnaire (CRSEQ) has 14 items grouped into Emotional Relief Self-Efficacy (6 items), Opportunistic Self-Efficacy (5 items), and Social Facilitation (3 items), forming a CRSE higher-order factor.Objective: To validate the CRSEQ for its use in the Chilean population.Method: The CRSEQ was administered to 1,275 individuals aged 12 to 77 (835 females). Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used to evaluate 14-item and 19-item models. Estimates of internal consistency, temporal stability, and convergent validity with cannabis use behaviors and reward sensitivity were obtained. Additionally, three multigroup invariance tests were conducted.Results: Both models exhibited good fit indices. The 14-item model showed χ2 (74) = 245.662, p < .001, CFI = .974, RMSEA = .047, indicating slightly better fit compared to the 19-item model, which showed χ2 (149) = 559.596, p < .001, CFI = .958, RMSEA = .051. Both models showed strong internal consistency (α = .80 to .96 for the 14-item model, α = .80 to .96 for the 19-item model), moderate to high temporal stability (ICCs 14-item model/ 19-item model: ERSE = .77/.78, OSE = .88/.89, SF = .82/.82), and significant convergent validity (correlations with cannabis use behaviors: .22 to .58).Conclusion: The better fit of the 14-item model makes it suitable for most applications. Convergent validity and multigroup invariance analyses confirmed the questionnaire's equivalence across sex, age groups, and cannabis use problem status. This allows for meaningful comparisons of cannabis refusal self-efficacy between different demographic groups, facilitating its applicability in diverse settings such as educational institutions and substance use treatment centers.

Impulsivity and its different facets have been studied for decades as some of the main personality traits linked to psychopathology. However, in recent years, research has emphasized compulsivity as a more proximal risk factor for certain disorders, leading to different theorizations on the relation between impulsivity facets and compulsivity. Building on a model proposed by Nigg (2017), this study identified the factor structure of Compulsivity and Impulsivity facets (Immediate Reward Preference, Cue-Triggered Impulsive Response, and Planful Risk-Taking) and explored their prospective associations with depressive symptoms, alcohol, and cannabis-related problems. A total of 729 emerging adults were measured at two waves of data collection, using the Impulsive-Compulsive Behaviours Checklist, UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale, Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire, Delay Discounting Task, and questionnaires designed to measure substance-related problems and depressive symptomatology. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a four-factor orthogonal structure reflecting the lower-level facets in Nigg’s model. Compulsivity predicted increased depressive symptoms, whereas CTIR predicted cannabis-related problems. Robustness analyses showed substantial but not complete consistency in findings, pointing to variations in associations depending on specific measures used to assess each construct. This study contributes to understanding the complex interplay of impulsivity and compulsivity and their relevance as vulnerability factors for different mental health conditions.

The aim was to translate and culturally adapt the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) to the Chilean population, evaluate its psychometric properties in a non-clinical sample, and assess the correlations between symptoms count of food addiction (FA) with demographic and anthropometric variables. We evaluated 301 participants (59.1

En la ultima decada, el uso de dispositivos digitales se ha expandido en la poblacion mayor. Ademas, se ha evidenciado que el ocio y entretenimiento digital puede contribuir a una mejor salud mental, especialmente en situaciones estresantes. En octubre del 2019, en Chile se produjo una revuelta social conocida como "el estallido social", consistente en un movimiento ciudadano reclamando por las desigualdades en el pais. Esto produjo un contexto de incertidumbre potencialmente estresante debido a hechos de violencia y a la declaracion de un estado de excepcion. El objetivo de este estudio fue indagar sobre la asociacion entre el ocio y entretenimiento digital y la sintomatologia depresiva de personas mayores, considerando la percepcion del impacto del estallido social chileno en la propia salud mental como mediadora de esta asociacion. Se aplico una encuesta en linea a 577 personas mayores de 60 anos. Los resultados mostraron que los hombres reportaron mas frecuentemente una influencia positiva del estallido social en su salud mental (p = 0.04). Asimismo, quienes realizaron actividades de ocio y entretenimiento digital con mayor frecuencia refirieron menos sintomatologia depresiva, mediada por una percepcion mas positiva del impacto del estallido social en su salud mental (efecto indirecto = -0.03, 95 % IC [-0.06, -0.004]). En conclusion, fomentar y educar en el uso de tecnologias digitales para el ocio y entretenimiento en personas mayores puede contribuir a un mejor afrontamiento de eventos sociohistoricos potencialmente estresantes como el estallido social y, por lo tanto, favorecer la salud mental de este grupo etario.

This article explores the analysis and interpretation of wording effects associated with using direct and reverse items in psychological assessment. Previous research using bifactor models has suggested a substantive nature of this effect. The present study uses mixture modeling to systematically examine an alternative hypothesis and surpass recognized limitations in the bifactor modeling approach. In preliminary supplemental Studies S1 and S2, we examined the presence of participants who exhibited wording effects and evaluated their impact on the dimensionality of Rosenberg's Self-Esteem and the Revised Life Orientation Test, confirming the ubiquity of wording effects in scales containing direct and reverse items. Then, after analyzing the data for both scales (n = 5,953), we found that, despite a significant association between wording factors (Study 1), a low proportion of participants simultaneously exhibited asymmetric responses in both scales (Study 2). Similarly, despite finding both longitudinal invariance and temporal stability of this effect in three waves (n = 3,712, Study 3), a small proportion of participants was identified with asymmetric responses over time (Study 4), reflected in lower transition parameters compared to the other patterns of profiles examined. In both cases, we illustrate how bifactor models capitalize on the responses of individuals who do not even exhibit wording effects, yielding spurious correlations suggesting a substantive nature of the wording effect. These findings support the notion of an ephemeral nature underlying wording effects. The discussion focuses on alternative hypotheses to understand these findings and emphasizes the utility of including reverse items in psychological assessment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The aim is to analyse the relationship between social influence for Internet use and Internet addiction (IA) in older women, considering the use of Internet-based social networks as a mediator. The participants were 480 older women Internet users. Social influence, frequency of use of social networks and IA (including loss of control and emotional dysregulation) were evaluated. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was conducted to analyse the proposed model. The use of social networks was a significant mediator in the relationship between social influence for Internet use and the dimension of loss of control of IA. On the contrary, social network use was not a significant mediator. Older women with more social influence reported more frequency of social networking and, in turn, more loss of control in Internet use. Public policy and clinicians should address addictive behaviours about Internet use in older women, preventing the negative consequences.

The UPPS-P impulsivity scale has been used extensively to examine the association of impulsivity facets with psychiatric disorders, including substance use and related problems. However, it is still unclear if the original five-factor conceptualization of impulsivity constitutes the best model of its factor structure. The current study developed an adaptation of the original 59-item version of the UPPS-P for use with Chilean population and examined its factor structure in general-population adolescents (N = 838) and adults in substance use treatment (N = 316). Results indicated that all models had poor fit to the data, but Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling yielded 3-factor and hierarchical models that were adequate in capturing the underlying structure of the UPPS-P. Both the unidimensional and bifactor models were discarded, indicating that a general impulsivity factor is not supported, reinforcing the heterogenous nature of impulsivity as a construct. In addition, associations of UPPS-P facets with substance use-related problems suggest that it might be useful in clinical populations.

Background: Symptoms often play an important role in the scientific inquiry of psychological disorders and have been theorized to play a functional role in the disorders themselves. However, little is known about the course of specific symptoms and individual differences in course. Understanding the course of specific symptoms and factors influencing symptom course can inform psychological theory and future research on course and treatment.Methods: The current study examined alcohol use disorder (AUD) criteria to explore how etiologically relevant covariates differentially affected the course of individual criteria. The study examined 34,653 participants from Wave 1 (2001-2002) and Wave 2 (2003-2004) of the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), to analyze the extent to which AUD symptom course is predicted by alcohol consumption patterns, family history of alcoholism, the presence of internalizing and externalizing disorders, and race.Results: The course of all AUD criteria was significantly influenced by these predictors, with the magnitude of the influence varying across different criteria and different aspects of the course (i.e., onset, persistence, recurrence). The strength of the relationship is partially related to the theoretical proximity of a given covariate to AUD symptomatology, with heavy drinking being the strongest and family history of AUD being the weakest. The course of all criteria was strongly associated with the prevalence of the criterion in the overall sample.Conclusions: The course of AUD criteria is heterogeneous, appearing to be influenced by conceptually proximal predictors, the prevalence of the criterion, and perhaps an underlying common factor. Diagnostic accuracy may be improved by including a criterion related to alcohol consumption. Future work should include exploring the interchangeability of criteria and alternative operationalization of them.

Experimental evaluation of cannabis tolerance has to date lacked an associative approximation, focusing primarily on physiological variables. The present study assessed acute effects, chronic tolerance, and contextual specificity, exploring a potential associative component underlying cannabis tolerance. Sixteen adult Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes were assigned to two groups, one receiving vaporized administrations of cannabis and the other receiving the vehicle substance, in two different (counterbalanced) contexts. An initial measurement was performed to assess acute effects, followed by four measurements to evaluate the development of chronic tolerance, and a final measurement to test the context specificity of tolerance, comparing the responses to the usual administration context and a novel context. Ten behaviors were analyzed in an open field. Acute effects were observed in seven indicators, corresponding to greater locomotor activity in the group that received the drug compared to the control group. In five of these, the data also showed the development of chronic tolerance to the effects of cannabis on locomotion, which was indicated by a progressive decrease in locomotor activity in the drug group. However, no evidence of context specificity was found in any of the variables in which chronic tolerance was observed. We discuss factors that may be related to the lack of contextual specificity of cannabis tolerance. Together, our findings show that a single administration of cannabis induces acute effects, and its consecutive consumption develops chronic tolerance to these effects, reaching a hypolocomotor state.