Background and objectives: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma presents a significant challenge due to its high rate of treatment failure in 40% of patients. In this study we screened microRNAs as biomarkers in chemotherapy non-responding patients, to allow their early prognostication. Methods: In the exploratory phase, whole transcriptome microRNA profiling was conducted on 10 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cases. Three patients achieved complete remission, while seven had refractory or relapsed disease. The differentially expressed miRNAs were validated in 41 retrospective, treatment-naive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma biopsies, including the original 10 cases. Additionally, 33 cases with paired biopsy and plasma samples were prospectively evaluated using qRT-PCR to correlate miRNA expression with clinical outcomes. Functional validation to identify downstream pathways was done by knocking down identified miRNAs in JM-1 cells by semiquantitative proteomics. Results: miR-193b-5p, miR-1307-5p, and miR-671-5p expression were downregulated in refractory/relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma biopsies. Plasma miRNA levels did not reflect prognosis. In vitro proteomics showed their impact on key oncogenic pathways, revealing significant enrichment of replication and transcription-related proteins. Interpretation and conclusions: The expression of miR-193b-5p, miR-1307-5p, and miR-671-5p miRNAs in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma tissues may serve as predictive biomarkers.

Tuberculous pleuritis (TBP) is the second most common extra-pulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis. Histopathology using pleural biopsy is the most sensitive diagnostic procedure for TBP. Since biopsy acquisition is invasive, better biomarkers for diagnosis using pleural fluid are needed. The current study was designed to identify mycobacterial RNA biomarkers in TBP and to assess their diagnostic utility in pleural fluid. 261 TBP suspects were recruited for the study. 45 suspects were excluded and remaining (n = 216) were divided into TBP (n = 54) and non-TBP (n = 162) groups based on composite reference standard (CRS). Whole genome microarray was carried using M.tb RNA from pleural biopsies of TBP patients. The data was validated using qRT-PCR and the diagnostic utility of top two highly expressed genes was evaluated in pleural fluid, using qualitative real time RT-PCR. 1856 genes were differentially expressed in microarray with 1365 upregulated and 491 downregulated genes. The diagnostic utility of transcripts corresponding to two genes, Rv1586c and Rv2819c was assessed post microarray validation. The presence of either of two genes led to pleural TB identification with 79.6% sensitivity and 93.28% specificity. Thus, the transcripts of genes Rv1586c and Rv2819c holds potential for development of RNA based diagnostic assay for TBP using pleural fluid.

Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a prolonged fever with unknown etiology after an extensive outpatient or inpatient workup. 18F-Flurodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) with computed tomography (CT) has shown a higher diagnostic yield than CT. This study assesses the diagnostic yield of 18F-FDG PET/CT-guided targeted biopsy in FUO. This single-centre retrospective study included FUO patients who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT-guided biopsy. A distinct focal area of FDG-uptake above the surrounding background within the organ of interest was considered PET-positive and targeted using automated robotic arm–assisted PET/CT-guided biopsy systems. Procedure-related complications were recorded, and histopathological examination was taken as the reference standard. Diagnostic yield and other PET-based parameters were calculated. Data from 165 FUO patients [median age 47 years (IQR, 30–60)] who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT-guided biopsy between 2017 and June 2025 were analysed. 64 (39

PURPOSE:Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Computed tomography (CT) and 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) often struggle to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions, prompting interest in newer tracers, such as 68 Ga-Fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI). This prospective study is a comparative analysis for lung lesion characterization using 68 Ga-FAPI-46 PET and 18 F-FDG PET. PATIENTS AND METHODS:Patients with suspected lung lesions underwent both 18 F-FDG and 68 Ga-FAPI PET/CT scans. Based on histopathology, they were classified into benign or malignant groups. PET-based semi-quantitative analysis was performed, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted to determine the optimal SUVmax cut-off for differentiating benign from malignant lesions. RESULTS:Sixty-six patients were prospectively included in the study (mean age: 57.5±1.7 y) with 14 benign and 52 malignant lesions on histopathology. SUVmax of benign (9.8 vs. 8.8, P =0.6) and malignant lesions (14.7 vs. 13.5, P =0.8) were comparable on 68 Ga-FAPI and 18 F-FDG PET, respectively. However, a statistically significant difference was noted between the median SUVmax of benign and malignant lesions on 68 Ga-FAPI (9.8 vs. 14.7, P =0.002) and 18 F-FDG PET (8.8 vs. 13.5, P =0.001). ROC analysis revealed a SUVmax cut-off of 12.2 (sensitivity-73.1%, specificity-78.6%, AUC-0.77) and 9.5 (sensitivity-82.7%, specificity-64.3%, AUC-0.78) to differentiate benign from malignant lesions on 68 Ga-FAPI and 18 F-FDG PET, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:68 Ga-FAPI-46 PET/CT exhibits potential as an alternative to FDG PET for lung lesion characterization, but requires cautious interpretation due to possible false-positive findings from benign lesions and false-negative findings from low-grade tumors, necessitating histopathologic confirmation.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Computed tomography (CT) and 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) often struggle to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions, prompting interest in newer tracers, such as 68 Ga-Fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI). This prospective study is a comparative analysis for lung lesion characterization using 68 Ga-FAPI-46 PET and 18 F-FDG PET. Patients with suspected lung lesions underwent both 18 F-FDG and 68 Ga-FAPI PET/CT scans. Based on histopathology, they were classified into benign or malignant groups. PET-based semi-quantitative analysis was performed, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted to determine the optimal SUVmax cut-off for differentiating benign from malignant lesions. Sixty-six patients were prospectively included in the study (mean age: 57.5±1.7 y) with 14 benign and 52 malignant lesions on histopathology. SUVmax of benign (9.8 vs. 8.8, P =0.6) and malignant lesions (14.7 vs. 13.5, P =0.8) were comparable on 68 Ga-FAPI and 18 F-FDG PET, respectively. However, a statistically significant difference was noted between the median SUVmax of benign and malignant lesions on 68 Ga-FAPI (9.8 vs. 14.7, P =0.002) and 18 F-FDG PET (8.8 vs. 13.5, P =0.001). ROC analysis revealed a SUVmax cut-off of 12.2 (sensitivity—73.1%, specificity—78.6%, AUC—0.77) and 9.5 (sensitivity—82.7%, specificity—64.3%, AUC—0.78) to differentiate benign from malignant lesions on 68 Ga-FAPI and 18 F-FDG PET, respectively. 68 Ga-FAPI-46 PET/CT exhibits potential as an alternative to FDG PET for lung lesion characterization, but requires cautious interpretation due to possible false-positive findings from benign lesions and false-negative findings from low-grade tumors, necessitating histopathologic confirmation.

Exosomes isolated from bovine milk were loaded with potassium hydroxycitrate and surface-conjugated with folate. This formulation (Exo-KH) exhibited high loading efficiency, sustained drug release, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy in vivo .

Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is an extralymphatic angio-invasive B-cell-associated lymphoproliferative disease. It primarily affects the lungs, followed by the skin, CNS, renal, and liver, and rarely involves the musculoskeletal system. Here we report a young man with pyrexia of unknown origin in whom FDG PET/CT demonstrated an unusual combination of CNS, lung, and musculoskeletal involvement mimicking diffuse metastasis. He was diagnosed with lymphomatoid granulomatosis, grade I, on a guided biopsy of the lung nodule.

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) is a rare mature T-cell neoplasm with diverse clinical presentations and frequent bone marrow (BM) involvement. Its diagnosis can often be challenging due to atypical features, both in the clinical presentation as well as laboratory findings. We retrospectively analyzed 30 AITL cases that underwent bone marrow examination at our centre between 2017 and 2024. Clinical, laboratory, and flow cytometry (FCM) findings were compared between cases with and without BM involvement. BM involvement was observed in 63.3