Magnesium-based biodegradable metallic implants exhibit biocompatibility and an elastic modulus comparable to human bone, making them attractive for load-bearing orthopedic applications. But their quick degradation in the physiological environment restricts clinical application. The objective of our research is to fabricate a magnesium-based nanocomposite by enhancing Mg-3Zn-0.5Ca with bioactive and bioinert ceramic powders, ensuring controlled degradation and optimal mechanical properties that closely resemble bone tissue to facilitate injury healing. Hydroxyapatite (HAp), a major component of human bone was selected as the bioactive material. Titanium oxide (TiO2), zirconium-doped titanium oxide (Zr@TiO2), and cerium-doped titanium oxide (Ce@TiO2) were chosen as bioinert materials and synthesized using the sol-gel process and characterized via X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. This investigation involved the fabrication of five nanocomposite compositions: pure Mg (UC-PM), Mg-3Zn-0.5Ca-1.5HAp (UC-MZCH), Mg-3Zn-0.5Ca-1.5HAp-0.5TiO2 (UC-MZCHT), Mg-3Zn-0.5Ca-1.5HAp-0.5Zr@TiO2 (UC-MZCHZT), and Mg-3Zn-0.5Ca-1.5HAp-0.5Ce@TiO2 (UC-MZCHCT) using an ultrasonic-assisted stir casting process. The physicochemical, microstructure, phase composition, mechanical, immersion, and electrochemical corrosion performance were examined. The sol-gel synthesized TiO2, Zr@TiO2, and Ce@TiO2 nanoparticles shows rod, spherical, and irregular morphologies with crystallite sizes of 13.54, 12.67, and 12.65 nm. The findings indicated that the UC-MZCHZT has superior compressive strength (316 ± 9.48 MPa). yield strength (312 ± 9.36 MPa), and hardness (85.8 ± 2.57 MPa) due to its low porosity (1.40%), fine-grain microstructure (38.45 μm) and homogeneous nanoparticle dispersion. Hydrogen evolution analysis showed UC-MZCHCT has 53.68% less H2 evolution than UC-PM. Furthermore, electrochemical investigation shows a much reduced corrosion rate for the UC-MZCHZT (0.857 mmpy) and UC-MZCHCT nanocomposite (0.820 mmpy) compared to UC-PM (0.933 mmpy). A similar result was observed during the immersion test, signifying the existence of a protective oxide layer. The microstructural analysis revealed a uniform distribution of nanoparticles and a refinement of grains. This study reveals UC-MZCHZT, and UC-MZCHCT nanocomposites as the most viable candidates for biodegradable orthopedic implants.

This study synthesized nano-sized titanium oxide (TiO 2 NPs), zirconium-doped titanium oxide (Zr@TiO 2 ), and cerium-doped titanium oxide (Ce@TiO 2 ) NPs utilizing sol-gel method. The synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed utilizing UV-DRS, XRD, Micro-Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, FESEM-EDAX, DLS, and zeta potential examination. Moreover, these nanoparticles were assessed for their antibacterial effectiveness using the agar well diffusion technique. XRD analysis showed that all nanoparticles were crystalline, with average crystalline diameters for TiO 2 , Zr@TiO 2 , and Ce@TiO 2 NPs are 15.05, 14.15, and 14.00 nm. FTIR confirmed all functional groups and Micro-Raman spectroscopy validated the bond formation in the synthesized materials. FESEM analysis revealed that pure TiO 2 displayed rod and irregular shaped particles with clusters. Whereas, the both Zr@TiO 2 and Ce@TiO 2 samples exhibited rod, spherical and irregular shaped particles with more agglomeration than undoped TiO 2 particles, with lengths of 395 nm, 539 nm, and 500 nm, and diameters of 28.20 nm, 52.62 nm, and 44.75 nm. The UV-DRS results indicated the reduction in their direct energy bandgaps from 2.91 eV for TiO 2 to 2.20 eV for Zr@TiO 2 and 2.55 eV for Ce@TiO 2 sample. Zeta potential analysis revealed that all the synthesized nanoparticles have good stability. The synthesized Ce@TiO 2 sample show exceptional zones of inhibition (17 and 15 mm) against the S. aureus and E. coli bacteria, making them a promising research material for wound treatment, antibacterial coatings on metal implants, medical devices and surfaces.

The demand for superior-performance, low-cost materials has prompted analysts worldwide to move their concentration from monolithic to composite materials for automobile and aerospace applications because they have superior wear resistance, corrosion resistance, specific modulus, and light weight. Metal matrix composites based on aluminium are considered the most favorable structural materials. Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) have been produced by various manufacturing processes using reinforcing particles like carbide, nitride, oxides, borides, and their combinations. The current paper reviews the mechanical and wear properties and potential applications of composites with aluminium as a matrix material. The mechanisms for modifying these AMCs properties are also discussed. Stir casting, a liquid state processing method, is given special attention for the fabrication of AMCs, and is among the best techniques for producing AMCs due to its ease of use, proven process, lower production expense, and large-scale manufacturing capacity. This study examines all the key features of the stir-casting process, such as process parameters, composite qualities, difficulties in composite production, and recommendations to avoid challenges. Finally, the application and future research directions of AMCs are also discussed.

The drawbacks of the existing micro-machining processes in fabricating difficult-to-machine materials, the Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is an emerging hybrid non-traditional machining (HNTM) used to machine hard and fragile materials such as glass, quartz, composites, and ceramics. However, insufficient electrolyte replenishment and debris removal from machining zone lead to poor surface characteristics and limited machining depth in ECDM. This study attempts to enhance the ECDM performance by using a pointed rotating tool electrode while fabricating micro through-holes on a 1 mm thick quartz plate. The challenges that must be addressed include the heat-affected zone (HAZ) area, circularity error (CE) and hole taper angle. The optimal parameters, determined using Grey Relaton Analysis (GRA), were achieved at voltage of 70 V, tool rotation of 20 rpm, and 10% NaOH concentration. This combination yielded a through-hole with taper angle of 0.1140 radians, HAZ area of 0.4119 mm2, and circularity error of 0.0704 mm.

Magnesium (Mg) based materials show great promise as temporary implant applications owing to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. These characteristics remove the risk of subsequent surgery to extract the implant once the process of bone tissue healing is finished. Additionally, its density and elastic modulus are near to those of natural bone, thereby reducing the stress-shielding effect. Mg is mostly recognized for its osteoconductive abilities, which implies that it encourages the generation of fresh bone tissue. It also has antimicrobial properties, which lower the possibility of infections leading to implant failure. Moreover, the rapid bio-corrosion of pure Mg in the presence of physiological fluids is a serious concern. The implant's mechanical integrity deteriorates as a result of this corrosion before the surrounding tissue has completely recovered. To address these issues, this review focused on approaches, including alloying, the creation of composites, and surface coating, which can increase their biomechanical and bio-corrosion properties. In vitro analysis of biomechanical and bio-corrosion characteristics of newly manufactured Mg-based implant material is presented in this article. In addition to this application, a list of approved devices made from Mg-based material is highlighted. Furthermore, the present challenges and prospects for future research are also discussed.

Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is a hybrid machining formed by combining the principles of electrochemical machining and electrical discharge machining. The ECDM is unconventional micromachining that can fabricate holes, blind holes, micro-cavities and grooves on brittle insulating materials such as quartz, glass, silicon wafers and different composites that are difficult to machine. These non-conducting materials have sundry applications such as Micro Electric-Mechanical Systems, biomedical and electronics items. The ECDM provides maximum material removal rate and good surface quality with minor tool wear. The study describes how different process parameters affect machining. The assessment mainly focuses on various tool electrode geometries and materials that are used in ECDM. The present article investigates the ramifications of different types of electrolytes and additives mixed in electrolytes used during the ECDM process on the machined zone. This paper comprehensively reviews the effect of change in applied voltage, machining gap and an inter-electrode gap in the ECDM and it also analyses the fabrication of different materials including glass, quartz, ceramics and composites.

This chapter explores how technology and sustainability come together to make a positive impact. Authors focused on new possibilities in mechanical engineering and business analysis. The chapter explains why sustainable development is crucial and how technology plays a key role in helping the environment. The chapter also talks about the latest advancements in mechanical engineering that promote sustainability. Business analysis is shown to be a powerful tool in making eco-friendly choices and managing resources wisely using data-driven decisions. Contents of the chapter are well explained with examples of successful collaborations and discuss the challenges. Overly, this chapter highlights how combining technology, mechanical engineering, and business analysis can lead to creative and effective sustainable solutions. By embracing these interdisciplinary approaches, authors tried to create a better and more inclusive future, benefiting both society and the environment.

This chapter explores how technology and sustainability come together to make a positive impact. Authors focused on new possibilities in mechanical engineering and business analysis. The chapter explains why sustainable development is crucial and how technology plays a key role in helping the environment. The chapter also talks about the latest advancements in mechanical engineering that promote sustainability. Business analysis is shown to be a powerful tool in making eco-friendly choices and managing resources wisely using data-driven decisions. Contents of the chapter are well explained with examples of successful collaborations and discuss the challenges. Overly, this chapter highlights how combining technology, mechanical engineering, and business analysis can lead to creative and effective sustainable solutions. By embracing these interdisciplinary approaches, authors tried to create a better and more inclusive future, benefiting both society and the environment.

The integration of robotics and the internet of things (IoT) has emerged as a crucial aspect in the development of smart factory infrastructure within the context of Industry 4.0. This chapter explores the synergistic potential of combining these two transformative technologies to enable the future of smart IoT technologies. Firstly, the chapter provides an overview of the fundamental concepts of IoT and robotics, highlighting their respective contributions to the Industry 4.0 paradigm. It discusses the key characteristics and challenges associated with IoT-enabled smart factories, emphasizing the need for efficient data collection, processing, and decision-making in dynamic manufacturing environments. In conclusion, this chapter highlights the immense potential of integrating robotics and IoT in smart factory infrastructure, paving the way for increased automation, efficiency, and productivity. It underscores the importance of addressing the associated challenges to unlock the full benefits of this integration and enable the future of smart IoT technologies.

Nickel–titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloy has diverse applications, especially in areas such as the medical, aerospace, and aeronautical industries. Due to this alloy’s excellent fatigue strength, high mechanical properties even at higher temperatures, and tendency to corrosion resistance, NiTi alloy is considered difficult to machine. In the present scenario, electrochemical arc machining ECAM (hybrid of electric discharge erosion and electrochemical dissolution) is an evolving procedure for difficult to machine the materials due to constraints of existing processes. The present research aims to investigate the machinability of Ni 55.7 Ti alloy through electrochemical arc drilling using molybdenum electrode. Electrolyte concentration (ethanol with ethylene glycol and sodium chloride), supply voltage, and tool rotation are considered as the variable factors in order to evaluate the ECAM performance characteristics in drilling blind hole operation concerning overcut, tool wear rate, and materials removal rate. Consequently, response surface methodology is implemented for predictive modeling of various performance characteristics. Finally, multi-objective optimization through DFA has produced a set of optimal parameters to improve the productivity along with the accuracy, which is the prime requirement for the industrial applicability of the ECAM process. Results demonstrated that supply voltage is the influential key factor for improvement of machining rate. SEM photographs revealed the development of HAZ, white layer, melted droplet, craters, re-solidified material, ridge-rich surface, and voids as well as cavities around the end-boundary surfaces of a blind hole. Composition analysis through EDS indicated the oxygen content on the machined surface because electrolyte breakdown causes oxidation to take place at elevated temperatures across the machining zone. Moreover, carbide precipitation like TiC was found in the melting zone of the drilled hole which has the affinity to reduce the SMA properties in HAZ.

An insight study has been addressed to communicate the machining behavior of SS 431 in terms of tool wear rate (TWR) and chip study. Experimental investigation shows that cutting speed (V-C) as the most significant parameter to have TWR for SS 431. At low V-C 19.5 m/min, chip formed was continuous hairy structure with regular saw fractured morphology, principally promoted due to intensely concentrated shear bands between neighboring segments resulting from shear localized instability in the primary shear zone. 25.9 and 30.6 m/min produces continuous ribbon shape chip and twisted chip, respectively. At high V-C 30.6 m/min, owing to high-temperature generation, shear deformation zone was softer and perfectively plastic with least chip contact length encouraged to produce least TWR. The parameters 30.6 m/min, 0.08 mm/rev, and 0.15 mm of V-C, feed, and depth-of-cut found optimum to reach least TWR. Further ANN was exercised to predict TWR is good agreement with the experiments.

The electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is a hybrid nontraditional process, which precisely ideal for machining on conductive and nonconductive materials. Due to advanced technologies, miniaturized products have specific demand in most of the fields, which can easily be fulfilled by ECDM. The present study is a brief review of work done on ECDM in various fields, which comprises history, design, workpiece, electrolyte, tool electrode, input and output parameters used in ECDM. The conclusion gives a precise idea for enhancement and efficiently working with ECDM for the future research study.

Purpose: This paper addresses the urgent need to comprehensively assess the preparedness of the Indian automobile industry for adopting Industry 4.0 technologies, a critical imperative for sustaining global competitiveness in one of the world's largest and fastest-growing automotive sectors. The study introduces the Maturity Assessment and Readiness for Industry 4.0 in the Indian Automobile Industry (MARI-IA) Scale, offering a novel contribution to the scientific discourse on this vital issue.Literature Review: The existing literature review underscores the scarcity of tailored tools specifically designed to evaluate Industry 4.0 readiness in the distinctive context of the Indian automotive industry. Methodology: To bridge this gap, the paper employs a survey methodology involving 55 participants from 14 diverse organisations, spanning original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), supplier industries, and service centers. The chosen research object is these organisations, strategically selected to represent the spectrum of the industry. Utilising the MARI-IA Scale, the study systematically assesses maturity and readiness across five pivotal dimensions: Vision, Machines, Practices, Products, and People. Results: The findings reveal discernible variations in readiness levels, with OEMs exhibiting the highest preparedness, followed by supplier and service industries. Large-scale industries consistently outperform their medium, small, and micro-scale counterparts, indicating a pronounced scale-dependent disparity. Notably, the 'People' dimension garnered the highest rating, suggesting an existing readiness for skill enhancement initiatives and heightened customer awareness initiatives. In contrast, the 'Vision' dimension is rated the lowest, signalling a pressing need for increased strategic commitment and top management involvement in implementing Industry 4.0 initiatives. Value: The empirical analysis conducted substantiates the relevance and applicability of the MARI-IA Scale in effectively evaluating ndustry 4.0 readiness in the unique context of the Indian automobile industry. Beyond a mere assessment tool, the results of this study carry significant practical implications for stakeholders, offering a roadmap for enhancing Industry 4.0 preparedness and maintaining a competitive edge in the global automotive landscape. This research is a foundational resource for scholars, industry practitioners, and policymakers navigating the dynamic landscape of Industry 4.0 adoption in the Indian automobile sector.

In the present scenario, electrochemical arc machining (ECAM) (hybrid of electric discharge erosion and electrochemical dissolution) is an evolving procedure for difficulty in machining the materials due to constraints of existing processes. This research aims to investigate the machinability of Ni[Formula: see text]Ti alloy through electrochemical arc drilling using molybdenum electrode. Electrolyte concentration (ethanol with ethylene glycol and sodium chloride), supply voltage, and tool rotation are considered as the variable factors to evaluate the ECAM performance characteristics in drilling blind hole operation concerning overcut (OC), tool wear rate (TWR) and materials removal rate (MRR). Consequently, response surface methodology is implemented for predictive modeling of various performance characteristics. Finally, multi-objective optimization through desirability function approach (DFA) has produced a set of optimal parameters to improve the productivity along with the accuracy, which is the prime requirement for the industrial applicability of the ECAM process. Results demonstrated that supply voltage is the influential key factor for improvement of machining rate. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs revealed the development of heat affected zone (HAZ), white layer, melted droplet, craters, re-solidified material, ridge-rich surface and voids as well as cavities around the end-boundary surfaces of a blind hole. Composition analysis through energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) indicated the oxygen content on the machined surface because electrolyte breakdown causes oxidation to take place at elevated temperatures across the machining zone. Moreover, carbide precipitation like TiC was found in the melting zone of the drilled hole, as revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, which has the affinity to reduce the SMA properties in HAZ.

An upsurge in demand and extensive effort in orthopedic implants directed toward innovative biomaterials for orthopedic applications. Orthopedic implants are significantly used in mature alternatives to retain, restore or modify the defective bone or tissue. However, exhaustive research in the past reveals various health-associated problems that can be effectively overcome by inventing newer kinds of biomaterials. The selection of optimal materials and the fabrication process are crucial challenges enforced by numerous novel materials that could be made for orthopedic applications. This paper intends to systematically assess the processing method employed in manufacturing the biomaterials for orthopedic applications. However, the success of biomedical implants in orthopedic are commonly restricted owing to insufficient bone-implant integration, wear debris induced osteolysis, and implant-associated infections. Nevertheless, the endeavor has also been intended to enhance the biological properties of the biomaterials by surface modification process while retaining their strength and hardness. Furthermore, various surface modifications have been comprehended. This review conferred contemporary advancements in surface coating approaches in orthopedic to enhance their osteointegration, improve corrosion resistance and accomplish antibacterial performance, clinical success and long-term service. The insight review has revealed the current outcomes in the field of engineering biomaterials concerning surface modifications of metallic implants or composite for enhancing their biological properties.