Background Olive oil is widely used in the Arab world for both culinary and medicinal purposes. Despite the well-documented health benefits of olive oil, particularly extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), there is limited knowledge about consumer knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding its proper use and storage across different countries. This study aims to assess purchasing habits, usage patterns, and storage practices, as well as the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to olive oil among Arab consumers in such region Methodology : A cross-sectional-self administered questionnaire-based study was conducted among 511 participants from Jordan, Morocco, and Egypt. Data were analyzed using simple and multiple linear regression models to identify demographic and lifestyle factors influencing KAP scores. Results The study showed low knowledge levels across all countries, with median scores of 6\(\:\pm\:4.25\) out of 15. All three countries ' attitudes towards olive oil were neutral, with median attitude scores ranging from 23\(\:\pm\:4.25\) out of 35. Practice scores indicated moderate behavior, with median scores between 7\(\:\pm\:2\) out of 10. Regression analysis revealed that the age of the participants significantly affected knowledge (B = 0.138, p < 0.001); while involvement in olive oil production was associated with lower knowledge and less favorable attitudes (B=-0.133, p = 0.001 and B=-0.103, p = 0.020, respectively). A significant gap was found in consumer awareness about proper storage methods and certain types of olive oil, including olive pomace oil. Conclusion Olive oil consumption is prevalent in Jordan, Morocco, and Egypt; however, knowledge regarding its proper use and storage is inadequate. Public health interventions focusing on education, particularly emphasizing the benefits of high-quality oils and correct storage practices, are necessary to improve consumer behavior and maintain the health benefits of olive oil. Future research should investigate the long-term effects of these educational interventions.

Antimicrobial resistance is reducing the clinical durability of glycopeptide antibiotics by combining target-site adaptation with biofilm protection, poor tissue penetration, limited intracellular access, and host-mediated barriers to treatment. These limitations indicate that improving antibacterial potency alone is insufficient; effective therapy increasingly depends on material design, delivery behavior, and immunological compatibility. This review examines how nano-enabled strategies can extend glycopeptide performance, with emphasis on exosome-based carriers as biologically derived nanomaterials capable of improving transport across infected tissues, facilitating intracellular delivery, and modulating host immune responses. Review has discussed recent advances in glycopeptide structural redesign, exosome engineering, passive and targeted delivery, and hybrid antimicrobial-immunological mechanisms relevant to resistant Gram-positive infections. Preclinical studies indicate that exosome-mediated antibiotic delivery can enhance intracellular drug accumulation by approximately 2-5-fold and reduce effective minimum inhibitory concentrations by up to one order of magnitude in resistant Staphylococcus aureus models. However, these findings remain context-dependent and require validation in controlled clinical settings. Review has also evaluated analytical and computational frameworks, including proteomics, immune profiling, live-cell imaging, and machine learning, as enabling tools for mechanistic mapping, biomarker discovery, and rational combination design. Finally, review has outlined translational priorities involving manufacturing consistency, immunotoxicity assessment, regulatory classification, and costeffective scalability. By integrating antibiotic chemistry with nanocarrier design and host-directed biology, glycopeptide-exosome platforms represent a promising materials-based strategy for overcoming persistent therapeutic barriers in antimicrobial resistance.

The integration of nanotechnology and biomaterials is valuable for the future of wound care. However, concerns regarding the biosafety of the nanoparticles remain unresolved. This study aims to evaluate the activity and safety of the alginate-hyaluronic acid (Alg/HA) hydrogel-loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) of three different size ranges (10-30, 35-45, 80-200 nm) and concentrations (5, 10, 20 mg/mL). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) Spectroscopy were used to confirm the successful loading and uniform distribution of ZnO-NPs within the hydrogel matrix. Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC™) assay® against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used to evaluate antibacterial activity. The ZnO-NPs (10–30 nm, 20 mg/mL) loaded hydrogel and pure hydrogel achieved the highest antibacterial efficacy in planktonic states. However, MTT and scratch assays of ZnO-NPs loaded hydrogels indicated a significant reduction in cell viability and migration. The ZnO-NPs loaded hydrogel reduced cell viability up to 85% compared to 100% in the pure Alg/HA hydrogel. In scratch assay, the pure hydrogel showed 68% wound closure within 24 h compared to 55.77% for control group. The pure Alg/HA demonstrated superior in vitro performance. In vivo study showed promising efficacy of the pure Alg/HA hydrogel, promoting complete epithelial regeneration by day 15 (resulting in 95.68% wound closure), while ZnO-NPs hydrogels delayed healing (63.88% of wound closure). Overall, while ZnO-NPs show notable antibacterial properties, their potential cytotoxicity at higher concentrations limits their suitability for wound healing, which urges the reconsideration of using ZnO-NPs for wound dressing applications.

Cannabis has long been esteemed for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and sedative characteristics. Ancient people such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Chinese acknowledged the curative value of their medicinal practices. The identification of the endocannabinoid system, which engages with cannabis phytochemicals, has elucidated the mechanisms by which cannabis influences the human immune system, including the central nervous system. Cannabis and its bioactive components, particularly cannabinoids such as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), have garnered substantial interest for their potential therapeutic effects. This review comprehensively examines the interactions between cannabis and the immune system, focusing on immune cell function, clinical evidence, molecular mechanisms, and ongoing controversies. Cannabinoids modulate immune responses by interacting with cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) expressed on various immune cells. THC generally exhibits immunosuppressive properties beneficial in conditions such as autoimmune diseases, whereas CBD shows anti-inflammatory effects without broadly suppressing immune function. The review also highlights the complex impact of cannabinoids on T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells, influencing cytokine production and immune signaling pathways. Clinical studies suggest that cannabinoids may alleviate symptoms of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, although their long-term impact on immune competence remains uncertain. Epidemiological studies indicate that chronic cannabis use may alter immune responses, with both beneficial and adverse effects. The review underscores the need for more extensive research to understand the dose-dependent immunomodulatory effects of cannabinoids and their potential for developing personalized therapeutic strategies. Emerging trends in cannabinoid research and the potential for cannabis-based therapies in immune-related diseases are also discussed, highlighting the promise and challenges in this evolving field.

Vitamin D, an essential fat-soluble metabolite, plays a critical role in various physiological functions and human growth and development. This study investigates the factors influencing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the population regarding vitamin D supplementation. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed via social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, X, WhatsApp, LinkedIn) to collect responses from adult participants aged 18 + in Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Egypt, and Iraq from November 2023 to February 2024. Following Tabachnick and Fidell’s guidelines, a minimum sample size of 200 was targeted for ten independent variables (Approval number: 2023-PHA-50).The reliability and internal consistency score via Cronbach’s α (= 0.8) for the Likert scale in the practice section and (= 0.7) for the attitude section. Statistical analysis involved frequency, percentages, and simple/multiple-linear regression analysis to assess study predictors. A total of 1340 responses were obtained from four countries: Saudi Arabia (n = 412, 30.8