This study investigates the microstructure and micro-texture evolution in a two-phase Fe-Cr-Ni alloy, comprising almost equal fractions of γ-austenite (FCC) and δ-ferrite (BCC), subjected to isothermal uniaxial hot compression. Deformation was carried out at temperatures of 1150 K (877 °C) and 1250 K (977 °C), at strain rates of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 s−1, up to true strains of 0.28 and 0.69. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was utilized to characterize the deformed microstructures and to analyze the basic deformation and recrystallization mechanisms. The results revealed that δ-ferrite primarily underwent dynamic recovery (DRV) and continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), whereas γ-austenite exhibited significant discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX). In austenite, the microstructural evolution involved initial grain elongation, followed by boundary serration and substructure development, ultimately leading to the initiation of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) beyond a critical strain. Enhanced softening was noted at the elevated deformation temperature of 1250 K for both ferrite and austenite, irrespective of the strain rates applied. Additionally, increasing the strain rate resulted in a higher fraction of deformed and sub-structured regions, accompanied by a corresponding decrease in recrystallized areas. Texture analysis showed that at 1150 K, δ-ferrite formed γ-fiber and cube components, while γ-austenite displayed Brass, Goss, and rotated Goss components. At 1250 K, the texture in both phases became nearly random, indicating that significant dynamic recrystallization and grain coarsening took place at these elevated temperatures.

Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) has emerged as a flexible and cost-effective manufacturing process for producing complex geometries in aerospace, automotive, and biomedical applications. SPIF offers significant potential for sustainable manufacturing due to its die-less nature, reduced material waste, and lower energy consumption. In the present study, formability of Lean Duplex Stainless Steel 2101 sheets is systematically investigated by examining the influence of tool size, vertical step depth, and feed rate under ambient conditions. The forming limits were evaluated by developing a Forming Limit Curve (FLC) on a Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) using experimental strain data. The results demonstrate that enhanced formability is achieved with a maximum forming height of 13.58 mm and an FLD₀ value of 0.539 under optimal forming conditions of 8 mm tool size, 0.2 mm vertical step depth, and 1000 mm/min feed rate. The results of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) indicate that the tool size is the primary factor influencing forming height, contributing 38.2

This study evaluates the effect of welding process and heat input on the microstructure, tribological behaviour, and corrosion performance of lean duplex stainless steel (S32101). The material was welded using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) with ER2209 filler. Two heat inputs were used: 0.85 kJ/mm (low) and 1.3 kJ/mm (high). Optical and SEM analyses confirmed duplex microstructures with balanced phase fractions. Ferrite reached about 55.9% in low-heat GTAW, while austenite reached about 52.7% in high-heat GTAW. No intermetallic phases were detected. Localised EDS measurements indicated relative enrichment of alloying elements in GTAW weld metal, with increases of about 12% Cr and similar to 79% Ni compared to the base material. Mechanical and surface performance were assessed using impact, microhardness, and constant-load scratch tests (5-20 N). Low-heat GTAW weldments showed higher hardness, narrower scratch tracks, and lower frictional response than SMAW. Potentiodynamic polarisation in 3.5 wt.% NaCl revealed higher pitting potential and lower corrosion current density for GTAW welds. The findings indicate that microstructure modification by GTAW welding has a promising function in enhancing the mechanical performance and tribological features of S32101. Cette & eacute;tude & eacute;value l'influence du proc & eacute;d & eacute; de soudage et de l'apport de chaleur sur la microstructure, le comportement tribologique et la r & eacute;sistance & agrave; la corrosion d'un acier inoxydable duplex maigre (S32101). On a soud & eacute; le mat & eacute;riau par soudage TIG (GTAW) et par soudage & agrave; l'arc avec & eacute;lectrode enrob & eacute;e (SMAW) avec un m & eacute;tal d'apport ER2209. On a utilis & eacute; deux apports de chaleur: 0.85 kJ/mm (faible) et 1.3 kJ/mm (& eacute;lev & eacute;). Des analyses optiques et MEB ont confirm & eacute; la pr & eacute;sence de microstructures duplex avec des fractions de phase & eacute;quilibr & eacute;es. La ferrite a atteint environ 55.9% par TIG & agrave; faible apport de chaleur, tandis que l'aust & eacute;nite a atteint environ 52.7% par TIG & agrave; chaleur & eacute;lev & eacute;e. Aucune phase interm & eacute;tallique n'a & eacute;t & eacute; d & eacute;tect & eacute;e. Des mesures d'EDS localis & eacute;es ont indiqu & eacute; un enrichissement relatif en & eacute;l & eacute;ments d'alliage dans le m & eacute;tal d'apport soud & eacute; TIG, avec des augmentations d'environ 12% de Cr et d'environ 79% de Ni par rapport au mat & eacute;riau de base. On a & eacute;valu & eacute; les performances m & eacute;caniques et de surface par des essais d'impact, de microduret & eacute; et de rayure sous charge constante (5 & agrave; 20 N). Les soudures TIG & agrave; faible chaleur ont pr & eacute;sent & eacute; une duret & eacute; sup & eacute;rieure, des rayures plus & eacute;troites et une r & eacute;ponse frictionnelle inf & eacute;rieure & agrave; celles obtenues par SMAW. La polarisation potentiodynamique dans 3.5% en poids de NaCl a r & eacute;v & eacute;l & eacute; un potentiel de piq & ucirc;ration plus & eacute;lev & eacute; et une densit & eacute; de courant de corrosion plus faible pour les soudures TIG. Ces r & eacute;sultats indiquent que la modification de la microstructure par soudage TIG pr & eacute;sente un potentiel prometteur pour l'am & eacute;lioration des performances m & eacute;caniques et des caract & eacute;ristiques tribologiques de S32101.

PurposeThe present paper aims to systematically map the research landscape of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in forex rate forecasting by particularly (1) uncovering significant research trends, key players, scientific collaborations, hot topics, emerging themes, and primal knowledge dimensions; and (2) discovering potential areas for future research in the concerned field. Design/methodology/approachTo delve deeply into the field, the present study employed the fusion approach of bibliometric analysis (quantitative) and content analysis (qualitative) to analyse 487 articles published in Scopus-indexed journals during 1993–2024. The extracted data was analysed using RStudio (Biblioshiny) and VOSviewer software tools. FindingsThe analysis revealed the overall upward trend of the research with (1) the proliferation of publications since 2019; (2) China as the most productive country; (3) “Expert Systems with Applications” as the prominent journal; and (4) “exchange rate prediction” and “genetic algorithm” as the trendy areas, whereas “quantitative trading”, “hybrid models”, and “long short-term memory” are the emerging themes of the field. Additionally, model optimization, technical analysis, model hybridization, and modelling data complexity were discovered as the primal knowledge dimensions in the field. Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, the current study is the first that systematically deconstructs the social, conceptual, and intellectual structure of ANN research in forex rate forecasting. Its main contribution lies in equipping (1) researchers with potential areas for future investigations and advancements in the field; and (2) practitioners with means of overcoming modelling challenges and improving the forecasting accuracy of ANNs, thereby enhancing their forecasting-based decision-making capacity.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have revolutionised financial operations due to their abilities to learn from nonlinear and unstructured financial data. The current study aims to systematically map the conceptual and intellectual structure of research on ANNs in the finance domain based on bibliometric analysis and network visualisation of 3,106 articles published during the period 1992 to 2022. The study identifies the research trends, major contributors, and scientific collaborations in the field. Bibliographic coupling analysis and co-citation analysis of the documents revealed five clusters and three clusters of documents, respectively. Additionally, the current study intensively reviewed the important studies lying in each cluster to provide a comprehensive assessment of the relevant literature, thereby uncovered the knowledge gaps and challenges, and provided recommendations for future studies. Therefore, the study can be taken as a baseline by future researchers and financial practitioners to advance in the concerned field with the appropriate approach.

The applications of various grades of duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are increasing and lately, the main focus has been on lean grades due to their lower cost. There are attempts to replace the conventional austenitic grades like AISI 304 and AISI 316 with lean DSS grades like UNS S32101 and UNS S32304 with reasonable success. Lean grades of DSSs find applications in heat exchangers, storage tanks, bridges, and other structural components. The growth of lean DSSs in applications is due to their improved weldability and less intermetallic precipitation. This review article focuses on the different welding techniques and heat treatment processes adapted for enhancing the mechanical and corrosion properties of the newly developed lean DSS grades. This work systematically summarizes the suitable parameters for good weldability and heat treatment. Also, the importance of microstructure and phase balance is understood for different parameters, and the austenite reformation mechanism in the weld zones is reviewed. This article gives preliminary knowledge to the researchers working on the material characterization of welded lean duplex grades and also describes the recent techniques adapted for industrial applications.

PurposeIn past decades, artificial neural network (ANN) models have revolutionised various stock market operations due to their superior ability to deal with nonlinear data and garnered considerable attention from researchers worldwide. The present study aims to synthesize the research field concerning ANN applications in the stock market to a) systematically map the research trends, key contributors, scientific collaborations, and knowledge structure, and b) uncover the challenges and future research areas in the field.Design/methodology/approachTo provide a comprehensive appraisal of the extant literature, the study adopted the mixed approach of quantitative (bibliometric analysis) and qualitative (intensive review of influential articles) assessment to analyse 1,483 articles published in the Scopus and Web of Science indexed journals during 1992–2022. The bibliographic data was processed and analysed using VOSviewer and R software.FindingsThe results revealed the proliferation of articles since 2018, with China as the dominant country, Wang J as the most prolific author, “Expert Systems with Applications” as the leading journal, “computer science” as the dominant subject area, and “stock price forecasting” as the predominantly explored research theme in the field. Furthermore, “portfolio optimization”, “sentiment analysis”, “algorithmic trading”, and “crisis prediction” are found as recently emerged research areas.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, the current study is a novel attempt that holistically assesses the existing literature on ANN applications throughout the entire domain of stock market. The main contribution of the current study lies in discussing the challenges along with the viable methodological solutions and providing application area-wise knowledge gaps for future studies.

In the present investigation, the effect of microstructure and texture on the evolution of mechanical properties during recrystallization for 80% unidirectionally cold rolled UNS S32101 lean duplex stainless steel (LDSS) sheet was investigated. Microstructures were observed using an optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), while the bulk texture was measured by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Cold rolled samples showed Brass-type texture for austenite and strong α-fiber texture (rolling direction, RD//<110>)/γ-fiber texture (normal direction, ND//<111>) for ferrite. After 80% cold rolling, strain-induced martensite (α′, SIM) was formed from austenite (γ). However, with the increase in annealing time, γ fraction increased due to the reversion of α’ to γ. The morphology of grains changed from lamellar to near globular as the annealing time increased. The crystallographic texture weakened after recrystallization for both austenite and ferrite. A sharp decrease in stored energy (275 kJ/m3 to 650 J/m3 (austenite) and 293 kJ/m3 to 520 J/m3 (ferrite)) and hardness was observed as the recrystallized fraction of ferrite and austenite increased. After annealing for 2 min and greater, hardness reached a constant value of ∼180 ± 5 Hv. R‾ and ΔR calculated from tensile tests increased with an increase in annealing time due to coarsening of microstructure and texture development.

Artificial neural network (ANN) models have revolutionised various stock market operations due to their superior ability to deal with nonlinear and chaotic data. The present study aims to systematically map the conceptual and intellectual structure of ANN research in the entire domain of the stock market based on bibliometric analysis and network visualisation of 1,483 articles published during the period 1992-2022. The analysis revealed exponential growth in articles since 2018, with China as the major contributor. The upward publication trend evinces the contemporary relevance of the concerned field and its growing fascination in researchers' community. Furthermore, the co-word analysis demonstrated seven thematic clusters and the cluster 'stock price forecasting' remained the dominant one. In addition, the current study uncovered the challenges and knowledge gaps by intensively reviewing the relevant literature in the field. Based on the findings, the study provides valuable recommendations for future researchers and stock market practitioners regarding emerging research areas, the input selection approaches, parameter optimisation methods, and hybridisation of ANN models, and thus enables them to enhance the functional efficiency of models. Moreover, the study can also help regulators and policymakers in managing the risks caused by uncertainties in the stock market by designing proactive strategies.

In the present work, changes in microstructure, texture and magnetic properties during unidirectional cold rolling of a Fe-21Cr-5Mn-1.5Ni alloy were investigated. For microstructural characterization, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) were used, while for bulk texture measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used. Magnetic measurements (M-H and B-H curves) were used to characterize the strain induced martensite (SIM). The band thickness (thickness of grain along normal direction (ND)) reduced significantly more in austenite, than in ferrite with increasing deformation (cold rolling). Also, during deformation, more strain was partitioned in austenite than in ferrite. The saturation magnetization increased with increase in cold rolling reduction and SIM was similar to 11% after 80% cold rolling. The as-received sample showed strong cube ({100} 100 ) and Brass ({110} 112 ) in austenite and strong alpha (RD// 110 ) and gamma (ND// 111 ) fibres in ferrite. After 80% cold rolling, strong Brass ({110} 112 ) and Goss ({110} 001 ) were developed in austenite, while the existing alpha and gamma fibres further strengthened in ferrite. The area under the B-H curve was found to be proportional to strain. Both texture and strain were found to be responsible for this increase.

In the present study, effect of multistep cross rolling (MSCR) on microstructure, texture, and magnetic properties has been investigated for UNS S32101 steel. UNS S32101 steel consisting of almost equal proportion of ferrite and austenite was 80% cold cross rolled in multiple steps. The microstructures were characterized using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), while crystallographic texture was determined by x-ray diffraction (XRD). Microstructure showed decrease in band thickness and spacing for both austenite and ferrite with increased cold-rolling reduction. Lenticular bulges were the main feature of microstructure after 80% cold rolling, indicating the presence of strain-induced martensite (SIM). Hysteresis loops were also measured in order to characterize other parameters associated with deformation and SIM. The magnetic anisotropy decreased, while coercivity (Hc), area under the B-H loop and magnetic losses increased with an increase in cold-rolling reduction. Hc was found to be directly proportional to the amount of reduction during cold rolling and inversely proportional to equivalent circle grain size. As-received sample showed strong cube ({100}< 100 >) with strong Brass ({110}< 112 >) in austenite and strong α (rolling direction, RD//< 110 >) and γ (normal direction, ND//< 111 >) fibers in ferrite. For 80% rolling, strong Brass and Goss ({110}< 001 >) were developed in austenite, while strong rotated cube ({100)< 110 >) and γ-fiber were obtained in ferrite.

UNS S32101 lean duplex stainless steel (DSS) has a two phase microstructure consisting of austenite and ferrite in near equal proportions. Aging at high temperature results in formation of a phase reducing ductility and also corresponding depletion of Cr from the matrix. The effect of long term aging on the microstructure and mechanical properties is still an active area of research for lean DSSs. In the present work effect of aging at 750 degrees C (up to 480 h) on microstructure and mechanical properties has been systematically studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the precipitates were distributed along ferrite/austenite (8/gamma) interfaces and ferrite/ferrite (8/8) boundaries. Nitrides (mainly Cr2N) were observed in initial phases of aging and a phase afterwards, mostly at longer aging times. The decrease of Ni and Mo and increase in N in UNS S32101 steel delayed the precipitation of a, but could not avoid it completely. The room temperature absorbed impact energy of specimens decreased gradually as the aging time increased. The lowest value of absorbed impact energy was found to be 24 +/- 2 J after 480 h of aging, which was only similar to 11% as that of solution annealed specimen. Fractography also showed that the fracture morphology changed from fibrous (ductile) to dominant brittle (which involved predominance of cleavage facets along with long, wide cracks i.e. delamination fracture) with increasing aging time. Tensile tests also showed a decrease in ductility and an increase in yield stress/ultimate tensile strength with aging time.

Microstructure evolution and texture development during cold rolling of a Ti15333 alloy were systematically investigated in the present work. Texture was simulated using mean-field [Visco-Plastic Self-Consistent (VPSC) and Taylor] models. Evolution of crystallographic texture was also simulated using the Visco-Plastic Fast Fourier Transform (VPFFT) model. The as-received samples (in the hot-forged and hot-rolled condition) were cold rolled unidirectionally up to 20, 40, 60 and 80 pct thickness reductions. Increase in the cold-rolling reduction resulted in changes in the crystallographic texture as well as grain morphology. The initial hot-rolled sample consisted of in-grain shear bands that were aligned approximately ± 35 to 40 ° with respect to the sample rolling direction. Shear band density gradually increased with the increase in cold-rolling reduction, and these bands usually represent narrow zones of intense strain. α (RD//〈110〉) and γ (ND//〈111〉) fibers were observed in all the cold-rolled samples. The volume fraction of both these fibers was found to be highest for the 80 pct deformed sample. For mean-field simulations, the normalized difference of the texture index (normalized TIdiff) was found to be a good criterion to represent the match between the simulated and experimental texture. The affine model (VPSC) was found to give a good match with the experimental texture compared to the Taylor models. The γ-fiber and α-fiber were always overestimated in mean-field VPSC simulations. Extensive shear band formation could be the possible reason for mismatch between the simulated and experimental texture. For VPFFT simulations, the general texture evolution involved the intensification of the γ-fiber and α-fiber texture. Simulated texture was reasonably well predicted quantitatively with VPFFT, analyzed based on the volume fraction of the different texture fibers/components.

In the present work, the effect of cooling rate on the evolution of the microstructure and mechanical properties of an α + β titanium alloy has been systematically investigated. Titanium alloy samples were heated to 1066 °C (above the β transus), 930 °C (just below the β transus), and 850 °C (well below the β transus) followed by oil quenching, air cooling, and furnace cooling, respectively. Primary alpha (α_p), lamellar alpha (α_L), and martensite (α′) were the dominant features of the microstructures for all the samples heated below the β transus. Furnace-cooled samples showed variation in the size and shape of the α_p and fraction of α_L according to the heating temperature. At slower cooling rates, the thickness of the α_L increased with the increase in temperature. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of α′ in all the quenched samples. The volume fraction and size of the α_p decreased with the increase in temperature but was independent of the cooling rate. The microhardness was relatively unaffected by the cooling rate for heating just below the β transus, i.e., 930 °C. The modulus of elasticity was found to be extremely sensitive to the microstructure.

Ferrite (δ) in two-phase austenite–ferrite Fe–Cr–Ni alloys decomposes into Mo- and Cr-rich phases like sigma (σ) and chi (χ), when aged in the temperature range of 873–1273 K (600–1000 °C). The precipitation of these phases for a particular Fe-Cr-Ni alloy has an adverse effect on its mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. In the present work, precipitation behavior of UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel (a Fe–Cr–Ni alloy) during controlled cooling and heating (isothermal aging) has been studied in the temperature range of 973–1073 K (700–800 °C). Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) attached to SEM were used to characterize the microstructures. The effect of precipitation of σ and χ phases on the micro-hardness was also studied. The precipitation sequence for 1023 K (750 °C), when cooled from 12,000 to 5 °C/min, was δ → carbides → χ → σ, while for 1073 K (800 °C), it was found to be δ → χ → σ. The Mo-enriched metastable χ phase nucleates at the initial stage of aging which then transforms to stable σ precipitates. The amount of σ and χ phases increased with temperature and aging time, but temperature was found to have a dominant role than the cooling rate due to higher diffusion of solute atoms at high temperatures. EBSD studies did not show any orientation relationship between parent δ ferrite and σ phase.

In the present investigation, evolution of microstructure and texture was studied for a beta titanium alloy during cold rolling (unidirectional rolling (UDR) and cross rolling (multi-step cross rolling (MSCR) and two step cross rolling). For both UDR and MSCR of initially hot rolled alloy consisting of elongated and equiaxed grain structure, the occurrence of shear bands inside the grains was the main feature of the microstructure. The density of these shear bands was dependent on the cold rolling reduction and strain path and was found to be orientation dependent. Shear bands preferentially occurred in gamma-fiber (normal direction (ND)//< 111 >) oriented grains. The regions with shear bands had higher hardness than the regions without shear bands, and {111}< 112 > component of the gamma-fiber was found to be more susceptible to formation of shear bands. The orientation dependence of these shear bands was analyzed within the framework of Dillamore's plastic instability criterion. During UDR, strong alpha and gamma-fibers were observed after highest strain (epsilon = 1.6), while strong rotated cube ({100}< 110 >) texture developed after MSCR at highest strain (epsilon = 1.6). The volume fraction of both alpha and gamma fibers gradually increased with the increase in cold rolling reduction during UDR. For MSCR, the rotated cube component gradually increased with increase in cold rolling reduction. In solution annealed beta-Ti alloy with equiaxed grain structure, alpha and gamma fibers were formed after highest strain (epsilon = 1.6) during UDR. However, due to large grain size, both alpha and gamma fibers were discontinuous. The texture development was found to be more strongly dependent on the strain path than the initial microstructure during cold rolling.

In the present investigation, ER2594 (conventional) and ER2595 (consisting of additional Cu and W) electrodes were used to produce butt joints of 5.5 mm thick super duplex stainless steel (UNS S32750) sheets using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process. During SMAW process, the heat input was 0.81 kJ mm−1 for ER2594 electrode and 0.75 kJ mm−1 for ER2595 electrode. Optical microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to observe the microstructures of different zones, namely, fusion zone (FZ), heat affected zone (HAZ) and base metal (BM). Tensile test, impact test and micro-hardness measurements were carried out for both the weldments on samples cut across the weld. The microstructures of the FZ consisted of inter-granular austenite (IGA), grain boundary austenite (GBA) and Widmanstatten austenite (WA). There was minor change in the width of the HAZ of the weldments with the change in electrode. This is expected to be due to the minor change in the heat input during SMAW process. The weld zone (cap pass) of both the weldments predominantly showed WA and mode of solidification was found to be ferritic (F mode). The tensile strength of both the weldments was approximately same as that of base metal and both the samples fractured through the BM. Cr, Fe and Mo rich precipitates were found in the FZ (weld region), which are expected to be formed due to pick of gaseous content from the atmosphere during welding. The FZ of the weldments produced by ER2595 electrode showed better pitting corrosion resistance than those produced by ER2594 electrode.

In the present investigation, the plastic flow curves and work softening behaviour of a dual phase Fe-Cr-Ni alloy during hot deformation (low to intermediate temperature range, 948 K (675 degrees C) to 1 248 K (975 degrees C)) along with concurrent microstructural development were investigated. The flow stress increased with the increase in strain rate and decreased with the increase in deformation temperature. The single peak characteristic appearing in all the flow curves indicated that dynamic recrystallization (DRX) was the dominant softening mechanism in the later stage of deformation. The critical strain for DRX initiation was epsilon(c)= 0.632 epsilon(p) and the peak strain (epsilon(p)) were expressed through the Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z). For flow stress modelling, an Arrhenius type constitutive model was established to predict the flow stress behaviour during hot deformation. The results showed that the calculated flow curves agreed reasonably well with the experimental results. The microstructural analysis using optical microscopy indicated that all the deformed structures exhibited elongated grains similar to that of parent microstructure and some equiaxed grains (resulting from DRX in the austenite phase). The fraction of equiaxed grains (in austenite) increased with the deformation temperature. At low Z, the ferrite phase accommodates the strain and dynamic recovery was the prominent restoration process. At high Z, austenite controlled the deformation mechanism and DRX was the likely cause for microstructural refinement. The iso-strain rate sensitivity (m) contour map was used to determine the optimum regime of high temperature workability.

In the present work, the influence of strain path on the evolution of microstructure, crystallographic texture, and magnetic properties of a two-phase Fe-Cr-Ni alloy was investigated. The Fe-Cr-Ni alloy had nearly equal proportion of austenite and ferrite and was cold rolled up to a true strain of 1.6 (thickness reduction) using two different strain paths—unidirectional rolling and multi-step cross rolling. The microstructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), while crystallographic textures were determined using X-ray diffraction. For magnetic characterization, B-H loops and M-H curves were measured and magnetic force microscopy was performed. After unidirectional rolling, ferrite showed the presence of strong α-fiber (rolling direction, RD//〈110〉) and austenite showed strong brass type texture (consisting of Brass (Bs) ({110}〈112〉), Goss ({110}〈001〉), and S ({123}〈634〉)). After multi-step cross rolling, strong rotated cube ({100}〈110〉) was developed in ferrite, while austenite showed ND (normal direction) rotated brass (~ 10 deg) texture. The strain-induced martensite (SIM) was found to be higher in unidirectionally rolled samples than multi-step cross-rolled samples. The coherently diffracting domain size, micro-strain, coercivity, and core loss also showed a strong correlation with strain and strain path. More strain was partitioned into austenite than ferrite during deformation (unidirectional as well as cross rolling). Further, the strain partitioning (in both austenite and ferrite) was found to be higher in unidirectionally rolled samples.