Purpose This paper aims to refine the concept of community/ethnic resources for migrant communities by focusing on the way ethnic migrant entrepreneurs (EMEs) use co-ethnic-based (CEB) resources in their entrepreneurial activities, taking into account their migration contexts. Migrants are usually considered as disadvantaged individuals given their restricted opportunities in the labor market and in the business arena; thus, they rely on ethnic resources for survival in the host country. Design/methodology/approach Through Bourdieu’s (1986) forms of capital model, the authors compare the experiences of EMEs from three migrant communities in Malaysia (specifically, the Indonesian, Pakistani and South Korean communities) with regard to their ethnic resources. The authors used a qualitative approach in analyzing our data, which includes interview narratives with 41 individuals consisting of EMEs, community leaders, embassy representatives and trade experts. Findings This study’s findings indicate that migration contexts influence the differences in the way ethnic resources are used by EMEs. The findings are synthesized into a framework of ethnic resources within the context of ethnic migrant entrepreneurship. Research limitations/implications Adopting a qualitative approach was useful in studying the subject, but the findings are still limited within the context of the study. As such, future research is encouraged to test the proposed framework and examine the underexplored aspects of migration in influencing the utilization of ethnic resources for entrepreneurial migrant communities. Practical implications A practical implication of this paper lies in the illustration of migrants’ usage of alternative routes for resources through co-ethnic networks, which is useful for policymakers and businesses focusing on migration and trade. Originality/value This framework contributes to the discourse of ethnic migrant entrepreneurship through further clarifying aspects shaping the utilization of community ethnic resources.

Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) offers management researchers an approach which allows deep examination of the relationship between individuals and their environments, particularly in complex social situations. Phenomenology studies phenomena, or things and events, as they are perceived by people's consciousness. Interpretivism allows researchers to access such internal awareness of research participants by attempting to understand the words used by subjects to describe their experiences and perceptions. Inherently subjective, this approach requires self-awareness by the researcher and the willingness to abandon preconceived notions in favor of interactive listening and exploration, relying on terms and concepts volunteered by participants rather than nominated by theory or preceding literature. Qualitative text analysis software can be utilized to facilitate aggregation and distillation of the voluminous narratives that result from the open-ended semi-structured interviews typically employed to collect data for IPA. However, impartiality and discernment on the part of the researcher remain essential in interpreting any automated analytical results. The researcher becomes in essence a second-hand observer, peering through windows voluntarily opened by participants, attempting to understand their understanding of their world. This chapter introduces IPA, providing an overview of its rationale and approach, and illustrates its application in a management-related setting, focusing on cultural adaptation of immigrant professionals.

Purpose This study aims to explore the co-ethnic relations of migrant entrepreneurs (MEs) from advanced economies in a developing country, specifically in the context of co-ethnic ties among Korean migrant entrepreneurs (KMEs) operating business ventures in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach This research is outlined by an embeddedness view and uses a qualitative approach using a single case study design. Findings For KMEs, in-group co-ethnic ties are mobilised in a relatively more structured manner coalescing personal and entrepreneurial endeavours, particularly demonstrating the dynamics of co-ethnic ties and the home country’s development levels. The findings lead to a model of migrant entrepreneurship for MEs from a more developed nation. Originality/value The theoretical value of this study lies in its clarification of the role of in-group ties in the setting of changing economic development levels and migration. Practice-wise, the findings on the adoption of co-ethnic ties that span formal, informal and transnational boundaries may inform migrants who are considering opportunities in less developed host countries, and assist stakeholders in developing policies concerning migrant communities and their ventures.

PurposeThe purpose of this empirical study is to develop an understanding of how human resource (HR) managers employed by organizations with an explicit sustainability agenda view employees as stakeholders, and to explore how such views are operationalized in HR policies and practices.Design/methodology/approachAn interpretive approach using data from 35 semi-structured interviews was adopted for this study. Data were transcribed and analyzed using the Gioia methodology.FindingsComparison of approaches to sustainable human resource management (HRM) revealed three distinctive conceptualizations of employees with respect to the sustainability agenda – employees as a driving force for sustainability, employees as consumers of HR practices and employees as members of a community. Strong levels of integration between the HRM and sustainability agendas were only evidenced in those organizations where an attempt had been made to address all three roles simultaneously. Findings suggest that engagement with a sustainability agenda widens the remit of the HRM function, underscoring the importance of employees' roles as consumers of HR practices and as members of wider communities.Practical implicationsBy addressing the integration of HRM with a sustainability agenda, this article helps practitioners recognize diversity among employees' roles and the varying associated needs. Examples of policy and practice initiatives that effectively address these needs are provided.Originality/valueHRM has been widely criticized for overemphasizing shareholder value, thereby lacking in attention to the needs of other stakeholders, including employees. Findings from this study suggest the holistic approach advocated by a sustainability agenda can effectively quell these concerns.

PurposeFor some years, human resource management (HRM) scholars have sought to understand how the high performance work system (HPWS) impacts performance. Recently, attention has turned to developing knowledge about the more micro-level aspects of this relationship, with the ability–motivation–opportunity (AMO) framework providing a useful lens. Empirically, these studies have produced mixed results. This study explores whether context is useful in explaining these anomalous findings.Design/methodology/approachThis study considered the effects of context across two levels – the descriptive (situated demography–gender) and the analytical (societal–national culture) – on employees' behaviour in the HPWS–job performance relationship using survey data obtained from a sample of New Zealand organisations.FindingsResults indicate that the employee demographic of gender may play an influential role, with ability found to be the most significant predictor of job performance for males and opportunity the strongest predictor of job performance for females. Given the importance of cultural context when examining employees' gendered behaviours, this study also considers the influence of New Zealand's national culture.Practical implicationsBy describing the interaction between trait expressive work behaviours and job features, this study dispels the myth of universalism. In line with a contingency view, practitioners are encouraged to ensure alignment between features of their organisational context and the behavioural outcomes sought from their HPWS.Originality/valueThis study suggests HPWS research designs would benefit from analysing the full effects of contextual variables, rather than considering them purely as controls.

Ensuring that immigrant professionals experience cross-cultural adjustment positively is beneficial for both employers and host countries, as well as the immigrants themselves, yet has proven problematic in practice. This study utilises a series of longitudinal interviews to examine the personal narratives of three strategically selected sets of recently arrived professionals from the British Isles, China, and the former Soviet Union who are employed in New Zealand. Immersive research, employing Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), followed the participants over 1 year of their life, illuminating their struggles, wins, and contradictions, endeavouring to develop a deep understanding of what it feels like to be an immigrant professional in a new, often culturally unusual country. This study reports the discovery of divergent sets of characteristics influencing the cross-cultural adjustment perceptions of interview+ees from different ethnic groups within the same host country. It finds that 'one size does not fit all'.

Purpose This study investigates how a globally-oriented, developing country enterprise formulates and implements ethics strategies, policies and behaviours with respect to its stakeholders, and how the case company discloses and utilises its ethics strategies, policies and behaviours to gain competitive advantage and create stakeholder value. Design/methodology/approach A longitudinal single case study is presented featuring a tea producer and marketer in Sri Lanka, one of the country’s largest exporters, that is targeting a global consumer market. Applying Spiller’s (2000) framework for ethical business practices, this research analyses data collected in a series of interviews in combination with content analysis of company annual reports and sustainability reports covering 2010 to 2019 supplemented by on-site observation. Findings Analysis reveals that the company maintains ethical strategies, policies and behaviours with respect to its prominent stakeholders, and strategically discloses those practices. The firm’s proactive disclosures of its business and sustainability ethics practices enabled it to establish and sustain competitive advantage over its competitors. The findings are discussed in light of their theoretical and practical implications, identifying areas for future studies. Originality/value This is the first ethics study to include both longitudinal documentary analysis and personal interviews in a single case study based in Sri Lanka. It contributes to discussion regarding balancing ethics and sustainability as parts of business strategies for reputation building and value creation through identifying salient stakeholders and ethics-based non-financial disclosures by contemporary business organisations.

Despite their perceived significance for national economies, adjustment of immigrant professionals to a host culture has not been examined in depth from their own, dynamic, perspective. In particular, how do immigrant professionals from different ethnic groups differently experience adjustment, over time, within a single host country? This study overcomes several past limitations affecting research into cross-cultural adjustment to conclude that although there are inter-cultural similarities, differences also warrant attention as they impact perceived degree of adjustment. Analyses highlighted differences in both adjustment processes and factors as perceived by participants during their adjustment period, leading to changes in their understanding, perception and attitude towards their job in the host country. Although the same sets of work values act as enablers and constraints for all three examined cultural groups (British, Chinese and former Soviet in New Zealand), each group focused on specific dimensions and categories. The main enablers for work adjustment for all of the groups featured competence in terms of using their own skills and having positive achievements. The contributions of this research include ascertaining enablers and constraints that influence work adjustment of immigrant professionals, highlighting differences across groups and over time during the first four years in the host country.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how ethnic migrant entrepreneurs (EMEs) utilise identity work to build legitimacy in a host country. According to optimal distinctiveness theory (ODT), legitimacy is achieved by balancing conformance and distinctiveness. This paper draws on ODT in the context of ethnic migrant entrepreneurship to examine how EMEs both fit in (conformance) and maintain their uniqueness (distinctiveness) in cross-cultural settings.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts a qualitative approach utilising semi-structured interviews to examine the identity work of EMEs from three distinct countries (Indonesia, Pakistan and South Korea (henceforth Korea)) in one host country (Malaysia).FindingsThe results show that EMEs’ identity work incorporates both the blurring and strengthening of host-home country boundaries. Building on this study’s results, the authors develop a model of identity work and three propositions regarding legitimacy building through identity in the context of ethnic migrant entrepreneurship.Originality/valueThrough the model and propositions, this research contributes to the identity, international entrepreneurship and ethnic migrant entrepreneurship discourse by identifying the mechanisms, focus and key features of identity work for entrepreneurs operating in cross-cultural settings. In so doing, this research also offers an alternative interpretation on the apparent divergent views around identity work in the fields of organisation (advocate isomorphism) and entrepreneurship (advocate uniqueness).

This paper contributes to discussion within the Journal of Business Ethics regarding reputation building by contemporary business organisations. Based on numerous contributions from previous research, this study provides a longitudinal case study about a tea producer from a developing economy, one of the country’s largest exporters, that is targeting a global market. The firm established a solid reputation and good stakeholder relationships by consciously adopting ethical business practices inherent in the owner’s family and religious values. Applying Spiller’s (2000) framework for ethical business practices, this research analysed data collected in a series of interviews and a content analysis of company annual reports and sustainability reports covering 2010 to 2016. The findings are discussed in light of their theoretical and practical implications, identifying areas for future studies. Keywords: Reputation building, ethical business practice

This research explores how ethnic migrant entrepreneurs (EMEs) from countries with a range of cultural differences to the host country exploit entrepreneurial opportunities in a single host country. Specifically, this study investigates: (1) the types of opportunities exploited by EMEs, and (2) the way they exploit these entrepreneurial opportunities. This study offers a contextualised insight on the link between entrepreneurial opportunity exploitation and cultural differences (operationalised using cultural distance, or CD). In particular, through highlighting the moderating role of CD, this study has developed a matrix of entrepreneurial opportunities based on cultural differences for EMEs, which can be useful for both EMEs and the host country's administrative agencies. By accounting for culture in articulating the findings, this research contributes to theory by bridging the institutional-individual divide in entrepreneurship discussion through an institutional lens. A practical implication of this study is a delineation of opportunities according to cultural differences, which is beneficial for entrepreneurs across borders.

Wedding photography, a traditional intersection between the art and wedding industries, has infrequently been researched from a tourism perspective despite the rising popularity of destination weddings and exotic souvenir photography that coincides with (and caters to) the demand for images suitable for dissemination via social media. The history of wedding photography tourism in Asia is mostly unexplored, perhaps due to the currency of the boom in this phenomenon. Investigating questions regarding causes and consequences of wedding tourism can contribute to the consumption patterns of Asian travellers within the global tourism industry. This research is nested in the dual histories of the wedding and tourism industries in China. It combines historiography and visual anthropology in collecting and analysing naturally occurring data from the social media accounts of leading Chinese wedding photographers. Through coding, the footprints of travel photography data from 2010 to 2016 were illustrated on world maps that reflect travel patterns of the chosen six leading photographers, each representing a category of travel photographers based in China. These maps reflect the evolution of destination choice and frequency in the consumption behaviour of Chinese newlyweds, concisely summarising the history of Chinese wedding and bridal photography tourism and relevant causal-effect relationships from the professional's point of view.

This research investigates the way ethnic migrant entrepreneurs (EMEs) utilize co-ethnic-based (CEB) resources in their entrepreneurial activities. According to some views, migrants are considered as disadvantaged individuals given their restricted opportunities in the labor market and in the business arena. Thus, migrants turn to other alternatives to obtain resources for their survival in the host country and these resources are often obtained through co-ethnic networks and linkages across borders. Based on Bourdieu’s (1986) Forms of Capital model and employing a qualitative approach, EMEs from three migrant communities in Malaysia (specifically, the Indonesian, Pakistani and Korean communities) were chosen as samples in this study, and their situations compared. This study’s findings indicate a moderating role of home country cultural contexts in influencing the way community resources are utilized in the host country. This study provides a theoretical contribution through further understanding of co-ethnic resources using the Forms of Capital model. A practical implication of this paper lies in the indication of migrants’ usage of alternative routes for resources through co-ethnic networks.

Production Planning and Control (PPC) has been one of the primary publishing outlets for operations management research for nearly three decades. This paper presents bibliometric analysis of the journal from its inception through 2016. PPC was analysed from six different perspectives to provide reliable and in-depth information about the journal's performance and development. The analysis considered the development of the journal itself, the countries of contributing authors, authors' academic and practitioner organisation affiliations, the top publishing and most cited authors, the most cited articles, and finally the topics of published papers through analysis of titles, keywords and abstracts. It was found that the journal is considered an outlet for both practice and academic research, reflecting changes over time in the landscape of operations management.

In social capital literature, traditionally, bridging has been known to help people in getting ahead and bonding in getting by. However, this study found that interpretation to be overly simplistic, as tribal bonding also contributed to getting ahead when entrepreneurs engaged with like-minded groups. Access through tribal bonding enables connections for access to knowledge, human, physical, and financial capital as well as to appropriate target markets. In this study, bonding was split into team bonding, institutional bonding, and tribal bonding to reflect the social identity of each group that entrepreneurs encounter. By using the QCA (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) approach, four different combinations of social capital conditions that led to successful startups were identified. The findings highlighted that bridging and tribal bonding are core conditions in startup creation, with team and institutional bonding playing peripheral roles. 72 startups (cases) were identified from interviews with 42 former and current students from seven universities in New Zealand. Previous studies on student startups covered mainly the USA, the UK, and Europe. The creation of a multi-dimensional model of bonding social capital with the three core dimensions of teams, institutions, and tribes simplifies the categorising of different groups that social capital researchers will encounter.

Entrepreneurial education and extracurricular programmes have been introduced into universities to respond to student demand for such skills along with the increased recognition of the importance of entrepreneurship as a contributor to economic development. This chapter covers firstly student entrepreneurship as a component of university start-ups (highlighting the role that students play in faculty-led start-ups and entrepreneurship as an alternative to employment); secondly, the type of support provided by universities for start-ups through curriculum-based and extracurricular programmes; thirdly, nascent student technology start-ups (both faculty-led and through entrepreneurial programmes). The implications for entrepreneurship educators, programme organisers and course developers, and business school deans, along with recommendations for future research, are examined and discussed.