During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, wastewater-based genomic surveillance (WWGS) emerged as an efficient viral surveillance tool that takes into account asymptomatic cases and can identify known and novel mutations and offers the opportunity to assign known virus lineages based on the detected mutations profiles. WWGS can also hint towards novel or cryptic lineages, but it is difficult to clearly identify and define novel lineages from wastewater (WW) alone. While WWGS has significant advantages in monitoring SARS-CoV-2 viral spread, technical challenges remain, including poor sequencing coverage and quality due to viral RNA degradation. As a result, the viral RNAs in wastewater have low concentrations and are often fragmented, making sequencing difficult. WWGS analysis requires advanced computational tools that are yet to be developed and benchmarked. The existing bioinformatics tools used to analyze wastewater sequencing data are often based on previously developed methods for quantifying the expression of transcripts or viral diversity. Those methods were not developed for wastewater sequencing data specifically, and are not optimized to address unique challenges associated with wastewater. While specialized tools for analysis of wastewater sequencing data have also been developed recently, it remains to be seen how they will perform given the ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and the decline in testing and patient-based genomic surveillance. Here, we discuss opportunities and challenges associated with WWGS, including sample preparation, sequencing technology, and bioinformatics methods.

Disparities in formal bioinformatics training exacerbate the global skills gap, impeding the democratized application of advanced genomic technologies. To bridge this divide, we introduce a scalable, hybrid training framework designed to rapidly accelerate regional bioinformatics capacity. We exemplify this approach through the Eastern European Bioinformatics and Genomics (EEBG) workshop series — a cross-disciplinary initiative that pairs international faculty with local institutions to deliver modular, hands-on curricula. Functioning as a structured knowledge-transfer pipeline, the series has catalyzed a sustainable educational ecosystem, evidenced by the establishment of multiple independent summer schools across the region. The assessment of the 2025 EEBG workshop in Kraków, Poland, validates the model's viability; participant metrics confirm high efficacy in skill acquisition (mean satisfaction: 4.4/5.0) and community building. Crucially, the hybrid delivery mode dismantled geographic barriers, serving as a vital mechanism for maintaining scientific continuity for researchers facing displacement and crisis. Synthesizing these outcomes, we define the core features of a replicable blueprint for scientific readiness in resource-constrained environments. We conclude by presenting a strategic roadmap — organized around infrastructure standardization, governance sustainability, and geographical expansion — for adapting this regional proof-of-concept into a global export-ready model, offering a critical path toward ensuring universal access to genomic innovation. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, under the Romania’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan – Funded by EU – NextGenerationEU program, number 760286/27.03.2024, code 167/31.07.2023, within Pillar III, Component C9, Investment 8 BMFTR (Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space) in Germany, GENOMOLD project (01DK26005) that aims at strengthening integration of Eastern Partnership countries into the European Research Area (Bridge2ERA-EaP) Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs at the Kyiv School of Economics Ministry of Education and Research, CCCDI – UEFISCDI, project number PN-IV-PCB-RO-MD-2024–0555, within PNCDI IV

To ensure that the benefits of biomedical research are shared globally, we must overcome the barriers preventing the establishment of national genomic projects in underrepresented regions by navigating the ethical, legal and financial complexities of launching these initiatives. We identify seven major challenges — ranging from policy awareness to data privacy regulations — and conclude that successful implementation requires strategic local capacity building and a commitment to open data standards that ensure genomic discoveries are accessible to all.

Diet plays a central role in shaping the composition and metabolic activity of the oral microbiota, thereby influencing both oral and systemic health. Disturbances in this delicate host-microbe balance, triggered by dietary factors, smoking, poor oral hygiene, or antibiotic use, can lead to microbial dysbiosis and increase the risk of oral diseases such as periodontitis, as well as chronic systemic disorders including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and certain cancers. Among dietary contaminants, exposure to toxic heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As) represents an underrecognized modifier of the oral microbial ecosystem. Even at low concentrations, these elements can disrupt microbial diversity, promote inflammation, and impair metabolic homeostasis. Saliva has recently emerged as a promising, non-invasive biofluid for monitoring nutritional status and early metabolic alterations induced by diet and environmental exposures. Salivary biomarkers, including metabolites, trace elements, and microbial signatures, offer potential for assessing the combined effects of diet, microbiota, and toxicant exposure. This review synthesizes current evidence on how diet influences the oral microbiota and modulates susceptibility to heavy metal toxicity. It also examines the potential of salivary biomarkers as integrative indicators of nutritional status and metabolic health, highlights methodological challenges limiting their validation, and outlines future research directions for developing saliva-based tools in personalized nutrition and precision health.

Biopolymer-based encapsulation represents an effective strategy to enhance probiotic stability and targeted gastrointestinal delivery. In this study, gel capsules composed of sodium alginate (SA) and wheat starch (ST) were developed via extrusion to encapsulate Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) and Bacillus clausii (B. clausii), aiming to improve probiotic viability and controlled release. Capsule morphology, color, swelling behavior, encapsulation efficiency, and probiotic survival under simulated gastrointestinal conditions were systematically evaluated as a function of polymer ratio and probiotic loading. Capsule diameters ranged from 236.6 to 279.17 μm and were primarily governed by the SA-ST ratio, with higher ST content yielding smaller, more compact structures. Encapsulation efficiency varied between 71.2% and 96.7%, reaching maximal values in formulations with balanced SA:ST ratios (1:1) and higher probiotic loads. All formulations maintained high cell viability (>96%) following encapsulation. In vitro digestion studies demonstrated that SA-ST capsules significantly enhanced probiotic survival in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, with the highest cumulative survival observed in ST-rich matrices containing 20% probiotic load. Swelling analyses revealed that ST incorporation promoted controlled hydration and matrix relaxation without compromising structural integrity, supporting sustained release behavior. Overall, the SA-ST biopolymer system provides a simple, scalable, and cost-effective platform for co-encapsulation of L. rhamnosus and B. clausii, offering synergistic protection, high encapsulation efficiency, and improved gastrointestinal stability, with promising applications in functional foods and pharmaceutical formulations.

Biologically active food products have demonstrated their effectiveness in maintaining health and ensuring well-being. In recent years, these foods have been enriched with the addition of probiotics, polyphenols, vitamins, peptides or other substances with health benefits. The importance of probiotics in restoring the balance of intestinal microbiota has led to their increasing use by consumers. Thus, food products augmented with various probiotic strain formulas have been developed. A problem that always arises in such situations concerns cell viability. Various encapsulation techniques have been used to maintain the cell viability of the strains added to the product. All these additions affect the sensory characteristics of the food product. The present study aims to develop yogurt with probiotics encapsulated in biopolymer matrices, based on sodium alginate. Obtained by extrusion method, 10% (w/w) probiotic capsules were added to 3.5% fat yogurt. The sample without capsules represented the control. Yoghurt samples were tested immediately after production, and 7 and 15 days after storage. Syneresis, water holding capacity, pH, antioxidant activity, and color parameters of yoghurt samples were evaluated. The luminosity and color of the product did not change during the storage period. For all samples, the acidity increased due to the fermentation. The yoghurt with capsules maintained its antioxidant activity for a longer storage time. According to the results, alginate can be successfully used as encapsulation material for probiotics. Their addition in yoghurt can enhance the food product�s properties and contribute to consumers� health.

Long COVID, also referred to as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), is characterized by persistent multi-systemic symptoms such as fatigue, cognitive impairment, and respiratory dysfunction. Accumulating evidence indicates that gut and oral microbiota play an important role in its pathogenesis. Patients with long COVID consistently exhibit reduced microbial diversity, depletion of beneficial short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing species such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium spp. and enrichment of proinflammatory taxa including Ruminococcus gnavus, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Veillonella. These alterations may disrupt intestinal barrier integrity, sustain low-grade systemic inflammation, and influence host immune and neuroendocrine pathways through the gut–brain and gut–lung axes. Distinct microbial signatures have also been associated with symptom clusters, including neuropsychiatric, respiratory, and gastrointestinal manifestations. Proposed mechanisms linking dysbiosis to long COVID include impaired SCFA metabolism, tryptophan depletion, microbial translocation, and interactions with host immune and inflammatory responses, including autoantibody formation and viral antigen persistence. Preliminary interventional studies using probiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation suggest that microbiome-targeted therapies may alleviate symptoms, although evidence remains limited and heterogeneous. This review synthesizes current literature on the role of gut and oral microbiota in long COVID, highlights emerging microbial biomarkers, and discusses therapeutic implications. While causality remains to be firmly established, restoring microbial balance represents a promising avenue for diagnosis, prevention, and management of long COVID.

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the complex interaction between heavy metals (HMs) and the gut microbiota, adopting a bidirectional approach that explores both the influence of HMs on the gut microbiota populations and the potential role of probiotics in modulating these changes. By examining these interconnected aspects, the study aims to offer a deeper understanding of how HMs disrupt microbial balance and how probiotic interventions may mitigate or reverse these effects, promoting detoxification processes and overall gut health. In addition, the review highlights innovative tools, such as biosensors, for the rapid, precise, and non-invasive detection of HMs in urine. These advanced technologies enable the real-time monitoring of the effectiveness of probiotic-based interventions, offering critical insights into their role in promoting the elimination of HMs from the body and improving detoxification.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease with complex pathogenesis influenced by genetic, immunological and environmental factors. Recent evidence suggests that gut microbiota significantly contributes to AS etiopathogenesis. Dysbiosis and altered immune responses in the gut potentially trigger or exacerbate the disease through intestinal barrier disruption, alteration of the IL-23/17 axis and metabolite production. This review explores the growing role of gut microbiota in AS and its potential to reshape targeted treatment strategies and facilitate development of adjunct therapies to address disease onset and progression. AS is a multifactorial disease in which gut dysbiosis plays a significant role influencing immune regulation notably through the IL-23/17 pathway. Alterations in gut microbiota composition and its metabolites contribute to systemic inflammation, reinforcing a self-perpetuating feedback loop between gut and spinal inflammation that drives disease progression. Emerging evidence has linked microbial mechanisms to HLA-B27 misfolding promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress and triggering molecular mimicry through gut microbial-associated molecular patterns further contributing to AS pathogenesis. Given the crucial role of gut microbiota in AS, targeting microbiota imbalances presents a promising avenue for novel therapeutic strategies. Although it remains unclear whether gut inflammation and microbial changes precedes AS onset, current evidence suggests an ongoing cycle of autoimmune inflammation involving both the gut and joints. Further research, particularly longitudinal studies, are needed to better understand the gut-joint axis and its potential therapeutic implications in AS management.

Microgreens represent a valuable source of health-promoting compounds and also a research avenue, since such organisms have a very high plasticity related to environmental cues, allowing biotechnological development with low costs. Ocimum basilicum L. species naturally synthesize valuable, phenolic compounds, among which rosmarinic acid is most prominent. Within the current research, basil plantlets were grown for 10 days under either full spectrum light (white light) or modulated blue/red/far-red/UV spectrum elicitation with an additional factorization, by applying fertilization. Biomass accumulation reached up to 0.8 g/20 plantlets, while chlorophyll fluorescence was in the 0.75–0.78 range and remained uniform across treatments, indicating that no significant stress was exerted under modified light treatment. However, total phenolic contents and, in particular, rosmarinic acid contents, were markedly enhanced (up to 7.5 mg/g in the red cultivar) under modulated light treatment and fertilization, compared to full spectrum light. Moreover, in the red cultivar, gene expression was enhanced, 1.3–6.3 fold for genes coding for enzymes involved in phenylpropanoid synthesis pathways, such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and rosmarinic acid synthetase (RAS). Overall, light modulation coupled with fertilization led to the production of basil microgreens with up to 10% more total phenolics and up to 25% more rosmarinic acid. The results show that, using relatively simple growth equipment and setup, synthesis of health related, valuable compounds can be modulated in microgreens and, hence, serves as an avenue for businesses to develop cost effective biotechnological processes.

The increasing demand for high-throughput, real-time, and single-molecule protein analysis in precision medicine has propelled the development of novel sensing technologies. Among these, nanopore-based methods have garnered significant attention for their unique capabilities, including label-free detection, ultra-sensitivity, and the potential for miniaturization and portability. Originally designed for nucleic acid sequencing, nanopore technology is now being adapted for peptide and protein analysis, offering promising applications in biomarker discovery and disease diagnostics. This review examines the latest advances in biological, solid-state, and hybrid nanopores for protein sensing, focusing on their ability to detect amino acid sequences, structural variants, post-translational modifications, and dynamic protein–protein or protein–drug interactions. We critically compare these systems to conventional proteomic techniques, such as mass spectrometry and immunoassays, discussing advantages and persistent technical challenges, including translocation control and signal deconvolution. Particular emphasis is placed on recent advances in protein sequencing using biological and solid-state nanopores and the integration of machine learning and signal-processing algorithms that enhance the resolution and accuracy of protein identification. Nanopore protein sensing represents a disruptive innovation in biosensing, with the potential to revolutionize clinical diagnostics, therapeutic monitoring, and personalized healthcare.

The increasing presence of heavy metals in wastewater is a growing environmental and public health concern, particularly due to their role in promoting the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) through co-selection mechanisms. This review explores recent advances in real-time detection of heavy metals and some other pollutants using chemical sensors as a strategic tool to limit ARB proliferation. It provides an overview of sensor types, including electrochemical, optical, biosensors, and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sensors, and assesses their suitability for monitoring pollutants in complex wastewater matrices. Emphasis is placed on the integration of these technologies with Internet of Things (IoT) platforms, portable and autonomous systems, and data-driven approaches for multi-metal detection, selectivity enhancement, and predictive analysis. The review also discusses current challenges such as sensor stability, interference, and cost-efficiency, and outlines future directions in real-time environmental monitoring and antibiotic resistance control. Overall, chemical sensor-based monitoring offers a promising, scalable solution for safeguarding ecosystems and public health in the face of growing antimicrobial resistance.

This study provides a comparative phytochemical evaluation of five Viola L. species belonging to the Melanium subgenus, subsection Bracteolatae: V. declinata, V. dacica, V. tricolor, V. arvensis, and V. kitaibeliana. Plant material was collected from natural populations in northeastern Romania, encompassing both alpine and agricultural habitats. We analyzed assimilatory pigments, anthocyanins, total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity from aqueous and 50% ethanolic extracts (four plant-to-solvent ratios). Results showed that V. dacica and V. declinata, two Carpathian endemic taxa, had the highest contents of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds, which strongly correlated with their antioxidant activity. The quantitative analyses of total phenols for V. dacica were up to 94.81 ± 1.37 mg gallic acid equivalents/gram (GAE/g) (1% hydroalcoholic extract), and for anthocyanins were up to 113 ± 0.128 mg/g. Meanwhile, for V. declinate, total phenols were up to 95.53 ± 0.33 mg GAE/g (1% hydroalcoholic extract), and for anthocyanins, were up 0.909 ± 0.054 mg/g. V. kitaibeliana extracts, although obtained from lowland populations, were distinguished by elevated flavonoid concentrations, up to 56.61 ± 1.19 mg quercetin equivalents/gram (QE/g) dry biomass (0.5% hydroalcoholic extract). In contrast, V. arvensis and V. tricolor, cosmopolitan and widely used in traditional medicine, exhibited lower levels of bioactive compounds under the same extraction conditions. These findings highlight the pharmaceutical and ecological potential of less-studied Viola species and provide the first quantitative comparative data for V. dacica, V. declinata, and V. kitaibeliana. The results support the valorization of these taxa as valuable sources of bioactive secondary metabolites with antioxidant properties.

The use of biopolymers in pharmaceuticals is well established, particularly for encapsulating biologically active compounds due to their beneficial properties. Alginate, widely recognized for its excellent encapsulation abilities, is the most commonly used biopolymer, while starch, typically known as insoluble dietary fiber, also serves as an effective agent for trapping and protecting compounds during processing, storage, and gastrointestinal transit. Sodium alginate–starch capsules with varying compositions were analyzed to develop metformin hydrochloride (MET) containing capsules with adequate physicochemical properties. In vitro testing with simulated gastrointestinal fluids showed that after 1 h, capsules with equal amounts of alginate and starch had a higher swelling ratio and better drug release behavior, despite lower MET entrapment efficiency compared to other formulations. Microstructural analysis revealed stability in simulated gastric fluids and solubility in simulated intestinal fluids, key factors in drug development. The results suggest that these biopolymeric compositions are highly resistant to gastric fluids and minimally soluble in the intestines, making them suitable for extended drug release. This research evaluates key technological parameters of a cost-effective encapsulation method for the controlled release of active substances, providing a versatile solution for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.

The present study focused on the development of gel-based capsules from sodium alginate and the fresh juice from different berries: chokeberry, sea buckthorn, and blueberry. Obtained through the extrusion method, the macrocapsules were added into yogurt, a well-known and consumed dairy product. In order to establish the changes that can occur for the food product, the samples were tested over 7 and 15 days of storage in refrigeration conditions. According to the results, the antioxidant activity increased during storage and gels can represent a good option for bioactive substances’ encapsulation. Sensorial analysis performed indicated that consumers are open to consuming yogurt berry capsules and, according to the results observed in the scientific literature, they no longer rejected the product due to the bitterness and sourness of sea buckthorn or aronia. Sea buckthorn capsules were brighter (L*) than chokeberry and blueberry capsules due to carotene content and dark colors. Minimal diameter variations and small standard deviations (SD = 0.25/0.33) suggest that extrusion methods and the Caviar box are good for gel capsule development. Yogurt luminosity varied with capsules; control had the highest, followed by sea buckthorn yogurt. Samples with chokeberry and blueberry (dark) capsules had lower luminosity. Over 8 and 15 days, luminosity slightly decreased, while a* and b* (hue and saturation) increased. Post-storage, the sample with chokeberry capsules showed a light purple color, indicating color transfer from capsules, with increased antioxidant activity. Differences between the samples and control were less pronounced in the sample with sea buckthorn capsules. Values for color differences between yogurt samples during the storage period revealed the most significant difference during the first storage period (day 1–8), with blueberries showing the lowest difference, indicating the stability of the blueberry capsules’ wall during storage.

Background Assessing micronutrient intake is important in identifying deficiencies that may contribute to insulin resistance, poor glycemic control, and increased risk of diabetes -related complications. The study's objectives were to evaluate micronutrient intake in prediabetes (PD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients compared to recommended dietary intakes (RDI) and to determine the associations between the micronutrient patterns and both anthropometric measurements and biomarkers of diabetes. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 349 patients with T2DM and 252 patients with PD. Micronutrient intake was evaluated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Micronutrient patterns were extracted from factor analysis using principal component analysis with varimax rotation. Participants in the highest tertile were considered to have the highest adherence to the corresponding micronutrient pattern. Results T2DM patients had a significantly lower intake of vitamin E (9.4 +/- 0.2 vs. 10.1 +/- 0.3 mg; p = 0.048), vitamin D (44.3 +/- 1.1 vs. 48.9 +/- 1.7 IU; p = 0.020), and thiamin (1.3 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.4 +/- 0.1 mg; p = 0.013) compared to PD patients. All patients had a significantly lower intake of vitamin A, vitamin D, folate, magnesium, and potassium and a significantly higher intake of vitamin B12 and copper compared to RDI. Three distinct micronutrient patterns were identified within each group. In the PD group, the Fe-Mn-Se pattern correlated significantly with waist circumference (WC) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). The Vit.C-K-Folate pattern showed significant associations with body fat (BF). The Vit.B2-P-Vit.B12 pattern was significantly linked to WC, body mass index (BMI), BF, FPG, and serum insulin (SI). For the T2DM patients, the K-Folate-Mg pattern displayed an inverse and significant association with weight and WC. The Iron-Se-Vit.B3 pattern showed a significant association with low -density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. The Vit.B2-P-Ca pattern was significantly associated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Conclusion This study demonstrated that T2DM patients had significantly lower vitamin E, vitamin D, and thiamin intake than PD patients. Both T2DM and PD patients had a significantly lower intake of vitamin A, vitamin D, folate, magnesium, and potassium compared to the RDI. Among the identified micronutrient patterns, only the K-Folate-Mg pattern exhibited a significant association with reduced body weight and WC.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been defined as the greatest global health and socioeconomic crisis of modern times. While most people recover after being infected with the virus, a significant proportion of them continue to experience health issues weeks, months and even years after acute infection with SARS-CoV-2. This persistence of clinical symptoms in infected individuals for at least three months after the onset of the disease or the emergence of new symptoms lasting more than two months, without any other explanation and alternative diagnosis have been named long COVID, long-haul COVID, post-COVID-19 conditions, chronic COVID, or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC). Long COVID has been characterized as a constellation of symptoms and disorders that vary widely in their manifestations. Further, the mechanisms underlying long COVID are not fully understood, which hamper efficient treatment options. This review describes predictors and the most common symptoms related to long COVID’s effects on the central and peripheral nervous system and other organs and tissues. Furthermore, the transcriptional markers, molecular signaling pathways and risk factors for long COVID, such as sex, age, pre-existing condition, hospitalization during acute phase of COVID-19, vaccination, and lifestyle are presented. Finally, recommendations for patient rehabilitation and disease management, as well as alternative therapeutical approaches to long COVID sequelae are discussed. Understanding the complexity of this disease, its symptoms across multiple organ systems and overlapping pathologies and its possible mechanisms are paramount in developing diagnostic tools and treatments.

The continuous development of drinking water networks is leading to the production of increasing amounts of waste water and sewage sludge. Secondary-treated sewage sludge is called biosolids and can be used as fertilizers in agriculture due to its rich nutrient content. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of biosolids mixed with an eroded soil on the morphology, physiology and synthesis of bioactive compounds in basil. The study was performed in pots under laboratory-controlled conditions. In total, four substrates were tested: S1 biosolids 100%, S2 biosolids 15% + eroded soil 85%, S3 eroded soil 100% and S4 control (commercial growing substrate). At the morphological level, a significant increase in plant height, number of branches, fresh biomass and dry biomass was found in the S2 variant. At the physiological level, photosynthesis and chlorophyll content did not vary significantly, but the quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII) was significantly higher at S1 and S2. The oxidative status evaluated by determining the activity of SOD, POD and CAT enzymes was better in S2 and S3 compared to S3. Regarding the synthesis of bioactive compounds (rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and gallic acid), it was stimulated in S1 and S2. In conclusion, biosolids application stimulated the stress response mechanisms in basil plants by increasing the quantum yield chlorophyll fluorescence and catalase activity, alleviating the negative effects of eroded soil.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be a significant contributor to global morbidity and mortality. Emerging evidence indicates that disturbances in gut microbial composition, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the resulting inflammation can lead to DNA damage, driving the pathogenesis and progression of CRC. Notably, bacterial metabolites can either protect against or contribute to oxidative stress by modulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes and influencing signaling pathways that govern ROS-induced inflammation. Additionally, microbiota byproducts, when supplemented through probiotics, can affect tumor microenvironments to enhance treatment efficacy and selectively mediate the ROS-induced destruction of CRC cells. This review aims to discuss the mechanisms by which taxonomical shifts in gut microbiota and related metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, and trimethylamine-N-oxide influence ROS concentrations to safeguard or promote the onset of inflammation-mediated CRC. Additionally, we focus on the role of probiotic species in modulating ROS-mediated signaling pathways that influence both oxidative status and inflammation, such as Nrf2-Keap1, NF-κB, and NLRP3 to mitigate carcinogenesis. Overall, a deeper understanding of the role of gut microbiota on oxidative stress may aid in delaying or preventing the onset of CRC and offer new avenues for adjunct, CRC-specific therapeutic interventions such as cancer immunotherapy.