Abstract Pteris congesta an endemic and endangered species was investigated to identify morphological differences between its sterile and fertile leaves. Our findings have unveiled, leaf dimorphism in both morphology and growth patterns between fertile and sterile leaves. The sterile leaves petioles exhibited equivalent growth to the laminae, achieving complete leaf expansion within a month. In contrast, the petioles of fertile leaves elongated more than twice the size of the leaf blades that remain closed for the initial 30 days. Spore germination was carried out in both sterile and non-sterile soils, and juvenile sporophytes were cultivated to allow for morphological comparisons with those collected from the wild. One month after sowing the spores germinated in both soils resulting in a uniseriate germ filament Vittaria-type, and differentiated into laminar gametophytes, forming a Ceratopteris-type prothallus. The first leaf of the sporophyte emerged two months after sowing, and its development was completed one month later. Based on our studies, we propose that seedlings cultivated from spores germinated in soil can be used for the reintroduction of endangered fern species.

Inventories of Pucciniales in areas of Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and the Amazon forest were carried out to fill the knowledge gap about this order and update the hosts and geographic distribution of the recorded species. After the analysis of 424 samples of plants infected with Pucciniales, we identified 122 species distributed in 37 (anamorphic and teleomorphic) genera parasitizing host plants of 101 genera of 43 botanical families. This study is the first to present results of inventories at national level and gathers information about 15% of the total number of Pucciniales registered in Brazil. The Atlantic Forest had the largest number of species of Pucciniales (63), followed by Cerrado (60) and the Amazon forest (31). The three biomes showed unique mycobiotas. We present new occurrences of species for Brazil, for the regions of the Amazon Forest, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest, and for the local areas studied. The results also increase the number of hosts of previously registered rust fungi.

Leucoagaricus nzumbae sp. nov. (Agaricaceae) is described based on morphological and molecular data from Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This species is characterized by the delicate small basidiomes that turn completely lilac when dried, brownish color of the pileus surface, and trichodermal elements with intracellular and parietal brown pigments of the pileus covering. A lectotype and an epitype are designated for Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, a symbiotic fungus of leaf-cutting ants. Full description, nomenclatural notes, and illustrations of fresh basidiomes in situ and of the main macro-and micromorphological features of both species are provided.

Abstract Eight new anamorphic species of Pucciniales belonging to the genera Aecidium, Caeoma, Malupa, Milesia, Physopella and Uredo are proposed. The new species were collected in the Itatiaia National Park in the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on the plant families Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Menispermaceae, Salicaceae, Solanaceae and Verbenaceae.

Lactifluusis a monophyletic genus of ectomycorrhizal fungi with about 200 described species classified in four subgenera:L.subg.Gymnocarpus,L.subg.Lactariopsis,L.subg.Lactifluus, andL.subg.Pseudogymnocarpus. CurrentlyL.subg.Lactariopsisis considered monophyletic with approximately 57 species described and classified in four sections:Albati,Edules,Lactariopsis, andRussulopsidei.There are few species ofL.subg.Lactariopsisdescribed from the Neotropical region, however local mycologists commonly collect specimens of this subgenus during their mycological surveys. The goals of the present study are to evaluate the phylogenetic and morphological relationships of the species fromL.subg.Lactariopsisfound in Brazil, to contribute to the knowledge ofLactifluusin Neotropical ecosystems by describing a new section in this subgenus and two new species from Brazil, and to documentL. neotropicusas a new record from Brazil. Based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence we proposeLactifluussect.Neotropicusas a new section andLactifluus catarinensisandL. marielleaeas two new species in this section. We provide a key to the species ofL.sect.Neotropicus, which is shown to be a monophyletic group of Neotropical species withinL.subg.Lactariopsis. The most striking characteristic of several species inL.subg.Lactariopsisis the secondary angiocarpic development, not present in the other subgenera. Species with a secondary veil can be found in two lineages that diversified more recently than the rest of the genus:L.sect.LactariopsisandL.sect.Neotropicus.Species that show morphological affinities with the two new species inL. sect.Neotropicusdescribed here are commonly found and we expect a greater diversity to be revealed of this section in the Neotropical region.

Neopuccinia, a new Pucciniales genus, based on N. bursa found on Protium heptaphyllum (Burseraceae) in the Brazilian Cerrado, is described and illustrated. The combined phylogenetic analyses of molecular data from nuc rDNA 18S and 28S markers demonstrate that the new taxon is an independent lineage and thus a taxonomically distinct unit. It is morphologically characterized by bag-like projections arising from the bicellular teliospore wall, like those found in Puccinia.

Eight of the thirteen known species of Puccinia on Malpighiaceae were collected during our studies in Brazil. All were examined in detail, and a new name is suggested for Prospodium reticulatum and a new species, Puccinia guassuensis, is designated. A key to the eight species of Puccinia is provided. Nomenclatural notes, descriptions, and illustrations are presented for each species.

Previously, few studies have focusad on the Pucciniales on Convolvulaceae. In our examination of various materials from studies investigating Pucciniales from Neotropics and Brazil, some forms seem worthy of description as new species. Most reports of Puccinia on Ipomoea are from neotropic regions, but some occur in Africa, Asia, China, India, Oceania and United States of America. Four of the thirteen Puccinia species on Ipomoea are proposed to be new species: P. cuasoensis, P. hyalostrata, P. iporangae and P. opulentissima. A key to aid in the identification of the thirteen species of Puccinia on the host Ipomoea is provided. Nomenclature, descriptions, illustrations and notes are presented for each species.

In experimental fields of the Embrapa Gado de Corte, in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul State, midwestern Brazil, plants of Brachiaria humidicola cv.Humidicola with leaf lesions symptoms caused by Uromyces setariae-italicae were found.

1Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Jardim Botânico, CEP 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 2Embrapa Gado de Corte – Campo Grande/MS – Brasil – Av. Rádio Maia, 830 – Vila Popular, Campo Grande – MS, CEP: 79106-550. E-mail: jaqueline.verzignassi@embrapa.com.br *Autora para correspondência ________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract In experimental fields of the Embrapa Gado de Corte, in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul State, midwestern Brazil, plants of Stylosanthes guianensis with symptoms of rust caused by Puccinia stylosanthis were found. This is the first report of the disease in Mato Grosso do Sul.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antarctica: Cadophora antarctica from soil. Australia: Alfaria dandenongensis on Cyperaceae, Amphosoma persooniae on Persoonia sp., Anungitea nullicana on Eucalyptus sp., Bagadiella eucalypti on Eucalyptus globulus, Castanediella eucalyptigena on Eucalyptus sp., Cercospora dianellicola on Dianella sp., Cladoriella kinglakensis on Eucalyptus regnans, Cladoriella xanthorrhoeae (incl. Cladoriellaceae fam. nov. and Cladoriellales ord. nov.) on Xanthorrhoea sp., Cochlearomyces eucalypti (incl. Cochlearomyces gen. nov. and Cochlearomycetaceae fam. nov.) on Eucalyptus obliqua, Codinaea lambertiae on Lambertia formosa, Diaporthe obtusifoliae on Acacia obtusifolia, Didymella acaciae on Acacia melanoxylon, Dothidea eucalypti on Eucalyptus dalrympleana, Fitzroyomyces cyperi (incl. Fitzroyomyces gen. nov.) on Cyperaceae, Murramarangomyces corymbiae (incl. Murramarangomyces gen. nov., Murramarangomycetaceae fam. nov. and Murramarangomycetales ord. nov.) on Corymbia maculata, Neoanungitea eucalypti (incl. Neoanungitea gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus obliqua, Neoconiothyrium persooniae (incl. Neoconiothyrium gen. nov.) on Persoonia laurina subsp. laurina, Neocrinula lambertiae (incl. Neocrinulaceae fam. nov.) on Lambertia sp., Ochroconis podocarpi on Podocarpus grayae, Paraphysalospora eucalypti (incl. Paraphysalospora gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus sieberi, Pararamichloridium livistonae (incl. Pararamichloridium gen. nov., Pararamichloridiaceae fam. nov. and Pararamichloridiales ord. nov.) on Livistona sp., Pestalotiopsis dianellae on Dianella sp., Phaeosphaeria gahniae on Gahnia aspera, Phlogicylindrium tereticornis on Eucalyptus tereticornis, Pleopassalora acaciae on Acacia obliquinervia, Pseudodactylaria xanthorrhoeae (incl. Pseudodactylaria gen. nov., Pseudodactylariaceae fam. nov. and Pseudodactylariales ord. nov.) on Xanthorrhoea sp., Pseudosporidesmium lambertiae (incl. Pseudosporidesmiaceae fam. nov.) on Lambertia formosa, Saccharata acaciae on Acacia sp., Saccharata epacridis on Epacris sp., Saccharata hakeigena on Hakea sericea, Seiridium persooniae on Persoonia sp., Semifissispora tooloomensis on Eucalyptus dunnii, Stagonospora lomandrae on Lomandra longifolia, Stagonospora victoriana on Poaceae, Subramaniomyces podocarpi on Podocarpus elatus, Sympoventuria melaleucae on Melaleuca sp., Sympoventuria regnans on Eucalyptus regnans, Trichomerium eucalypti on Eucalyptus tereticornis, Vermiculariopsiella eucalypticola on Eucalyptus dalrympleana, Verrucoconiothyrium acaciae on Acacia falciformis, Xenopassalora petrophiles (incl. Xenopassalora gen. nov.) on Petrophile sp., Zasmidium dasypogonis on Dasypogon sp., Zasmidium gahniicola on Gahnia sieberiana.Brazil: Achaetomium lippiae on Lippia gracilis, Cyathus isometricus on decaying wood, Geastrum caririense on soil, Lycoperdon demoulinii (incl. Lycoperdon subg. Arenicola) on soil, Megatomentella cristata (incl. Megatomentella gen. nov.) on unidentified plant, Mutinus verrucosus on soil, Paraopeba schefflerae (incl. Paraopeba gen. nov.) on Schefflera morototoni, Phyllosticta catimbauensis on Mandevilla catimbauensis, Pseudocercospora angularis on Prunus persica, Pseudophialophora sorghi on Sorghum bicolor, Spumula piptadeniae on Piptadenia paniculata.Bulgaria: Yarrowia parophonii from gut of Parophonus hirsutulus. Croatia: Pyrenopeziza velebitica on Lonicera borbasiana.Cyprus: Peziza halophila on coastal dunes. Czech Republic: Aspergillus contaminans from human fingernail. Ecuador: Cuphophyllus yacurensis on forest soil, Ganoderma podocarpense on fallen tree trunk. England: Pilidium anglicum (incl. Chaetomellales ord. nov.) on Eucalyptus sp. France: Planamyces parisiensis (incl. Planamyces gen. nov.) on wood inside a house. French Guiana: Lactifluus ceraceus on soil. Germany: Talaromyces musae on Musa sp. India: Hyalocladosporiella cannae on Canna indica, Nothophoma raii from soil. Italy: Setophaeosphaeria citri on Citrus reticulata, Yuccamyces citri on Citrus limon.Japan: Glutinomyces brunneus (incl. Glutinomyces gen. nov.) from roots of Quercus sp. Netherlands (all from soil): Collariella hilkhuijsenii, Fusarium petersiae, Gamsia kooimaniorum, Paracremonium binnewijzendii, Phaeoisaria annesophieae, Plectosphaerella niemeijerarum, Striaticonidium deklijnearum, Talaromyces annesophieae, Umbelopsis wiegerinckiae, Vandijckella johannae (incl. Vandijckella gen. nov. and Vandijckellaceae fam. nov.), Verhulstia trisororum (incl. Verhulstia gen. nov.). New Zealand: Lasiosphaeria similisorbina on decorticated wood. Papua New Guinea: Pseudosubramaniomyces gen. nov. (based on Pseudosubramaniomyces fusisaprophyticus comb. nov.). Slovakia: Hemileucoglossum pusillum on soil. South Africa: Tygervalleyomyces podocarpi (incl. Tygervalleyomyces gen. nov.) on Podocarpus falcatus.Spain: Coniella heterospora from herbivorous dung, Hymenochaete macrochloae on Macrochloa tenacissima, Ramaria cistophila on shrubland of Cistus ladanifer.Thailand: Polycephalomyces phaothaiensis on Coleoptera larvae, buried in soil. Uruguay: Penicillium uruguayense from soil. Vietnam: Entoloma nigrovelutinum on forest soil, Volvariella morozovae on wood of unknown tree. Morphological and culture characteristics along with DNA barcodes are provided.

Alternative methods of fungal biocontrol are required, and this paper looks at natural sources of products which can be produced and used without significant risk to human health and the environment, thereby reducing the need for toxic pesticides. Even after the significant expenditures on agrochemical control agents, a significant fraction of agriculture production is regularly lost due to fungal diseases. Species of Ulva are known to produce bioactive substances that can induce plant resistance to diseases. Before committing to the extensive use of extracts from such algal sources as elicitors in agriculture, it is essential to confirm the specificity of their antifungal activities. This study, examined whether extracts and dried, milled flour of Ulva fasciata demonstrated antifungal activity against the commercially important pathogen, Stemphylium solani. Samples of S. solani were obtained from infected leaves of the tomato Solanum lycopersicum and were cultured on Potato-Dextrose-Agar medium, with three added concentrations of ulvan and flour obtained from U. fasciata (0.1; 0.5 and 1.0g·L−1), in a BDO chamber, at 25°C, for 10days in the dark. The diameter of the mycelia was used as the parameter for fungal growth. Neither the flour nor ulvan from U. fasciata showed any direct anti-fungal activity, but the presence of compounds produced by U. fasciata showing antagonist physiological effects against S. solani should be investigated.

Resumo : Criado em 1892, por iniciativa do naturalista Joao Barbosa Rodrigues, o herbario do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro reune aproximadamente 650 mil registros, dentre 620 mil exsicatas, sendo 7.500 de tipos nomenclaturais, alem de amostras da carpoteca, xiloteca, da colecao em meio liquido, dos bancos de DNA e de sementes, da colecao de cultura de fungos e etnobotânica. Dentre as familias mais representativas do RB estao Leguminosae, Asteraceae, Melastomataceae, Bromeliaceae, Rubiaceae, Poaceae e Myrtaceae. O acervo conta com amostras de diversas partes do mundo e, principalmente, de todo o territorio nacional, mas o Rio de Janeiro e o estado com o maior numero de especimes (150 mil) e a Mata Atlântica e dominio o mais bem representado (ca. 30%). A informatizacao do acervo foi iniciada em 2005, com o estabelecimento do sistema institucional JABOT, que vem sendo aprimorado ao longo de uma decada, gracas a investimentos publicos e privados, tanto para o processo de captura de dados das colecoes biologicas do JBRJ, quanto para a divulgacao destes dados para o publico em geral. Alem disso, as informacoes sobre os especimes, incluindo suas imagens, tambem estao acessiveis atraves de outros portais de dados biologicos, como o Herbario Virtual Reflora, o SiBBr e o GBIF. Abstract : Created in 1892, on the initiative of Joao Barbosa Rodrigues, the Herbarium RB of the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro gathers approximately 650 thousand records, of which 620 thousand are exsiccates (7.500 nomenclatural types), in addition to fruits, spirit, and ethno botanical collections, DNA and seed banks, and fungi cultures. The most representative families are Leguminosae, Asteraceae, Melastomataceae, Bromeliaceae, Rubiaceae, Poaceae, and Myrtaceae. The herbarium houses samples from all across the Brazilian territory, with a large number of specimens collected in Rio de Janeiro state (150 thousand). Therefore, the Atlantic Forest is the best represented Brazilian biome (ca. 30%). The collection’s digitization started in 2005 with the creation of the institutional system, named JABOT. Constant upgrades were made during the last decade, thanks to public and private investments, including the construction of a digitization module and the improvement of public interface. In addition, all information of specimens, including their images, are published on other biodiversity portals, such as Reflora Virtual Herbarium, SiBBr and GBIF. Palavras-chave : colecao historica, xiloteca, carpoteca, banco de DNA, banco de sementes, etnobotânica, tipos nomenclaturais, Rio de Janeiro.

Abstract Knowledge about the Brazilian fungal diversity was, until 2010, recorded in few taxonomy and ecology publications, as well as in a handful of species lists. With the publication of the Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos do Brasil and the continued availability of an online list, it has been possible to aggregate this dispersed knowledge. The version presented here adds 2,111 species names to the 3,608 listed in 2010. A total of 5,719 species of fungi distributed in 1,246 genera, 102 orders and 13 phyla represents a considerable increase over the last five years, when only 924 genera and 78 orders were registered. Basidiomycota (2,741 species in 22 orders) and Ascomycota (1,881 species in 41 orders) predominate over other groups. The Atlantic Rainforest has the largest number of records, with 3,017 species, followed by Amazon Rainforest (1,050), Caatinga (999), Cerrado (638) and Pampa and Pantanal with 84 and 35 species, respectively. The Northeast region has the greatest richness (2,617 species), followed by Southeast (2,252), South (1,995), North (1,301) and Central-West (488 species). Regarding the States of the Federation, São Paulo with 1,846 species, Pernambuco with 1,611 and Rio Grande do Sul with 1,377 species are the most diverse.

Two new species of rust fungi (Basidiomycota, Pucciniales) on Fabaceae are proposed: Atelocauda sakuraguiae on Ormosia sp. and Ravenelia costae on Pseudopiptadenia leptostachya. Both were collected at the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Brazil. Atelocauda sakuraguiae can be distinguished from all other Atelocauda species on Fabaceae by its non-lobed aeciospores, septate aecial paraphyses, less elongate teliospores, and septate teliospore pedicels. Ravenelia costae can be distinguished from all other Ravenelia species by its smooth teliospores, probasidia deriving from germ pores, pendent cysts, echinulate urediniospores, and absence of paraphyses.

A new species of rust fungi, Nyssopsora panamensis (Raveneliaceae, Pucciniales) on Astronium graveolens (Anacardiaceae) is proposed. It differs from known species of Nyssopsora by rhomboid urediniospores that are echinulate with smooth areas and relatively small teliospores with long, nonfurcated to tetrafurcated projections. However, several species described as Uredo spp. and Kinutromyces cerradensis develop morphologically similar uredinia. Nomenclatural rules established by the Melbourne code are not applied because anamorph-teleomorph connections are not clarified.

The present study analyzed the composition, species diversity, and altitudinal distribution of rust fungi (Uredinales) collected in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Brazil. Results were compared with other Atlantic Forest locations, the Sao Paulo Cerrado and some other tropical regions. The Uredinales collections were made over the course of two years, covering the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, from 500 to 2600m above the sea level. The Uredinales Biota is composed of 38 genera (32 teleomorphs and 6 anamorphs) and 207 species, 178 of which were teleomorphic and 29 anamorphic. The genera Puccinia, Uromyces and Phakopsora contained a high number of species (58% combined). A hundred and ninety-two hosts belonging to 63 botanical families were recorded. The rust/host ratio for ten of the richest families in number of species was 1:8. A high similarity (50%) was found between two altitudinal ranges. The results provide a strong additional argument for the need to preserve and continue studies in such areas.

Malva sylvestris, new host of Puccinia heterospora in BrazilA rust was observed attacking Malva sylvestris plants in Garanhuns, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The fungus involved was identified as Puccinia heterospora. This is a microcyclic species and has only the sexual stage: teliospores. Such teliospores are of two kinds in this species: bicellular typical of Puccinia and unicellular Uromyces-like (mesospores), which are abundantly produced in that species. This rust species has a broad geographical distribution and infects plants belonging to the family Malvaceae. This is the first report of P. heterospora attacking a species belonging to the genus Malva in Brazil. A representative specimen was deposited in the Herbarium Dimitri Sucre Benjamin of the Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro (JBRJ-RB). Herein are presented the description of the fungal morphology, illustrations and comments about the distinction of this species from morphologically similar rust species.

The Agaricales species survey was carried through in patches of Atlantic Forest in Tingua Biological Reserve, located at New Iguacu, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Were found 13(thirteen) species occurrence, distributed in Entolomataceae, Marasmiaceae, Physalacriaceae, Pluteaceae, Strophariaceae e Tricholomataceae. The collections had been carried in the edge and inside the bush areas, with help of the usual methods for mushroom studies, at 4 (four) field expedition in the period of December 2003 to December 2004. Descriptions, comments and illustrations of the species found in the studied areas are presented.