Children's interpretations of sentences containing focus particles do not seem adult-like until school age. This study investigates how German 4-year-old children comprehend sentences with the focus particle 'nur' (only) by using different tasks and controlling for the impact of general cognitive abilities on performance measures. Two sentence types with 'only' in either pre-subject or pre-object position were presented. Eye gaze data and verbal responses were collected via the visual world paradigm combined with a sentence-picture verification task. While the eye tracking data revealed an adult-like pattern of focus particle processing, the sentence-picture verification replicated previous findings of poor comprehension, especially for 'only' in pre-subject position. A second study focused on the impact of general cognitive abilities on the outcomes of the verification task. Working memory was related to children's performance in both sentence types whereas inhibitory control was selectively related to the number of errors for sentences with 'only' in pre-subject position. These results suggest that children at the age of 4 years have the linguistic competence to correctly interpret sentences with focus particles, which-depending on specific task demands-may be masked by immature general cognitive abilities.

Children’s interpretations of sentences containing focus particles do not seem adult-like until school age. This study investigates how German 4-year-old children comprehend sentences with the focus particle ‘nur’ (only) by using different tasks and controlling for the impact of general cognitive abilities on performance measures. Two sentence types with ‘only’ in either pre-subject or pre-object position were presented. Eye gaze data and verbal responses were collected via the visual world paradigm combined with a sentence-picture verification task. While the eye tracking data revealed an adult-like pattern of focus particle processing, the sentence-picture verification replicated previous findings of poor comprehension, especially for ‘only’ in pre-subject position. A second study focused on the impact of general cognitive abilities on the outcomes of the verification task. Working memory was related to children’s performance in both sentence types whereas inhibitory control was selectively related to the number of errors for sentences with ‘only’ in pre-subject position. These results suggest that children at the age of 4 years have the linguistic competence to correctly interpret sentences with focus particles, which–depending on specific task demands–may be masked by immature general cognitive abilities.

The aim of this study was to investigate German-speaking children s understanding of the focus particle nur ( only ). Focus particles (FP) behave like semantic operators, which quantify over a specific constituent usually the focus of the sentence. Previous research indicates that children have difficulties in interpreting sentences with FPs up to school age (for English: Crain, Ni & Conway, 1994; Philip & Lynch, 1999; Gualmini, Maciukaite, & Crain, 2003; Paterson, Liversedge, Rowland, & Filik,

Alloys of exact monotectic composition can decompose at the monotectic temperature into different two phase microstructures. The minority phase can be arranged as fibers similar to eutectics, as string of pearls or as irregularly distributed droplets. The directional solidification of three Al-base monotectic alloys was investigated: Al-Pb, Al-In and Al-Bi utilizing aerogel base furnace technology to ensure constant gradient and solidification velocity over the processing length. The solidified microstructures are characterized as a function of temperature gradient ahead of the solidification front and the solidification velocity. The experimental results are presented in form of stability diagrams for the three microstructures showing the regions in which fibers, string of pearls or irregular morphologies exist. The inter fiber spacing is analyzed and presented in from of Jackson and Hunt type relations and the transitions between the microstructures are discussed.

This article investigates the acquisition of the focus particle auch 'also' by German-learning children. We report data from spontaneous and elicited production of utterances with the focus particle auch by 1- to 4-year-olds complementing earlier findings of a delayed production of the unaccented auch compared to the accented one. But in contrast to previous studies showing that children have problems interpreting sentences with accented and unaccented auch, we found indications for adult-like comprehension in an eye-tracking experiment by children from 3 years on. These results reflect early availability of adult-like linguistic competence with respect to both auch-variants which does not always lead to adult-like performance. This variation in children's performance across tasks is considered to be due to additional modality and task specific constraints. Development in this area thus reflects not a change in underlying knowledge, but rather a change in the constraints on its behavioral manifestation.

This study investigates the influence of the two different clay minerals kaolinite and smectite as well as of organic matter on the cation sorption and desorption behaviour of three imidazolium based ionic liquids -1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (IM14 BF4), 1-methyl-3-octyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (IM18 BF4) and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide (IM14 (CF3SO2)2N) – in soil. The German standard soil Lufa 2.2 – a natural soil classified as a loamy sand – was the basis substrate for the different soil compositions and also served as a reference soil. The addition of organic matter and clays increases the sorption of the substances and in particular smectite had striking effects on the sorption capacity for all three ionic liquids indicating that ionic interactions play an important role for sorption and desorption processes of ionic liquids in soil. One exception was for kaolinite-containing soils and the IM14 cation: with (CF3SO2)2N− as an anion the sorption was identical at either 10 wt% or 15 wt% clay content, and with BF4− sorption was even lower at 15 wt% kaolinite than at 10 wt%. Desorption was weak for IM18 BF4, presumably owing to the longer alkyl side chain. With regard to the influence of kaolinite on desorption, the same pattern was observed as it was found for the sorption of IM14 BF4 and IM14 (CF3SO2)2N.

This article presents new findings for the acquisition of the focus particle auch (‘also’) in German-learning children. In a longitudinal study with 11 children between 1;00 and 3;00 years of age complemented by two experiments with children aged 2;4 and 2;8, the authors investigated children’s production of the accented and unaccented auch. The results confirm earlier findings of a temporal delay between the first occurrences of both auch-variants. Based on the empirical findings, an account for this asymmetry is proposed that relates it to a more general developmental tendency that is characterized by a growing linguistic explicitness in embedding a given utterance in its discourse context. It is suggested that the observed delay is caused by the type of relation between the particle and its related constituent: in contrast to the accented auch the unaccented auch is anaphorically related to the sentence topic. It is proposed that the initial omission reflects a general tendency in early child language to drop topic material.

The essay investigates how eighteenth-century prints on the stages of life implement an iconography that constructs and visualizes age distinctions. Focusing on representations of old age and childhood, I trace the development from a circular model expressing continuity to a linear gradation accentuating differences between the “ages,” which can be related to new modes of production emerging in a middle-class society. That these distinctions between the stages of life are considered essential for the balance of society is finally exemplified in satirical prints contrasting old age and childhood in order to reject the blurring of the borderlines of age-specific identities.

Al-Bi and Al-In of exact monotectic composition were directionally solidified with solidification velocities ranging from 0.3 µm/sec to 5 µm/sec and temperature gradients from 2 K/mm to 6.5 K/mm. Three distinct microstuctures could be observed: fibers, strings of pearls or irregular arrays of second phase droplets. The transitions from fibers to strings of pearls is discussed theoretically and compared with the experimental results. The origin of this transition seems to be a Nichols and Mullins instability of the fibers during cooling from the monotectic to the eutectic temperature caused by surface perturbations driving volume diffusion of solute in the liquid fibers of the second phase.

Al–Bi alloys of exact monotectic composition were directionally solidified with solidification velocities from 0.3μm/s to 5μm/s and temperature gradients from 2K/mm to 6.5K/mm. At large gradients and low solidification velocities the monotectic reaction leads to Bismuth fibres in an Aluminium matrix. The Bi fibres are replaced by a string of pearls of Bi droplets at larger velocities or smaller gradients. The transition between both structures is discussed theoretically and compared with the experimental results.

Al-Bi of exact monotectic composition was directionally solidified with solidification velocities from 0.3 mu m/sec to 5 mu m/sec and temperature gradients from 2 K/mm to 6.5 K/mm. Three distinct microstuctures could be observed: fibers, strings of pearls and irregular arrays of second phase droplets. The transitions from fibers to strings of pearls or irregular arranged drops are discussed theoretically and compared with the experimental results. One transition seems to be a Nichols and Mullins instability of the fibers, the other an effect of periodic nucleation ahead of the solidification front.

New 2'-substituted2,2",6,6"-tetramethyl-1,1':3',1"'-terphenyls have been synthesized. Solubility of concave acids 4b-6b could be enhanced by substitution in 4 and 4" position, allowing the study of hydrogen-bonded heterodimers. Concave acids show larger binding constants for 2-amidopyridines 7 than non-macrocyclic ones, probably due to the prevention of homodimer formation by the macrocyclic shielding. New 2,6-diarylbenzyl alcohols 1d, 8d and 9d have been synthesized and tested in protonation reactions. New functional groups were introduced into the 2' position: OH (phenols 1f and 12f) and NH2 ( aniline 1j). The basicity of aniline 1j in ethanol was determined by titration and was compared to other bases. Also sulfonic acids 1l and 17l were prepared, and the corresponding methyl esters 1m and 17m were tested as methylating agents.

Pyrithione biocides are currently viewed as a major prospect for the replacement of tributyltin antifoulants in ship paints. The chromatographic behavior of 1-hydroxy-2-pyridinethione (pyrithione, PT), bis(2-pyridinyl)disulfide 1,1′-dioxide (PT2), and the metal complexes zinc [Zn(PT)2], iron [Fe(PT)3] and copper [Cu(PT)2] pyrithione, were investigated by means of UV–vis spectroscopy, ESI-MSn, HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-MSnD. This revealed transformations of the analytes, which affect the development of adequate methods for species or environmental analysis of pyrithiones. PT transforms into copper- or iron- containing complexes and/or the oxidation product PT2, depending on the type of the stationary phase used in chromatographic analysis. Speciation complicates direct chromatography of [Zn(PT)2] and [Fe(PT)3].

Le but du systeme allemand des collections specialisees est de garantir l'existence d'au moins un exemplaire de chaque publication dans le cadre de la recherche internationale hautement specialisee dans une bibliotheque allemande. L'etendue de cet offre est examinee pour les ouvrages publies en 1991, 1994, 1997 et 2000 dans cinq domaines (sciences economiques, mathematique, linguistiques et lettres, bibliotheconomie et etudes celtiques). Pour chaque domaine on utilisait les bibliographies internationales determinantes afin de les comparer avec le fonds de la bibliotheque competente et aussi avec le fonds d'autres bibliotheques et reseaux de bibliotheques. Bien que les resultats des differents domaine different considerablement, et laissant de cote les fluctuations statistiques, on peut observer tres souvent que le niveau de couverture est relativement stable mais pas tres haut, et il faut constater que les titres uniques sont assez rare tandis que les intersections sont considerables.

Ratio des deutschen Systems der Sondersammelgebiete von Bibliotheken ist es, Veröffentlichungen aus der hochspezialisierten internationalen Forschung in jeweils mindestens einem Exemplar zur Verfügung stellen zu können. Der Umfang der so organisierten Literaturversorgung wurde für fünf Disziplinen bzw. Gebiete untersucht: Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Mathematik, Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft, Bibliothekswissenschaft sowie Keltologie, und zwar für die Erscheinungsjahre 1991, 1994, 1997 und 2000. Für jede Disziplin bzw. für jedes der Gebiete wurden maßgebliche internationale Bibliographien benutzt, um mit dem Bestand der zuständigen Bibliothek sowie zusätzlich mit dem Bestand anderer Bibliotheken und dem Gesamtbestand von Verbundbibliotheken zu vergleichen. Obwohl, von statistischen Schwankungen abgesehen, die Ergebnisse zwischen den Disziplinen und Gebieten beträchtlich abweichen, ist vielfach ein verhältnismäßig stabiles, jedoch nicht allzu hohes Niveau der Literaturabdeckung zu beobachten, verbunden mit niedrigen Anteilen an „Unikaten“ und beträchtlichen Bestandsüberschneidungen.

Data are presented for magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) and strontium (Sr) analyses for surface samples and conductivity-temperature-depth profiles of waters along three main transects across the Subtropical Front (STF) and the Subantarctic Front (SAF) in a region between Tasmania and New Zealand down to 57degreesS. This area is at the confluence of the Indian, Pacific and Southern Oceans where the Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) is formed and which is characterized by well-mixed and thick (down to 1000 m) thermostads with uniform salinity and temperature. Such thermostads form at the end of winter, and two of such mode water-forming areas were sampled in October-November 1998. Magnesium and Ca are proving to be quasi-conservative elements down the water column, but there is systematic depletion for Mg compared with profiles measured in the North and South Atlantic Oceans. This offset is interpreted to be the result of hydrothermal activity in the region at the south-east Indian Ridge, which scavenges some Mg. The Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) intersects this Ridge and upwells south of the SAF and eventually is transformed in the upper 1000 m of the water column into the SAMW. This explains the uniform Mg depletion throughout the entire depth profiles. Strontium, on the other hand, displays significant shifts near the ocean surface at many locations, and this is interpreted as the result of biogenic productivity, which engenders the precipitation of celestite microcrystals.

7-Benzylamino-6-chloro-2-piperazino-4-pyrrolidino-pteridine (DC-TA-46) is a potent inhibitor of the rolipram-sensitive cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase isoenzyme family PDE4. DC-TA-46 inhibits cAMP-hydrolysis of PDE4 isolated from solid tumors of the human large cell lung tumor xenograft LXFL529 in the nanomolar range (ic50=16±5 nM). Tumor cells, however, are growth inhibited only in the lower micromolar range as shown for the human large cell lung carcinoma cell line LXFL529L. To investigate reasons for the discrepancy between ic50 values for target inhibition and inhibition of cell growth, uptake, subcellular distribution and elimination of the compound were measured. DC-TA-46 was rapidly taken up by the cells, predominantly localized in intracellular membranes. Elimination was slow, with 70% of the compound still persisting in the membranes 50 hr after withdrawal. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed a clear colocalization with a fluorescent marker for the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER). As a result of the subcellular localization, the membrane-bound PDE activity of LXFL529L cells was effectively inhibited by DC-TA-46 (ic50=0.06±0.02 μM). In contrast, inhibition of the cytosolic PDE activity was only achieved at concentrations >1 μM (ic50=2.0±0.5 μM), in the concentration range where also growth inhibition was observed. Thus, the inhibition of the intracellular PDE activity in the different cellular compartments appears to represent an important parameter for the evaluation of the inhibitory properties at least of this class of compounds.