Background: The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of ultrasound (USG) assisted peripheral nerve stimulator (PNS) guided versus peripheral nerve stimulator (PNS) guided techniques of lumbosacral plexus block (LSPB) for postoperative analgesia. Methods: This prospective, randomized, double-blind study was conducted on 60 ASA grade I-II patients of either sex, aged 20-60 years, undergoing unilateral lower limb surgery under spinal anaesthesia. On completion of surgery, group U (30 patients) received LSPB using USG assisted PNS guided technique and group P (30 patients) received LSPB using PNS guided technique, with 0.25% injection levobupivacaine (20 ml) + injection dexamethasone (4 mg) in lumbar plexus block and 0.25% injection levobupivacaine (20 ml) + injection dexamethasone (4 mg) in sacral plexus block. Results: The mean procedure time of group U was significantly more (15.30±1.98 minutes) than that of group P (11.05±2.13 minutes) (p=0.001). The mean duration of postoperative analgesia was longer in group U (18.00±5.65 hours) as compared to group P (15.80±6.11 hours) (p>0.05). The mean number of doses of rescue analgesia with injection fentanyl in group U was 0.806±0.66 and in group P was 1.066±0.63 (p>0.05). Conclusions: USG assisted PNS guided LSPB is a better choice as compared to PNS guided technique.

The present paper examines the reasons that caused the fall of Dena Bank, which led to its merger with Bank of Baroda and Vijaya Bank (the merged bank is now known as Bank of Baroda). This paper measures the extent of deviations in financial performance and profitability of Dena Bank from 2007–08 to 2017–18. The findings of the study indicate that increasing non-performing assets and costs adversely impact the financial position of the fallen bank (Adhana, D., and Raghuvanshi, R. R. 2020. Big Bank Theory: A Study of Amalgamation Plan of 10 Public Sector Banks into 4 Entities. Available at SSRN 3559291 ). Further post-merger analysis from 2018–19 to 2021–22 shows that Bank of Baroda eventually incorporated the changes well. The finding would be helpful to investors, practitioners, academics, and policymakers to check the financial position of the bank to gain insights into the financial health of the bank and causes that led to its merger (Patel, R. 2018. Pre & post-merger financial performance: an Indian perspective. Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 7 (3): 181–200.).

Indian derivative market is very vast market. Many assets,securities, products and services are offered in derivative market to the various traders and investors. In India derivative products are offered by both BSE (Bombay stock exchange) and NSE (national stock exchange). Derivatives are classified into two parts Commodity derivatives and financial derivatives. Commodity derivatives are dealt in commodities like soybean, turmeric, oats corns. Financial derivatives include securities, bonds, treasure, foreign exchange, stock index etc. All financial derivatives are performed with the help of futures; options .this paper manly concentrates option contracts. NSE and BSE are also dealt in futures and options. This paper only considers the trends and working of option contracts in BSE. Option contracts are a right to buy or sell security on or before expiry of period at a predetermined price which is called strike price. Options are not an obligation. Call option and put option are two basic positions which are used by trader to manage the risk of buying and selling of underlying asset or security. This paper shows the working and trends of options as indexed options and equity options in BSE.

The clavicle bone is an essential anatomical structure that plays a crucial role in shoulder girdle function, as it serves as an attachment site for various muscles and ligaments. The clavicle bone is also important in forensic medicine, as it is frequently used for age and sex estimation. The aim of this study is to perform a morphometric analysis of fully ossified clavicle bones in the North Indian population and compare our findings with previous studies. The clavicle is considered to be an important bone when dealing with sex differences in skeletal material. The present study included 84 fully ossified clavicle bones (42 right-sided and 42 left-sided) of unknown sex and age. Parameters like maximum length, acromial breadth and height, and sternal breadth and height of clavicles were studied. All measurements were taken with the help of a vernier caliper and measured in mm. The maximum length, height, and width of the sternal end of the clavicle were found to be higher in the left-sided clavicle, while the height and width of the acromial end of the clavicles were found to be higher in the right-sided clavicles. These variations could be due to racial, genetic, or mechanical factors. These findings may be helpful to orthopedic surgeons involved in the surgical correction procedures of clavicle fractures.

Bakanae (foolish seedling) is an economically destructive seed borne fungal disease of rice prevalent all across the world. The current investigation was undertaken to decipher the effect of Fusarium fujikuroi inoculation on rice seeds by evaluating the post infection physio-biochemical changes in the basmati and non-basmati rice cultivars. Seeds of two basmati and two non-basmati rice cultivars were inoculated with the virulent isolate of F. fujikuroi , from which enzymatic antioxidants and metabolites present in seeds were quantified 48 h post inoculation. Germination studies were conducted in healthy and inoculated seeds to compare their vigour. Reduction in per cent germination, increase in root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of seedlings in the tested cultivars post inoculation with the pathogen was observed. However, the variation in vigour traits was significant in basmati cultivars only. Total phenols and ortho-dihydroxy phenols reduced post inoculation in basmati cultivars and the reverse was seen in non- basmati cultivars. The PPO and PAL activity increased post inoculation in seeds of non-basmati rice cultivars. The present study revealed that the inherent phenolic metabolism of non-basmati rice cultivars offers resistance to disease infestation. Following responses of basmati and non-basmati rice cultivars against F. fujikuroi , it may be inferred that enzymatic activity of POD, SOD, PPO and PAL play a significant role in resistance signalling against this disease and the change in their activity could be an ideal trait for predicting resistance against bakanae.

This study assessed the relationship between subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and its associated complications in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on published literature extracted from PubMed/Medline, Google scholar, and Cochrane library. A random effect model meta-analysis was used to find the odd ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The heterogeneity was assessed with I². Eggers test and funnel plot was used to assess publication bias. A total of 62 studies were included involving 36500 patients. The patients who suffered from type 2 diabetes mellitus were seen at increased risk of subclinical hypothyroidism (OR= 1.88, 95% CI= 1.33-2.66). Furthermore, SCH was also associated with increased complications in type 2 diabetic patients with an estimated (OR= 3.31, 95% CI= 1.56-7.02) for Diabetic nephropathy (DN). Although, complications like Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) were not seen at an increased risk in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients as their estimate odd ratio with 95% CI came out to be (OR= 1.11, 95% CI= 0.62-2.00) for Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and (OR= 1.68, 95% CI= 0.95-2.97) for Cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The study shows that subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and some of its associated complications, like Diabetic nephropathy (DN), is more prevalent in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are playing a significant role in the development of modern agriculture. Among other metal nanoparticles, ZnS NPs are important due to their utilization in agriculture. Zinc sulfide nanoparticles have great potential to enhance agriculture production. The co-precipitation method was used to make ZnS nanoparticles, and morphological features were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM) to determine size. The average particle was near ~3 nm calculated using XRD, close to the TEM study. Tomatoes, which belong to the Solanaceae family, are one of India's most important vegetable crops. The tomato plants were sprayed with a graded concentration of zinc sulfide nanoparticles (ZnS NPs) based nano-fertilizer four times at a 15-day interval and a control. At the flowering time, growth parameters such as plant height were measured. Nanofertilizer-treated plants showed increased weight and quality of crop yield. This paper elaborates the synthesis, characterization, properties, and application of ZnS NPs as nano-fertilizer on tomato plant growth. Developing nano-based fertilizer would be a new technique in this field, as nano-fertilizers are beneficial and less toxic to chemical fertilizer and improve soil fertility.

Production of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes by Sporotrichum thermophile was enhanced using response surface methodology in solid-state fermentation (SSF) using wheat straw and cotton oil cake. Cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes were partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatographic techniques. Xylanase of S. thermophile is neutral xylanase displaying optimal activity at 60 degrees C with K-m and V-max values of 0.2 mg/mL and 238.05 mu mole/min, respectively. All cellulases produced by the thermophilic mold showed optimal activity at pH 5.0 and 60 degrees C with K-m values of 0.312 mg/mL, 0.113 mg/mL, and 0.285 mM for carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), filter paper cellulase (FPase), and beta-glucosidase, respectively and while V-max values were 181.81, 138.88, and 66.67 mu mole/min, respectively. The presence of various metal ions (Ca2+ and Co2+), chemical reagent (glutaraldehyde), and surfactants (Tween 80 and Triton X-100) significantly improved the activities of all enzymes. All the enzymes showed high storage stability under low temperature (-20 and 4 degrees C) conditions. Cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes resulted in enhanced liberation of reducing sugars (356.34 mg/g) by hydrolyzing both cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions of ammonia-pretreated rice straw as compared to other pretreatment methods used in the study. Fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysate resulted in the formation of 28.88 and 27.18 g/L of bioethanol in separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) process by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis, respectively. Therefore, cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes of S. thermophile exhibited ideal properties of biocatalysts useful in the saccharification of cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions of rice straw for the production of bioethanol.

The co-precipitation method was used to produce cadmium oxide nanoparticles (CdO NPs) with different plant extracts such as Tinospora Cardifolia (stems), Rhododendron arboretum (flower), Pichrorhiza Kurroa (roots), Nardostachys jatamansi (roots), Acorus Calamus (roots), Corylus Jacquemontii (seeds), and Emblica Officinalis (fruit). To extract organic matter from the as-prepared sample, it was calcined at a temperature ranging from 500-600⁰ C. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to investigate the structure and morphology of the calcined oxide nanoparticles. The CdO NPs were well amorphous particle form and had an average particle size of 20-55 nm. The cytotoxicity of the Pichrorhiza Kurroa shows strong antiproliferative activity against rat skeletal myoblast cell lines (L-6).

Fusarium fujikuroi, the causal agent of foot rot disease, infects all the parts of rice, causing serious yield losses in different parts of the world. In order to understand the basis of disease tolerance, various biochemical and anatomical traits of ten days old healthy and infected basmati and non-basmati rice seedlings were compared. Total soluble sugar content was higher in healthy seedlings, while total phenols, orthodihydroxy phenols and total soluble proteins were higher in non-basmati rice seedlings post infection indicating the initiation of defence against the pathogen. Increase in the total antioxidant activity, enzymes and α-tocopherols in basmati rice cultivars post infection indicate the oxidative stress created by pathogen. Histopathological observations revealed hyphal and conidial growth in infected tissues of basmati cultivars whereas a complete and intact tissue was observed in healthy and infected counterparts of non-basmati cultivars. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(1): 29-36, 2022 (March)

The application of nanofluids for enhancing the heat transfer rate is widely used in various heat exchanger applications. The selection of oil as the base to prepare nanofluids significantly enhances the thermal performance, due to its high heat carrying capacity as compared to conventional base fluid. A review is performed of various heat exchanger conduits having base fluid as nanoparticles with oil. It is reported that the heat transfer rate of a heat exchanger is significantly increased with the use of oil-based nanofluids. The rate of heat transfer depends on the type of nanoparticle, its concentration and diameter, the base fluid, as well as factors like the mixture of more than two nanoparticles (hybrid nanofluids) and stability. A review is also performed of the thermal performance of the different nanofluids analyzed by various investigators. The heat transfer system reviewed in this work includes triangular, square, and circular conduits, as well as rib surface conduits. The review of various applications viz. solar thermal systems, heat exchangers, refrigerators, and engines, is carried out where the inclusion of the oil base is used. It is reported that the amalgamation of the nanomaterial with the oil as base fluid is a prolific technique to enhance thermal performance. The performance of the reviewed research work is comparatively analyzed for different aspects viz. thermal oil, mineral oil, hybrid, and conventional nanoparticles, concentration of nanoparticles, etc. The novelty of the present work is the determination of the effective performing oil-based nanofluid in various applications, to figure out the selection of specific mineral oil, thermal oil, nanoparticle concentration, and hybrid nanofluids.

A series of bifunctionalized bis-1,2,4-triazolylcarbodithioates/carbamodithioates having metal ions as linkers were synthesized based on the multitargeted strategy against phytopathogenic fungi under resistance management measure. All the synthesized compounds showed significant enhancement in potential against Fusarium verticillioides and &polaris oryzae, synergized by zinc covalency. Zinc bis(1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-carbodithioate) inflicted the best potential against the test fungi with ED50 values <5.0 mu g/ml which was much lower than their mono analogs, other metal analogs as well as standard commercial fungicides. Well fit structure into the active site of 14-alpha demethylase inhibitors and favorable physical parameters due to presence of zinc as linker were the rationale behind the augmented bioactivity. The ultramicroscopic details revealed fungal cell wall distortions caused by the compounds. Toxicity analysis of the molecules is another most prominent feature needed to be analyzed for their use as plant protection material. In silico toxicity analysis using ProTox-II webserver, frontier molecular orbital approach, and actual cell cytotoxicity assay (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay) revealed that zinc bis(1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-carbodithioate) belongs to "Class IV" of pesticides which corresponded well with the actual toxicity analysis, on most sensitive mammalian stem cells, confirming the hypotoxicity of these compounds, recommending their further exploration for bioapplication.

Varicella-zoster virus is a neurotropic herpes virus that contains double stranded DNA. It can cause primary, latent and reactivation infection. Chickenpox is the primary manifestation and result in life long latent infection of sensory neurons. Varicella infection is usually self limiting and complications occur mostly in immunocompromised patients. The most common neurological complications following varicella infection are cerebellar ataxia and encephalitis but arterial ischemic stroke in pediatric patient is also significant. Post varicella angiopathy also published under transient cerebral arteriopathy and is nearly always self -limited and may be the result of focal inflammation1. Arterial ischemic stroke may occur during the course of varicella infection or one week to several months after the appearance of rash. Here we present a case of 6 years old male who presented with right hemiparesis with right sided facial nerve palsy two months after chickenpox. An MRI was done which was suggestive of hyperintensities in basal ganglia and internal capsule in T-1 weighted MRI. Although the weakness was self-limiting patient was treated with aspirin in addition to supportive measures. Keywords: Arterial ischemic stroke, Post varicella angiopathy, Varicella zoster virus, Middle cerebral artery, Upper motor neuron, Lower motor neuron.

Hepatitis A and B presenting as acute glomerulonephritis is rare in pediatric age group. In children it is necessary to recognize glomerulonephritis early in the course of disease so as to prevent long term morbidity. Cases described in this report indicate that children presenting with acute glomerulonephritis must be investigated for viral hepatitis. Keywords: Glomerulonephritis, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B.

1,2,4-Triazolopyridines motif of great pharmacological value is almost unexplored in Agri World. The present work pertains to the synthesis of a series of 1-benzylidene-2-(pyridin-2-yl)hydrazines (2-8) by solid-state synthesis followed by its oxidative cyclization to obtain 3-aryl-1,2,4-triazolopyridines (9-15). Antifungal evaluation studies of starting reactants, intermediates, and final products against economically important seed-borne mycoflora of rice, namely, Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium fujikuroi, and Sarocladium oryzae revealed that all the tested compounds are better fungi toxic than the standard commercial fungicides used. Interface between pymol and molecular docking suites AutoDock and Vina demonstrated them as 14-alpha demethylase inhibitor rationalized by docking visualization aid indicating two strong hydrogenbonded interactions for high docking score of compound 9 than propiconazole (1H bond). Chemical reactivity indices obtained by ChemDraw ultra 3D simulation tools categorized them as "Non-doxin" like, responsible for non-persistence and less toxic behavior of the compounds. The in silico toxicity analysis and actual cell viability test by (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays on mammalian stem cell revealed compound 9 (IC50; 75 mu g/ml) to be much lower toxic than propiconazole (IC50; 41.02 mu g/ml), advocating its further exploration for in vivo antifungal assays.

Achievement motivation is the desire to achieve a standard of excellence, to do well for the sake of doing well rather than for extrinsic reward. It has been noticed by behavioural scientists that people have an intense desire to achieve something, while others may not seem that concerned about their achievement. In the present research, descriptive survey method and purposive sampling technique was used. The investigator collected data from twenty five (25) foreign students selected purposively from Engineering, Computer Sciences and Paramedical Sciences from Lovely Professional University to constitute a total sample of 50 students under technical courses. Similarly, 25 students have been selected purposively from Education, Humanities and Management to constitute a total sample of 50 students under professional courses. Deo Mohan Achievement Motivation Scale developed by Deo and Mohan (1985) has been used for the research work. The results reflect that the students enrolled in technical and professional courses possess moderate level of achievement motivation. However, they do not differ in their achievement motivation level. Hence, it can be concluded that nature of courses and achievement motivation of the students are not interrelated.

Polythiophene-capped Mn-doped ZnS (ZnS/Mn) quantum dots have been prepared through chemical precipitation method. The characterizations of synthesized quantum dots have been performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Particle sizes were nearly 2 nm for both ZnS/Mn and polythiophene (PTh 15%) capped ZnS/Mn samples as estimated using XRD analysis. The estimated particle sizes, after PTh capping on ZnS/Mn, were nearly stable showing that there has been no dilution occurs in the ZnS/Mn quantum dots during the synthesis process. The capped ZnS/Mn quantum dots show weak agglomeration among them as observed from TEM images, which may be originated due to the electrostatic interaction between the particles as confirmed from the electrostatic potential surface analysis. The particle sizes calculated from the optical absorption spectra were remain consistent with size obtained from TEM images and XRD analysis. It was found that optical absorption bandgap of ZnS nanostructures varies with different concentration of capping agents. This was attributed to the quantum confinement effect. Strong electronic interaction between ZnS and polythiophene was observed from FTIR and electrostatic surface potential analysis which confirms the structural stability of the composite by creating large dipole moment of ~ 10.2675 Debye and lagre Mulliken charge − 0.437486e−. The prepared polythiophene-capped samples reveals that the effective PL emission is in the range of 300 nm -700 nm. PL emission spectra show red shift with increasing capping concentration of PTh in ZnS/Mn quantum dots. These properties maintained the optical behavior of quantum dots and the addition of polymer with ZnS quantum dots may improve the flexibility of the nanostructure material, which will be highly preferable for foldable optical devices.