Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is essential for cellular growth, energy production, and redox potential. Certain lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can synthesize B2 in low levels in fermented products, however it is mostly retained inside the cell. This study aimed to develop B2-enriched soymilk by fermenting with B2-producing probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains and traditional starter culture Lactobacillus acidophilus NCIM2902. Using the central composite design approach, processing parameters were optimized for enhanced B2 content and probiotic count. Six independent variables were assessed: temperature (A: 35–45 °C), pH (B: 4–6), time (C: 3–18 h), and inoculum size for strains L. plantarum MTCC 25432 (D: 1–2

The predominant occurrence of the newly identified emerging contaminants along with toxic pollutants like dyes in the different water resources is an emphasizing issue and needs their removal on priority. To eliminate these pollutants from wastewater, a novel hydrochar material prepared from Tectona Grandis seed is proposed. This chapter intends to focus on removing emerging contaminants and the dye from wastewater utilizing the adsorption phenomenon. Hydrothermal carbonization was employed for the chosen methodology to produce carbon-rich material, i.e., hydrochar (H-TGs), using Tectona grandis seeds (TGs) as a precursor. H-TGs were characterized in terms of functional groups by the FTIR technique and FE-SEM for the morphological examination. Subsequently, the analysis of R-TGs and H-TGS for separating the emerging contaminant and dye is examined along with its comparison. The experimental adsorption amount of the emerging contaminant (Rocuronium bromide) and dye (methylene blue) were found to be 0.019 and 0.044 mmolg−1 (in the case of R-TGs) and 0.026 and 0.056 mmolg−1 (in case of H-TGS), respectively. The thermodynamic analysis of the contaminants established that the process is spontaneous and endothermic, which is companionable with physisorption. The Langmuir and pseudo-second-order kinetic model approaches fit better with the experimental data as compared to the other models. This chapter first demonstrates that the H-TGS (economical, green and sustainable adsorbent) can be utilized to remove contaminants.

Abstract Moisture sorption isotherm (MSI) characteristics of small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) capsules were determined over water activity (aw) ranging from 10 to 90% at 20, 30, and 40°C using dynamic vapour sorption method. Equilibrium moisture contents (EMC) were correlated by three empirical models and multilayer neural network approach. It was observed that the Caurie model fitted best among empirical models for predicting EMC values. However, artificial neural network (ANN) model having 15 hidden neurons optimized using Lavenberg-Marquardth training algorithm was superior to the empirical models with the highest coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.995 and 0.993 for adsorption and desorption respectively. Monolayer moisture content (Mm) determined by the Caurie model was found to be 2.167, 1.901, AND 1.828% dry basis (db) for adsorption, and 3.133, 3.061, and 2.744% (db) for desorption at 20, 30 and 40°C, respectively. Net isosteric heat of sorption (qst), sorption entropy and Gibb’s free energy (∆G) change were found to be inversely related to the EMC values. Glass transition temperature (Tg) was found to be 98.91°C. The critical moisture content (CMC) and critical water activity of cardamom from Tg-aw-EMC relationship was observed to be 1.989% (db) and 0.766, respectively at 30°C.

The present study was to characterize the lipid profile of five black soybean (BS) produced in Indo-Himalayan regions. Among seven fatty acids (FAs), methyl linoleate and cis-9-oleic acid methyl ester were maximum. Unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio was highest (6.10%) in BSALB (big spherical shape seed). Unsaponifiable matters and tocopherols were also higher (3.09% and 1305 mu g/kg, respectively) in BSALB, while beta-carotene was improved in BSALS (small oval-shaped seed). Flavor analysis reported 46 compounds in the oil, which were maximum in BSALS. There was significant difference (p < 0.02) in the flavor components. Crop cycle temperature is inversely correlated with major lipid constituents. The results suggest that the BS seeds produced comparatively in high-altitude regions retain the maximum lipid antioxidants and flavor compounds. Presence of these phytoconstituents may be explored to utilize black soybean in flavor and nutraceutical industries to boost the application of this underutilized crop.

Seven indigenous pearl millet varieties, including non-bio-fortified (HC-10 & HC-20) and bio-fortified (Dhanashakti) and bio-fortified hybrids, viz., AHB-1200, HHB-299, HHB-311, and RHB-233, were studied in the present work. There was not any significant difference observed in the crucial anti-nutrients content, i.e., phytate (24.88–32.56 mg/g), tannin (3.07–4.35 mg/g), and oxalate (0.33–0.43 mg/g). Phytochemical content and antioxidant activity showed significantly high (p < 0.05) TPC and FRAP, TFC, and DPPH radical scavenging activity in the HHB 299 and Dhanashakti, respectively. Quantitative analysis of polyphenols by HPLC (first report on these varieties) revealed that HHB-299 has the highest amount of gallic acid. Fatty acid profiling by GC-FID showed that Dhanashakti, AHB-1200, and HHB-299 have rich monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Mineral analysis by ICP-OES showed high iron (87.79 and 84.26 mg/kg) and zinc (55.05 and 52.43 mg/kg) content in the HHB-311 and Dhanashakti, respectively. Results of the present study would help facilitate the formulation of various processed functional food products (RTC/RTE) that are currently not reported/unavailable.

Functional yoghurt is a prominent fermented milk product. It is popular among all age groups and has considerable significance due to the presence of active nutrients to fulfill the human dietary needs. Tinospora cordifolia (giloy) is extensively discussed during the recent pandemic owing to its high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and strong immunity boosting properties. This investigation has been aimed to optimize functional yoghurt impregnated with ultrasound assisted giloy stem extract. Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used for experimental design of process parameters (giloy stem extract, total soluble solid, and incubation temperature). Functional yoghurt formulation was optimized based on different (whiteness index, overall acceptability, pH, syneresis, firmness, DPPH scavenging activity, and complex viscosity) responses. The results revealed that giloy stem extract and total soluble solid exhibited maximum effects on all the responses. Numerical optimization revealed the optimum combination of giloy stem extract, total soluble solid, and incubation temperature as 0.08%, 9.1%, and 45 degrees C, respectively. At this optimum condition, the whiteness index, overall acceptability (OA), pH, syneresis, firmness, DPPH scavenging activity, and complex viscosity values of optimized functional yoghurt were 84.513, 8.567, 4.193, 47.268%, 281.19 N, 56.78%, and 76.89 cP, respectively. This study established the effect of giloy extract addition, total soluble solids, and incubation temperature on yoghurt preparation and subsequent changes in its properties. Novelty impact statement Giloy stem extract (GSE) enriched functional yoghurt was developed having high antioxidant activities. Ultrasound assisted GSE improved the texture and overall desirability of functional yoghurt. Derived the optimum conditions which might be replicated and scaled up for pilot scale production.

Globally, the reserves of heavy crude oil are seven times more abundant than that of light crude, and yet, they are underutilized because of their high viscosity and density, which is largely due to the presence of large amounts of asphaltenes. Biotransformation of heavy oil asphaltenes into smaller metabolites can be used for reducing their viscosity. Several microorganisms capable of asphaltene biodegradation have been reported but only few have been characterized for its biotransformation. In the present study, a 9-membered microbial consortium was isolated from an oil contaminated soil. About 72% and 75% asphaltene biotransformation was achieved by growing cells at shake flask level and in a 1.5 l bioreactor, respectively. A representative structure of asphaltene was constructed based on LC–MS, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, FT-IR, ICPMS and elemental analysis (CHNS) of n -heptane purified asphaltene from Maya crude oil. Biotransformation of asphaltene, as analyzed by performing 1 H-NMR, FT-IR and elemental analysis, resulted in 80% decrease in S and N when compared to the control along with incorporation of oxygen in the structure of asphaltene. About 91% decrease in the viscosity of the Maya crude oil was observed after two weeks when oil: aqueous phase ratio was 1:9. The results suggest that the isolated microbial consortium can be used for biological upgradation of heavy crude oil. To our knowledge, this is the first report where a microbial consortium resulted in such high asphaltene biotransformation.

Distal femur fractures have been a challenge to the orthopaedic fraternity for long time. Improvement in implant material and design are expected to fetch better results in due course of time. Advent and use of locking compression plate has shown good results but requires more corroborative evidence to advocate its uses in different morphology of distal femur fracture. The present study was undertaken to evaluate clinical, radiological union and the complications associated with locking compression plate.