Erectile dysfunction is a major complication affecting the quality of life of patients and partners after radical prostatectomy. Evolving evidence suggests that early penile rehabilitation may provide better erectile function after surgery. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors are routinely considered a first-line treatment option in most algorithms for penile rehabilitation owing to their efficacy, ease of use, wide availability and minimal morbidity. Tadalafil is a long-acting, potent PDE-5 inhibitor for erectile dysfunction, with demonstrated effect in animal studies at preserving penile smooth muscle content and prevention of fibrosis of cavernosal tissue. This article evaluates the existing literature on tadalafil and critically analyzes its impact on erectile function following radical prostatectomy.

Previous research has found that having an "entity theory'' of personality (construing personal attributes as fixed) generally results in decreased effort after failure, whereas having an "incremental theory'' (viewing personal attributes as malleable) produces sustained or increased effort (Dweck, 1999). The present research hypothesized that effort patterns would reverse in a context emphasizing solely performance goals because it would be best suited for entity theorists. Participants were induced to hold an entity or incremental theory regarding a personality characteristic and were given false feedback from a test supposedly measuring that characteristic. Effort was assessed before and after these manipulations. As hypothesized, an entity theory led to increased effort after failure, whereas an incremental theory resulted in decreased effort. These findings suggest the need to view implicit theories of personality within a more complicated framework.

This experiment addressed circumstances in which greater characterological depression is associated with public disclosures of depressive symptoms. Participants first completed a "social accuracy" test where they believed that an experimenter was either aware or unaware of the performance outcome. One half of them were told that a negative mood could handicap their performance on an upcoming test. When receiving such information, more depressed participants were more likely to claim negative mood when they believed that the experimenter was aware of an initial success or was unaware of an initial failure. Under both of these conditions, the self-presentational benefit of a self-handicap should be high because public success may produce a pressure to maintain a positive impression and private failure may produce a pressure to protect oneself from revealing negative attributes.

AbstractThe relationship between enduring or personality characteristics and goal choice has been of considerable theoretical, but little empirical interest in recent years. From an expectancy value perspective, we addressed the impact of self‐esteem and gender on choice of goal difficulty level. As predicted, esteem and gender made significant contributions to the prediction of goal choice. The implications of these findings for future research in organizational settings, goal setting theory, and the relationship between goals and tasks are discussed.

The influence of affect on causal attributions for success and failure was examined in this experiment. A positive, neurtral, or negative mood was induced in subjects who then learned they had either succeeded or failed an aptitude test taken previously. Relative to neutral mood control conditions, subjects in both positive and negative mood conditions showed a pronounced self-serving bias, particularly following success. The finding is interpreted as self-regulation of affective state. Specifically, causal attribution of success to internal factors can sustain or enhance positive affect; attribution of failure to external factors can diminish negative affect. Ancillary analyses corroborated this interpretation.

This study examined the usefulness of an 8-week applied problem-solving training program. Specifically, the study examined (a) whether problem-solving training that emphasised self-management principles would be useful, (b) if the effects of training would persist over time, (c) whether an individual difference variable (problem-solving appraisal) would affect training outcomes, and (d) whether the cognitive responses of the subjects during the course of training were related to their problem-solving appraisal or the change process. Results indicated that problem solving training was effective at enhancing students' problem-solving appraisal, and that the self-report changes were maintained at a 1 year follow-up. In particular, training seemed most useful for students who initially appraised their problem solving very negatively. Finally, the results suggested that the process-oriented cognitive responses were related to students' initial problem-solving self-appraisal as well as the impact of training. Implications of the results are discussed in terms of counselling interventions, problem solving training, the interpersonal influence process, and future research.

Whereas previous research linking problem solving and depression has focused on problem-solving skills related to laboratory tasks, the relationship between higher-order cognitive variables such as an appraisal of one's general problem-solving skills and depression has not been addressed. Likewise, while attributions of one's behavior have been linked to depression, it is unclear if attributions are related to problem-solving appraisal. The present study examined both of these research problems. Self-appraised effective or ineffective problem-solvers completed the following: Beck Depression Inventory, Feelings and Concerns Survey, Attributional Style Questionnaire, and Mooney Problem Checklist. Results indicated that (a) assessment of one's problem-solving skills are related to the number of personal problems reported, and to ratings of short- and long-term depression; (b) assessment of one's problem-solving skills do not seem to be linearly related to attributional style; and (c) attributional style is not linearly related to depression. Results are discussed in terms of real-life problem-solving processes and a more complex model of depression.

The present study examined self-presentational claims of handicaps to future performance. Specifically, it was hypothesized that subjects would claim a handicap when others were unaware of a prior failing performance. Subjects initially completed a "social accuracy" test and received false feedback that they had failed. When led to believe that the experimenter was unaware of the previous failure, subjects were more likely to-claim mood as a handicap to an upcoming task than when they believed that the experimenter was aware of the failure. Results of the study are discussed in terms of a distinction between protective and acquisitive self-presentation and the role of public identity in self-handicapping behaviors.