Background Cancer incidence is increasing more rapidly in low- and middle-income countries including Ghana. Country estimates of incidence is based on extrapolation of data from limited number of sites with population-based registries. We established a population-based cancer registry to determine the incidence of various cancers in a Ghanaian subsite to facilitate inclusion of such data in the country profile for cancer. Treatment received and stage of cancer at presentation were determined. Methods The jurisdiction to capture data from and its population pyramid were defined using existing boundaries according to districts in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. New cases of cancer presenting between September 2016 and August 2017 were manually derived from all hospitals that managed cancer, death registry, pathology laboratories, and postmortem records with related epidemiological data. Patients must have lived in the Region for at least six months. The information was captured on an abstraction form which included stage and treatment received and was analyzed using Canreg5 software. Known risk factor profile of the common cancers identified were examined. Comparison was made with available cancer statistics in the country. Results One thousand and thirty-nine cases were analyzed. The Age Standardized Rates per 100,000 were determined to be 28.4, 24.6, 7.0, 6.9,6.0, 3.8, 3.2, 3.2, 2.5 and 2.5 for breast, prostate, colorectal, cervical, uterine, stomach, lymphomas, liver, and mouth and pharynx cancers respectively. Forty percent of all cancers presented with stage three disease. Among breast cancer patients only 5% presented with stage I disease, whilst 8% presented with metastatic disease. Twenty-one patients received at least two treatment modalities of Surgery, Radiotherapy and Systemic treatment in different combinations. Conclusions Age Standardized Rates vary across the country. A high proportion of patients present with advanced disease. Almost all breast cancer patients present with symptomatic disease. Mutidisciplinary oncological care requires intensification in the Region.

BACKGROUND & AIMS:Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rare and highly lethal biliary tract cancer with limited treatment options and lack of diagnostic and prognostic noninvasive biomarkers. Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) offers a noninvasive means to capture fragmentomics alterations that may assist with diagnosis and biological characterization. This pilot study aimed to identify cfDNA-based features that differentiate GBC from individuals with gallstones and healthy controls. METHODS:cfDNA was extracted from archived plasma samples from 67 individuals in two case-control studies from China and Chile, followed by low coverage whole genome sequencing to evaluate fragmentomics and related features. cfDNA computational packages were leveraged to generate features and create a classification model. External cfDNA datasets including other hepatopancreatobiliary disease groups were processed and compared to the current study. RESULTS:In this pilot, individuals with GBC displayed significantly altered cfDNA features compared to healthy controls and individuals with gallstones (P<0.05). Key differences were observed in fragment lengths, end motif patterns, estimated tumor fractions, detectable copy number alterations, and transcription factor binding site accessibility, all of which discriminated GBC from a combined non-cancer group (AUC: 0.852). Many of these cfDNA alterations were consistent with the results from paired and unpaired tissue genomics datasets and other related cancer groups (liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, and non-GBC biliary tract cancer). CONCLUSIONS:This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that archived plasma samples can be successfully used for cfDNA sequencing. These methods capture biologically meaningful alterations in GBC that are consistent with tissue-based genomics data. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of cfDNA profiling for biological characterization and as a promising noninvasive diagnostic tool for GBC. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS:This pilot study demonstrates that archived plasma EDTA samples can be used for cfDNA sequencing and reinforces the utility of cfDNA fragmentomics analyses for studying gallbladder disease. By assessing biologically relevant cfDNA features across related hepatopancreatobiliary cancers, we identified common and distinct features that may be used for classification and risk stratification. In high-risk settings for GBC, cfDNA fragmentomics might offer complementary information that could be used to guide clinical decision-making or help optimize waitlists for cholecystectomy.

Social determinants of health (SDOH) are crucial in shaping liver health outcomes, yet comprehensive assessments that span key SDOH domains are lacking. To address this knowledge gap, we developed a Social Determinants Disadvantage Score (SDDS) and examined its association with major adverse liver conditions. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 117,783 participants from the All of Us Research Program. The SDDS was systematically constructed using validated questionnaires covering economic stability, education, healthcare access and quality, neighborhood and built environment, and social and community context. Each question was scored on a 0 (most advantage) to 1 (most disadvantage) scale. Total SDDS was calculated as the mean of all questions, ranging from 0 to 1. We used logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95

BACKGROUND:Individuals who smoke tend to have a lower body mass index (BMI) but face an increased risk of obesity-related diseases. This study investigates this paradox from the perspective of gut microbiota. METHODS:We conducted microbiome analyses to identify smoking-related microbial genera and created a smoking-related microbiota index (SMI) using 16S rRNA sequencing data from 4000 male participants in WELL-China cohort and Lanxi cohort. We employed logistic regression to explore the association between SMI and obesity indices derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Cox regression analyses were conducted to explore the association of SMI with incident of obesity-related diseases. To further control for unmeasured familial confounders, sibling comparison analyses were conducted using between-within (BW) model. RESULTS:The smoking-related microbiota index (SMI) showed a positive association with BMI and other obesity indices. Further analyses revealed that SMI is linked to obesity-related diseases, with hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.97 (1.41-2.75) for incident diabetes, 1.31 (1.01-1.71) for major adverse cardiovascular events, and 1.70 (1.05-2.75) for obesity-related cancers. Results from sibling comparison analyses reinforced these findings. CONCLUSIONS:While smoking may reduce weight through various mechanisms, alterations in gut microbiota related to smoking are associated with weight gain. Further research is required to determine if changes in the smoking-related microbiome contribute to weight gain following smoking cessation.

Tobacco retailer density is positively associated with smoking prevalence and secondhand smoke exposure—both established risk factors for cancer. However, few studies have examined whether living in areas with higher tobacco retailer density is directly associated with incidence of tobacco-related cancers. This ecological study investigates the association between county-level tobacco retailer density and incidence of tobacco-related cancers in California. We linked 2016–2020 tobacco retailer data from the California Department of Tax and Fee Administration with incidence data from the California Cancer Registry for six cancers where tobacco use is a major risk factor (bladder, kidney, liver, lung, oral-pharyngeal, pancreas). Tobacco retailer density was defined as the 5-year average number of state-licensed retailers in each county per 1,000 residents. We used quasi-Poisson regression models with age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-specific case counts at the census tract level, population count as the offset term, and clustering by county to estimate associations between incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and tobacco retailer density. Models adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, sex, and county-level measures for neighborhood deprivation and White-Black income inequality. Stratified analyses were conducted by race/ethnicity, and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models were used to assess spatial heterogeneity in associations. Adjusted quasi-Poisson models indicated a significant positive association between tobacco retailer density and oral cancer incidence (IRR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.08–1.43). We did not observe statistically significant associations for other cancer sites. Although formal tests for interaction by race/ethnicity were not statistically significant, stratified models revealed significant associations with increased incidence of oral cancer among non-Hispanic (NH) Black (IRR = 3.65, 95% CI: 1.38–9.63) and NH Asian American/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (AANHPI) individuals (IRR = 5.19, 95% CI: 2.47–10.89), and similarly elevated risks for lung and liver cancer. GWR models demonstrated that associations were also geographically clustered, with stronger associations observed in northern and central California. This study is among the first to observe a direct association between tobacco retailer density and incidence of tobacco-related cancers, with disproportionate impacts among NH Black and AANHPI populations. The findings suggest that the spatial distribution of tobacco retailers may function as a structural driver of cancer inequities—independent of Black-White income inequality and neighborhood deprivation. Public health policies aimed at reducing tobacco retailer density could be associated with downstream reductions in cancer burden, especially for historically marginalized populations. Future research should further investigate how neighborhood context—including ethnic enclaves, segregation patterns, and historical redlining—shapes these associations. Alice Guan, Mimi T. Ton, Alison J. Canchola, Arzoo Alam, Shawna Follis, Ann Hsing, Nina C. Schleicher, Trent Johnson, Lisa Henriksen, Scarlett L. Gomez. Tobacco retailer density and cancer incidence in California (2016-2020) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 18th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities; 2025 Sep 18-21; Baltimore, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2025;34(9 Suppl):Abstract nr B010.

ABSTRACTBackgroundNormal weight obesity (NWO) is characterized by excess body fat in individuals with normal body mass index (BMI). This study aimed to investigate gut microbiota alterations in NWO and their potential associations with cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) risk in two independent cohorts.MethodsOur NWO‐CMD mortality analysis included 168 099 adults with normal BMI from two large open‐access databases, while our NWO‐gut microbiota study involved 5467 adults with normal BMI from two independent cohorts: the WELL‐China cohort and the Lanxi cohort. NWO was defined as having a normal BMI (18.5–23.9 kg/m2) but an excess per cent body fat (PBF, ≥ 25% in men and ≥ 35% in women). Normal weight lean was defined as having a normal BMI and normal PBF. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing method was used to analyse gut microbiota data.ResultsThe study comprised 3620 (64.0% female, median age 58 years) and 1847 (64.3% female, median age 56 years) participants from the WELL‐China and Lanxi cohorts. In our meta‐analysis, NWO is associated with 26% (95% CI: 1.07–1.41) higher risk of CMD mortality. Gut microbial analyses indicated that the NWO group exhibited reduced levels of observed species (p = 0.009 and p = 0.013) and Chao 1 index (p = 0.002 and p = 0.002) and altered gut microbial compositions (p = 0.009 and p < 0.001) compared with the NWL group. Seven genera were consistently observed to be associated with NWO in both two cohorts (all Q < 0.25). Among them, five (Fusobacterium, Ruminococcus gnavus group, Ruminococcus torques group, Coprococcus and Christensenellaceae_R7_group) have been previously linked to obesity, while the other two (Phascolarctobacterium and Clostridia_UCG‐014) were minimally reported. We also found statistically significant differences in the microbial composition between the NWO group and the obesity group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.001). Furthermore, the NWO‐related gut microbiome was associated with an elevated risk of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and metabolic syndrome, the corresponding HR (95% CIs) were 1.11 (1.01–1.22), 1.19 (1.10–1.29) and 1.17 (1.05–1.30) in the WELL‐China cohort and 1.14 (1.02–1.27), 1.15 (1.02–1.29) and 1.16 (1.02–1.32) in the Lanxi cohort.ConclusionsThese two large cohorts provided reliable evidence that gut microbiota alterations in NWO resemble those found in obesity, yet also display unique aspects. This distinct microbiota profile may contribute to heightened cardiometabolic risks in adults with normal BMI.

Men of African descent have the highest prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates, yet the genetic basis of prostate cancer in African men has been understudied. We used genomic data from 3,963 cases and 3,509 controls from Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and Uganda to infer ancestry-specific genetic architectures and fine-map disease associations. Fifteen independent associations at 8q24.21, 6q22.1 and 11q13.3 reached genome-wide significance, including four new associations. Intriguingly, multiple lead associations are private alleles, a pattern arising from recent mutations and the out-of-Africa bottleneck. These African-specific alleles contribute to haplotypes with odds ratios above 2.4. We found that the genetic architecture of prostate cancer differs across Africa, with effect size differences contributing more to this heterogeneity than allele frequency differences. Population genetic analyses reveal that African prostate cancer associations are largely governed by neutral evolution. Collectively, our findings emphasize the utility of conducting genetic studies that use diverse populations. Genome-wide association analyses of prostate cancer in men from sub-Saharan Africa identify population-specific risk variants and regional differences in effect sizes. Founder effects contribute to continental differences in the genetic architecture of prostate cancer.

A fusion between tubulin polymerization-promoting protein (TPPP), a regulatory cytoskeletal gene, and the chromatin remodeling factor, bromodomain-containing protein 9 (BRD9), TPPP-BRD9 fusion has been found in rare cancer cases, including lung and gallbladder cancers (GBC). In this study, we investigated the histopathological features of 16 GBCs previously shown by RNA sequencing to harbor the TPPP-BRD9 fusion. Findings in the fusion-positive GBCs were compared with 645 GBC cases from the authors' database. Among the 16 TPPP-BRD9 fusion-positive GBC cases, most were females (F:M = 7:1) of Chinese ethnicity (12/16), whereas the remaining cases were from Chile. The histopathological examination showed the following findings: 1) Intracholecystic neoplasm (ICN) in 7/15 (47% vs. 7% 645 reference GBCs, p < 0.001), all with gastro-pancreatobiliary phenotype, often with clear cell change, and in the background of pyloric gland metaplasia and extensive high-grade dysplasia. 2) Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) morphology: 3 cases (27% vs. 4.6% in the reference database, p = 0.001) showed a sheet-like and nested/trabecular growth pattern of monotonous cells with salt-and-pepper chromatin characteristic of NECs. Two were large cell type, one had prominent clear cell features, a rare finding in GBNECs; the other one had relatively bland, well-differentiated morphology, and the remaining case was small cell type. 3) Adenocarcinoma identified in 8 cases had a distinctive pattern characterized by widely separated small, round tubular units with relatively uniform nuclei in a fashion seen in mesonephric adenocarcinomas, including hobnail-like arrangement and apical snouts, reminiscent of tubular carcinomas of the breast in many areas. In some foci, the epithelium was attenuated, and glands were elongated, some with comma shapes, which along with the mucinous/necrotic intraluminal debris created a "syringoid" appearance. 4) Other occasional patterns included the cribriform, glomeruloid patterns, and metaplastic tubular-spindle cell pattern accompanied by hemorrhage. In conclusion, TPPP-BRD9 fusion-positive GBCs often develop through intracholecystic neoplasms (adenoma-carcinoma sequence) of gastro-pancreatobiliary lineage, appear more prone to form NEC morphology and have a propensity to display clear cell change. Invasive adenocarcinomas arising in this setting often seem to display a distinctive appearance that we tentatively propose as the TPPP-BRD9 fusion-positive pattern of GBC.

PURPOSEProstate cancer disproportionately affects men of African descent, yet their representation in tissue-based studies is limited. This multinational, multicenter pilot study aims to establish the groundwork for collaborative research on prostate cancer in sub-Saharan Africa.METHODSThe Men of African Descent and Carcinoma of the Prostate network formed a pathologist working group representing eight institutions in five African countries. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostate tissue specimens were collected from Senegal, Nigeria, and Ghana. Histology slides were produced and digitally scanned. A central genitourinary pathologist (P.L.) and eight African general pathologists reviewed anonymized digital whole-slide images for International Society of Urological Pathology grade groups and other pathologic parameters. Discrepancies were re-evaluated, and consensus grading was assigned. A virtual training seminar on prostate cancer grading was followed by a second assessment on a subcohort of the same tissue set.RESULTSOf 134 tissue blocks, 133 had evaluable tissue; 13 lacked cancer evidence, and four were of insufficient quality. Post-training, interobserver agreement for grade groups improved to 56%, with a median Cohen's quadratic weighted kappa of 0.83 (mean, 0.74), compared with an initial 46% agreement and a quadratic weighted kappa of 0.77. Interobserver agreement between African pathologist groups was 40%, with a quadratic weighted kappa of 0.66 (95% CI, 0.51 to 0.76). African pathologists tended to overgrade (36%) more frequently than undergrade (18%) compared with the reference genitourinary pathologist. Interobserver variability tended to worsen with a decrease in tissue quality.CONCLUSIONTissue-based studies on prostate cancer in men of African descent are essential for a better understanding of this common disease. Standardized tissue handling protocols are crucial to ensure good tissue quality and data. The use of digital slide imaging can enhance collaboration among pathologists in multinational, multicenter studies.

Despite evidence suggesting the importance of psychological resilience for successful aging, little is known about the relationship between diet quality and resilience at different ages. Our study aims to examine the association between diet quality and resilience across the stages of adulthood. Using Stanfords’ WELL for Life (WELL) survey data, we conducted a cross-sectional study of diet quality, resilience, sociodemographic, perceived stress, lifestyle, and mental health factors among 6171 Bay Area adults. Diet quality was measured by the WELL Diet Score, which ranges from 0–120. A higher score indicates a better diet quality. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the WELL Diet Score and overall resilience and within the following age groups: early young (18–24), late young (25–34), middle (35–49), and late adulthood (≥50). To test whether these associations varied by age groups, an age group by resilience interaction term was also examined. In the fully adjusted model, the WELL Diet Score was positively and significantly associated with overall resilience (all ages (β = 1.2 ± sd: 0.2, p < 0.001)) and within each age group (early young (β = 1.1 ± sd: 0.3, p < 0.001); late young (β = 1.2 ± sd: 0.3, p < 0.001); middle (β = 0.9 ± sd: 0.3, p < 0.001); and late adulthood (β = 1.0 ± sd: 0.3, p < 0.001)). Young adults demonstrated the strongest associations between diet quality and resilience. However, there were no significant age-by-resilience interactions. Diet quality may be positively associated with resilience at all stages of adulthood. Further research is needed to determine whether assessing and addressing resilience could inform the development of more effective dietary interventions, particularly in young adults.

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is responsible for many childhood cancers in sub-Saharan Africa, where it is linked to recurrent or chronic infection by Epstein-Barr virus or Plasmodium falciparum . However, whether human leukocyte antigen ( HLA ) polymorphisms, which regulate immune response, are associated with BL has not been well investigated, which limits our understanding of BL etiology. Here we investigate this association among 4,645 children aged 0-15 years, 800 with BL, enrolled in Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, and Malawi. HLA alleles are imputed with accuracy >90% for HLA class I and 85-89% for class II alleles. BL risk is elevated with HLA-DQA1*04:01 (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.32-1.97, P = 3.71 × 10 −6 ), with rs2040406(G) in HLA-DQA1 region (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.26-1.63, P = 4.62 × 10 −8 ), and with amino acid Gln at position 53 versus other variants in HLA-DQA1 (OR = 1.36, P = 2.06 × 10 −6 ). The associations with HLA-DQA1*04:01 (OR = 1.29, P = 0.03) and rs2040406(G) (OR = 1.68, P = 0.019) persist in mutually adjusted models. The higher risk rs2040406(G) variant for BL is associated with decreased HLA-DQB1 expression in eQTLs in EBV transformed lymphocytes. Our results support the role of HLA variation in the etiology of BL and suggest that a promising area of research might be understanding the link between HLA variation and EBV control.

Background: Human studies have linked altered gut microbiota profiles and host obesity. However, gut microbiota alterations in normal weight obesity (NWO) and whether these alterations were associated with cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) remain unclear. We aimed to investigate gut microbiota alterations in NWO and their potential associations with CMD risk in two independent cohorts.Methods: Our NWO-CMD mortality analysis included 168,099 adults with normal BMI from two large open-access databases, while our NWO-gut microbiota study involved 3,620 and 1,847 adults with normal body mass index (BMI) from two independent cohorts: the WELL-China cohort and the Lanxi cohort. NWO was defined as having a normal BMI (18.5 kg/m2-23.9 kg/m2) but an excess percent body fat (≥ 25% in men and ≥ 35% in women). The 16S rRNA gene sequencing method was used to measure the diversity and relative abundance of gut microbiota. The primary outcome was cardiometabolic diseases including hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidemia.Findings: NWO is associated with 26% (95% CI: 7% to 41%) higher risk of CMD mortality. The NWO group exhibited reduced α-diversity and altered gut microbial compositions. Seven genera were consistently observed to be associated with NWO in both two cohorts. Among them, five (Fusobacterium, Ruminococcus gnavus group, Ruminococcus torques group, Christensenellaceae_R7_group, and Coprococcus) have been previously linked to obesity, while the other two (Phascolarctobacterium and Clostridia_UCG-014) were minimally reported. Furthermore, the NWO-related gut microbiome was associated with an elevated risk of CMD, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome.Interpretation: These two independent cohorts provided reliable evidence that NWO has obesity-like yet distinct gut microbiota features, that potentially contribute to heightened cardiometabolic risks in adults with normal BMI.Funding: This work was funded by the Amway (China) Foundation, the Cyrus Tang Foundation, the China Medical Board (CMB), and the Hsun K. Chou Fund of the Zhejiang University Education Foundation. Declaration of Interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.Ethical Approval: The WELL-China cohort study protocol received approval from the Institutional Review Boards of Zhejiang University, China (No. ZGL201507-3) and Stanford University, USA (IRB-35020). The Lanxi Cohort study protocol obtained approval from the Ethics Committee of the School of Public Health, Zhejiang University (No: ZGL2012-12), China. Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants.

Background: The dietary pattern along the downstream of the Yangtze River in Eastern China has garnered widespread attention for its potential health benefits; however, population-based evidence is limited. This study aimed to identify and characterize this dietary pattern, develop a dietary pattern index, and evaluate its associations with adiposity, cardiometabolic diseases, mortality, and gut microbiota. Methods: This study included 8,852 adults aged 18-80 from the WELL-China cohort in Hangzhou, Eastern China, between 2016 to 2019. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. We adopted K-means clustering to identify the Eastern Diet (EastDiet) pattern within the study population and developed a dietary index to quantify adherence to the EastDiet. Adiposity was characterized by total and regional fat measured via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Incident cardiometabolic diseases were documented through October 2022. In addition, we extrapolated the EastDiet index to a nationwide representative cohort of old individuals, including 13,773 participants of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), followed from 2008 to 2018. Linear regression and Cox proportional models were used to assess the associations of the EastDiet index with the study outcomes. Results: In the WELL-China, we identified an EastDiet pattern emphasizing high consumption of plant-based foods and low consumption of refined grains and red meat, aligning with previously reported healthy eating habits in Eastern China. The EastDiet index was constructed based on intake levels of 12 food groups. Higher EastDiet adherence was significantly associated with lower level of overall adiposity (BMI and body fat percentage) and central adiposity (waist-hip ratio and android-gynoid fat ratio), reduced incident cardiometabolic diseases (HRhigh v.s, low = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.43-0.97), and higher gut microbial diversity and abundance of beneficial genera. In the CLHLS, individuals living in the eastern regions had higher EastDiet index scores compared to other regions of China. Higher EastDiet adherence was also associated with decreased mortality. Conclusion: Higher adherence to the EastDiet was associated with more favorable cardiometabolic outcomes, reduced mortality risk, and improved diversity and taxonomy of gut microbiota. These findings support that the EastDiet identified in this study, could be considered an important healthy dietary pattern for Chinese adults. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement This work was funded by the Amway (China) Fund [519600-I 5210H]; the Nutrilite Health Institute Wellness Fund; the China Medical Board (CMB) [15-216]; the Cyrus Tang Foundation; and the Hsun K. Chou Fund of Zhejiang University Education Foundation [419600-11107 ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: the Institutional Review Boards of Zhejiang University; the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University, I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Yes All data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors

Supplementary Figures 1 and 2 from Evaluation of Multiplexed Cytokine and Inflammation Marker Measurements: a Methodologic Study

Supplementary Table 1: Reproducibility of serum and tissue hormone assays used for the main analysis

<p>Circulating sex steroid hormone concentration distributions by case-control status.</p>