The European Board of Ophthalmology (EBO), whose mission is to guarantee high standards of care in ophthalmology, has assessed residency training quality for over 30 years through the EBO Diploma (EBOD) examination, undertaken by residents and certified ophthalmologists from the 27 European Union member states as well as Norway, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Türkiye. Preparation for the EBOD is largely self-directed, conducted alongside demanding clinical duties, and relies mainly on asynchronous learning. This study aimed to analyse trends in the use of learning tools among European residents and ophthalmologists preparing for the EBOD and factors associated with their choice of study resources. A 27-item online survey was distributed to past (2016 to 2024) EBOD candidates. Data collected included demographics, study habits, learning resources, meeting attendance, and financial support. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to analyse associations between use of learning tools and gender, examination year, clinical workload, study time, English proficiency, and country of training. A total of 633 responses (response rate, 10

Zusammenfassung Einführung In der sich stetig entwickelnden Augenheilkunde ist die Phakoemulsifikation eine grundlegende operative Fertigkeit für angehende Augenärzte und die am häufigsten durchgeführte Operation. Eine umfassende Untersuchung europäischer Ausbildungserfahrungen zwischen 2018 und 2022 zeigte erhebliche Unterschiede. Ziel dieser Studie ist, die deutschen Ergebnisse im Kontext der europäischen Daten zu betrachten. Methoden In dieser Studie werden die Umfrageergebnisse von deutschen Teilnehmern an den EBO-Prüfungen (EBO: European Board of Ophthalmology) 2018 – 2022 analysiert und im europäischen Gesamtvergleich eingeordnet. Darüber hinaus erfolgt eine regionale Analyse nach Bundesländern. Ergebnisse 136 von 445 Befragten (30,6%) haben den Fragebogen beantwortet. 67,7% hatten die EBO-Prüfung zwischen 2021 und 2022 abgelegt, wobei die Mehrheit der Studienteilnehmer Frauen waren (59,6%) mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 34 ± 2 Jahren. 89,7% waren Rechtshänder, stammten aus 14 verschiedenen Bundesländer, zu einem Großteil aus Nordrhein-Westfalen, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern und Berlin. Von den Befragten gaben 22,8% an, 10 oder mehr Trainingseinheiten an Tieraugen durchgeführt zu haben. 5,1% gaben an, Trainingseinheiten an synthetischen Augen absolviert zu haben und 16,9% gaben an, mit einem Virtual-Reality-Simulator trainiert zu haben. Eine Anzahl von über 10 Schulungen korrelierte signifikant mit einem höheren Selbstvertrauen bei der Durchführung von Kataraktoperationen (p < 0,001). 83 (61%) der Befragten, haben während ihrer Facharztausbildung in Deutschland keine Schritte der Kataraktoperationen an Patienten durchgeführt. Dies ist weit über dem europäischen Mittelwert. Frauen sind in dieser Gruppe statistisch signifikant überrepräsentiert mit 67,5% (p = 0,019) der Subgruppe. Diskussion Im europäischen Kontext gehört Deutschland zu den Ländern, in denen die Ausbildung in der Kataraktchirurgie nicht im Curriculum mit festen Zahlen verankert ist. Dieses Modell könnte zu den signifikanten Geschlechterunterschieden beigetragen haben. Die simulationsbasierte medizinische Ausbildung könnte dieses Problem adressieren, als zusätzliches Instrument für einen gerechteren Zugang zur chirurgischen Ausbildung. Schlussfolgerung Der innereuropäische Vergleich und Austausch kann dazu beitragen, bessere Leitlinien für die ophthalmologische Facharztausbildung zu formulieren. Dadurch könnte das Ausbildungsniveau sowohl in der konservativen als auch operativen Ophthalmologie in ganz Europa standardisiert und verbessert werden.

This study, part of a series, aims to present and analyze the results of the Polish cohort in a European Board of Ophthalmology (EBO) survey on cataract surgical (CS) training in Europe, highlighting national traits and contributing to the discussion on standardizing ophthalmology training. This study analyses the survey results of Polish participants in the EBO examinations (2018–2022) and compared them with the largest groups of candidates (Germany, France, Swiss and Spain). Out of 144 candidates, 79 (55

Introduction Phacoemulsification is a fundamental surgical skill for ophthalmology residents and the most commonly performed operation in the ever-evolving field of ophthalmology. A comprehensive study conducted between 2018 and 2022 showed wide variation in the experiences of European residents. The aim of this study was to study the data from Germany in the European data context. Methods This study analyses survey results from German participants in European Board of Ophthalmology (EBO) examinations (2018 - 2022) and classifies the results in overall European comparison. We also performed a regional analysis by federal state. Results Of a total of 445 addressees, 136 (30.6%) responded to the questionnaire. Around two-thirds or 67.7% had taken the EBO exam between 2021 and 2022; most of the study participants were women (59.6%) and the average age was 34 +/- 2. By far the most at 89.7% were right-handed and came from fourteen different federal states, mostly from North Rhine-Westphalia, Baden-W & uuml;rttemberg, Bavaria, and Berlin. Under a quarter of respondents at 22.8% stated that they had carried out at least ten training sessions on animal eyes. Very few at 5.1% reported completing training sessions on synthetic eyes compared to 16.9% stating that they had trained on a virtual reality simulator. Having taken more than ten training sessions correlated significantly with higher confidence at performing cataract surgery (p < 0.001). Eighty-three respondents (61%) had not performed any of the steps taken in cataract surgery on patients during specialty training in Germany. This was well above the European average. Women were statistically significantly overrepresented in this subgroup, accounting for 67.5% (p = 0.019) of the subgroup. Discussion In the European context, the German national specialty training curriculum does not require cataract operations in any set numbers. This model may have contributed to the significant gender differences. Simulation-based medical training may address this problem as an additional tool for more equitable access to surgical training. Conclusion Intra-European comparison and exchange may help improve guidelines for ophthalmological specialty training. This might standardise and improve training standards in both conservative and surgical ophthalmology throughout Europe.

PURPOSE:Ophthalmology encompasses comprehensive medical and surgical care for patients with diverse visual system disorders, significantly impacting eye health, vision, and quality of life. European ophthalmologists undergo specialized residency training to acquire necessary competencies, emphasizing theoretical knowledge, clinical and surgical skills, and professional behaviour. The European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS) and the European Board of Ophthalmology (EBO) advocate for competency-based medical education (CBME), standardized training frameworks, and harmonized assessments across Europe. METHODS:In 2023, a survey among European ophthalmologists demonstrated broad consensus on establishing unified training requirements. Subsequently, a Core Working Group developed European Training Requirements (ETRs) for ophthalmology, detailing curricula, subspecialty rotations, and Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) across a structured four-year residency. RESULTS:These ETRs, formally approved by UEMS in October 2024, incorporate simulation-based training, workplace-based assessments (WPBA), and innovative evaluation methods such as electronic portfolios. Certification as a European Specialist in Ophthalmology involves passing rigorous summative assessments, including the European Board of Ophthalmology Diploma (EBOD) examination. Training institutions must offer substantial clinical exposure, robust infrastructure, and comprehensive educational resources. Faculty support, continuous quality assurance, regular audits, and clinical governance frameworks are essential. CONCLUSION:The ETRs also highlight the importance of interprofessional collaboration and encourage subspecialty expansion in emerging areas like ophthalmic oncology and global ophthalmology. Designed as a dynamic, "living document," the ETRs will evolve with scientific and technological advancements, supporting high-quality ophthalmic education and practice while respecting national diversity and sovereignty.

PURPOSE:Analyse the results of a European Board of Ophthalmology (EBO) survey on post-residency training (fellowship) opportunities across Europe, providing insights from ophthalmic educators on the current landscape. METHODS:A cross-sectional study was conducted using an anonymous 31-question online survey distributed to educators in all EBO-affiliated countries. RESULTS:The response rate was 61% with participation of 392 ophthalmic educators. Despite broad participation, Southwestern Europe was overrepresented, while Northern and Central Europe were underrepresented, affecting regional balance. Respondents had a mean age of 51 ± 11 years, with 37.8% as professors and 46.6% as department heads. Most (54.1%) were affiliated with university hospitals. The reported median percentage of residents pursuing post-residency training was 25%, varying between 15% and 100%, with 15.3% of respondents uncertain about their existence, especially in non-university hospitals. Post-residency training durations were predominantly 1 or 2 years. National diplomas were highly valued except in the United Kingdom; language proficiency was required in 84.2% of countries. Respondents reported a median of three positions per department, with 60% filled by local residents. Surgical activity accounted for 65%, with regional variations, whereas 40% of positions involved research. Observerships remained rare (10%). Financial compensation was provided in 67% of cases. A national medical licence was deemed essential, whereas the EBO diploma and letters of recommendation were moderately valued, especially in Northern Europe. Fellowships were highly recommended by 76.2%, while 63% believed that grants would improve access to positions. CONLUSION:This survey represents the largest data set on post-residency training in Europe. Results highlight a lack of cohesion in fellowship opportunities, with many respondents uncertain about national programmes. A national medical licence remains the primary requirement, while language proficiency and financial support are key factors influencing access. Institutional support for medical educators is increasing, yet challenges persist regarding time, resources and funding. Focusing on subspecialty training and research, fellowships are crucial for career progression. Expanding training opportunities through international initiatives could further enhance accessibility and standardisation across Europe.

Introduction This study, part of a series, analyses the Swiss cohort from an EBO survey on cataract surgery training in Europe, focusing on Switzerland's unique program. The survey identifies two models: training all residents in surgery, and a "high-volume surgeon" model where only some learn CS post-residency.Methods This study analyses the survey results of Swiss participants in the EBO examinations (2018-2022) and compared them with the most important cohorts (Germany, France and Spain).Results Out of 251 respondents, 87 (34.7%) answered the questionnaire. Most (70.1%) had taken the EBO exam between 2021-2022, with the majority of study participants being men (55.2%) with a median age of 34 years and came from 12 different cantons. Two third (68.8%) of respondents had not performed any steps of cataract surgery on patients during their residency. Notably, 22.1% stated that they had carried out 10 or more training sessions on virtual reality simulator, 5.8% on synthetic eyes and 21% on animal eyes. A notable discrepancy was observed between participants with 10 or more training sessions and those without specific training in four key areas: self-assessed confidence and ability to perform cataract surgery (p = 0.006), management of challenging cases (p = 0.027), handling complications like posterior capsular tear (p = 0.031) and in performing corneal sutures (p = 0.023).Discussion Switzerland fits into the "high-volume surgeon" model group; extensive simulation-based training there significantly boosts self-confidence in performing CS, an effect less noticeable in countries offering hands-on training during residency.

PURPOSE:To report national practices and recent progress in competency-based medical education (CBME) implementation in ophthalmology across European countries. METHODS:A 30-question online survey was emailed to European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS) ophthalmology section delegates, European Board of Ophthalmology Diploma (EBOD) examiners and presidents of ophthalmology societies affiliated with UEMS/EBO. RESULTS:A total of 230 ophthalmologists with an average age of 54.7 years [30-77] and from 28 countries completed the survey. Half of them had been involved as medical educators for more than 10 years. The majority (74%) exercised their educational role in a University Hospital. Ninety six percent of them dedicated less than 50% of their activity to teaching. A third dedicated more than a half of their activity to patient care. The teaching of skills reported (medical, surgical, research, attitudinal and theoretical knowledge) was significantly better applied than their assessment. While 91% of the respondents found it necessary to harmonize European Training Requirements (ETR) in ophthalmology, competency-based education concepts were rarely implemented in their country (for instance, 8% for CBME; 6% for entrustable professional activities (EPAs) and 3% for ETR). CONCLUSIONS:Despite considerable diversity in European residency programmes, post-graduate medical education leaders in ophthalmology agree on the need to find a platform for equivalence in the content of the basic training requirements that constitute the professional identity of a practicing ophthalmologist.

Bourcier, Tristan MD, PhD; Dhubhghaill, Sorcha Ní MD, PhD; Yaïci, Rémi MD; Sanogo, Massira JD; Lefebvre, François MD; Aclimandos, Wagih MB, BCh, FRCS, FRCOphth, DO, FEBO; Asoklis, Rimvydas MD; Atilla, Huban MD; Creuzot-Garcher, Catherine MD, PhD; Curtin, Denise FRCSI, FEBO; Cvenkel, Barbara MD, PhD; Flanagan, Lisa; Kivelä, Tero T. MD, FEBO; Costa, Rafael Martinez MD, PhD, FEBO; Priglinger, Siegfried MD, PhD; Filipe, Helena Prior MD, MMEd; Stopa, Marcin MD, PhD; Strong, Brendan MA, FLPI; Sturmer, Joerg MD, PhD; Tassignon, Marie José MD, PhD, FEBO; Ivekovic, Renata MD, PhD; Maino, Anna FRCOphth, FEBO, PGCert Author Information

Abstract Background/Objectives: This paper aims to assess ChatGPT’s performance in answering European Board of Ophthalmology Diploma (EBOD) examination papers and to compare these results to pass benchmarks and candidate results. Methods This cross-sectional study used a sample of previous past exam papers from 2012, 2013, 2020–2023 EBOD examinations. This study analysed ChatGPT’s responses to 392 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ), each containing 5 true/false statements (1432 statements in total) and 48 Single Best Answer (SBA) questions. Results ChatGPT’s performance for MCQ questions scored on average 64.39%. ChatGPT’s strongest metric performance for MCQ was precision (68.76%). ChatGPT performed best at answering Pathology questions (Grubbs test p < .05). Optics and refraction had the lowest-scoring MCQ performance across all metrics. ChatGPT’s SBA performance averaged 28.43%, with the highest score and strongest performance in precision (29.36%). Pathology SBA questions were consistently the lowest-scoring topic across most metrics. ChatGPT chose option 1 more than other options (p = 0.19). When answering SBAs, human candidates scored higher than ChatGPT in all metric areas measured. Conclusion ChatGPT performed stronger for true/false questions, scoring a pass mark in most instances. Performance was poorer for SBA questions, especially as ChatGPT was more likely to choose the first answer out of four. Our results suggest that ChatGPT’s ability in information retrieval is better than knowledge integration.

Purpose: To explore the role of intralesional steroid injections (ILSI) and oral steroids in the management of periocular hemangioma of infancy (HOI). Methods: In this retrospective study, treatment options studied were observation, ILSI, and oral steroids. All children received adjunctive amblyopia treatment if required. The main indications for treatment were cosmetic, worsening astigmatism, and visual axis obscuration. Success was defined as complete HOI regression before the age of 5 years (cosmetic group), reduction of astigmatism of at least 1 diopter cylinder (DC) (astigmatism group), or no evidence of amblyopia at the last follow-up (visual axis obscuration group). Results: Twenty-four of 41 children (58.5%) had amblyopia at presentation. Eighteen children formed the observation group, 17 children received ILSI, and 6 children received oral steroids. Successful outcome was achieved in all except 2 patients in the cosmetic group and 6 of 7 in the visual axis obscuration group. Mean astigmatic correction of all cases was 1.65 ± 1.34 DC before treatment and 0.91 ± 1.17 DC after treatment, the change being statistically significant ( P < .001). Conclusion: Observation appears to be a highly effective strategy if coupled with amblyopia therapy, especially for mild cases. Intralesional and oral steroids appear to be equally effective for lesions requiring treatment, but their exact role cannot be clearly determined in the presence of a spontaneously resolving lesion.

PURPOSE:This study aims to address the lack of independent subjective efficacy data on artificial tear substitutes in the treatment of dry eye due to the anecdotal association of 'thicker' products being more effective.METHODS:This is an independent study of the subjective use and efficacy of topical treatments used by members of the British Sjögren's Syndrome Association (BSSA) related to product viscosity. 2000 members of the BSSA were sent a questionnaire regarding their physical condition and the use of artificial tear substitutes. Viscosity analysis was performed on the most popular preparations. Statistical comparison is made between subjective efficacies related to substitute tear viscosity.RESULTS:1088 patients responded giving information regarding their condition together with the subjective use and efficacy data of artificial tear substitutes. Visco-analysis was performed on the most popular preparations; these had more than 50 patients using them. In terms of subjective benefits related to viscosity for 'frequency' and 'duration' the data suggests a general trend toward viscous preparations being instilled less frequently and lasting longer; however this was not shown to be significantly correlated and some interesting comparisons are reported.CONCLUSIONS:The results confirm high levels of ocular lubricant use in the BSSA population. Our data investigates the often-anecdotal evidence that thicker preparations are more effective. However, we did not find this correlation to be statistically significant suggesting further study into factors related to subjective product efficacy. These results lay foundations for the development of future products in the treatment of severe dry eye.

Background: Refractive laser surgery induces substantial changes in corneal structure, causing inaccurate intraocular pressure (IOP) readings. Pascal dynamic contour tonometry (PDCT) and Icare rebound tonometer (RBT) are two novel devices that do not depend on applanation to measure IOP. Purpose of this prospective study was to compare PDCT and rebound tonometry versus Goldmann tonometry (GAT) in a group of patients who underwent photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Methods: Central corneal thickness and IOP were measured in 54 eyes before and after PRK. All IOP measurements were taken by the same examiner, using PDCT, RBT and GAT in a randomised, masked fashion. Results: After excimer laser surgery, PDCT measurements were higher than GAT (p<0.0001) and RBT (p=0.0012). Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that size of contact area was significant (b=-0.504; p<0.0001) while corneal thickness was not (b=0.003; p=0.169). Bland-Altman test showed that there was good agreement between RBT and PDCT (p=0.454), whereas GAT gave lower IOP values than both RBT (p=0.0103) and PDCT (p=0.0031). Conclusion: PDCT and RBT are less dependent on iatrogenic corneal changes than GAT and this might be related to their small contact area. In order to minimise IOP underestimation after excimer laser surgery, the clinician should consider adopting non-applanation tonometers like RBT and PDCT as an alternative to GAT.

Our intention was neither to suggest best practice nor to represent the Royal College of Ophthalmologists, but merely to determine whether the Royal College guidelines were being followed. The survey was initiated by the observation that different units, and in some cases clinicians, appear to follow their own guidelines, in some cases apparently fairly uniformly in all patients despite this leading to “routine” practice that deviates from the national guidelines. Guidelines produced by the Royal College and other organizations are designed to indicate “best practice.” Whether these specific guidelines represent best practice for all patients was beyond the scope of our study. It is, however, important that evidence-based guidelines be followed unless specific patient factors dictate otherwise. If they are not followed, the guidelines risk being irrelevant and therefore fail to achieve their primary aim. If practice “routinely” deviates from national guidelines, we believe those carrying out such practice should be able to justify it. We agree that it would be useful to collect data on medical and ocular risk factors including unstable INR levels, uncontrolled hypertension, and high-risk eyes with ischemic pathology/glaucoma, which, as stated by Kadyan and Edmunds, may lead surgeons to be “apprehensive.” These factors should certainly be addressed in a prospective study. Our survey relied entirely on the ability of the respondents to recall a fair amount of clinical data. A more complicated questionnaire would result in less accurate data and might have significantly reduced the high response rate we achieved. Furthermore, clinical decisions are frequently based on a complex interplay of factors of varying importance and tailored to the needs of individual patients and, possibly, surgeon preferences. Teasing out such individual risk factors in a retrospective questionnaire is inaccurate. We specifically chose not to ask about knowledge of the national guidelines to avoid introducing bias. We wished to observe the current practice of surgeons who had access to the guidelines and assess whether the guidelines influenced clinical practice in the way they were designed to do. Kadyan and Edmunds state a need to address the reason for the apparent poor compliance with national guidelines. We agree that this would be a useful next stage. We speculate that the most likely reasons for not adhering to the guidelines are (1) lack of awareness of the guidelines, (2) disagreement that the guidelines represent best practice generally, and (3) clinical judgment tailored to the needs of each patient and shaped by previous experience and perhaps by specific research data. As an example of the last reason, the questionnaire asked whether previous experience of hemorrhagic complications had led to a change in clinical practice; of the 10 respondents experiencing suprachoroidal hemorrhages, one now stops warfarin preoperatively and 2 operate only below an INR threshold of 2.5. Professional independence and avoiding harm to patients will by necessity mean such personal experience will influence the way clinicians follow even clear guidelines. However, it is important that where complications/risks are rare, we as clinicians accept that our personal experience is quite likely to deviate from the overall “real” risks. We do not recommend anything that deviates from the national guidelines. In our discussion, we mentioned that it may be possible for apprehensive surgeons to collaborate with the patient's physician and aim to modify the INR to the lower end of the therapeutic range desired for that patient. We do not recommend this, but we think this approach falls more in line with the college guidelines than having a blanket target INR above which surgery “cannot” occur. This latter approach not only appears to specifically ignore the guidelines but actually appears to ignore patient-specific risk factors (ie, the reason they are warfarinzed in the first place and, by definition, how high their risk for systemic coagulopathy is likely to be). We did consider including clopidogrel and aspirin as part of the questionnaire but decided that it might result in a lower response rate with less clarity in responses. We agree this is an important aspect of perioperative coagulability that needs further investigation. We hope further work will answer some of the important questions raised by Kadyan and Edmunds.

An 11-item questionnaire was mailed to 891 consultant members of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth) to audit compliance with RCOphth guidelines for perioperative management of anticoagulated patients having cataract surgery. Four hundred ninety-nine questionnaires were analyzed. The results showed that 29.5% of respondents adhered to all aspects of RCOphth guidelines; that is, they checked the international normalized ratio (INR) preoperatively, continued warfarin, operated within the desired therapeutic INR range for the condition that warfarin was being used to treat (as set by the treating physician), and considered sub-Tenon or topical anesthesia in anticoagulated patients.

Objective: To evaluate the anatomic and functional success of phacovitrectomy and intraccular gas tamponade for macular hole surgery with only first night face down posturing.Methods: This was a nonrandomized observational prospective trial over 9 months, with data collection on 28 eyes of 26 consecutive patients who underwent phacovitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peel, and intraocular gas tamponade (C2F6) for stage 2, 3, and 4 macular holes. Data included sex, age, hole latency and Gass stage, preoperative and postoperative visual acuity and ocular coherence tomography, refractive outcome, ocular comorbidity, first postoperative day gas fill, and intraocular pressure. Postoperatively, all patients were postured face down overnight. Thereafter, patients with more than 70% gas fill (beyond the inferior retinal vascular arcade) were asked to stop posturing, although they were advised not to lie flat on their backs at night for 10 days.Results: The sample was divided into patients who did and did not need to posture postoperatively, depending on first day gas fill. Twenty patients did not need posturing and 8 patients needed postoperative posturing for 10 days. The mean macular hole duration was 10.5 months. A total of 87.5% compared to 100% achieved hole closure in the posture and nonposture group, respectively. The mean postoperative visual acuity was 0.5 +/- 0.25 LogMAR. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in age, hole duration, preoperative and postoperative visual acuities, intraocular pressure measured 24 hours postoperatively, or refractive error between the two samples.Conclusion: Phacovitrectomy for macular hole surgery without postoperative face down posture is a reasonable approach, as long as the eye has more than 70% gas fill (beyond the inferior retinal vascular arcade) on the first postoperative day. This study showed no statistically significant difference between patients who postured and those who did not posture. The combination of phacoemulsification, pars phacovitrectomy, internal limiting membrane, and gas tamponade in macular hole surgery reduces the difficulty of posturing in elderly patients. This technique saves the patient from exposure to a second intraocular intervention to remove a cataract which will commonly develop after vitrectomy and gas tamponade alone.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade do laser confocal polarizado (LCP) em detectar alterações na camada de fibras nervosas (CFN) de hipertensos oculares antes do aparecimento de alteração campimétrica. Desenho- Retrospectivo, caso-controle. MÉTODOS: Pacientes hipertensos oculares divididos em dois grupos: a) estáveis e b) conversores (que progrediram com dano perimétrico glaucomatoso). Parâmetros de retardo obtidos por meio do programa NFA/GDx. RESULTADOS: Um total de 108 pacientes estáveis e 13 conversores foram estudados por período médio de seguimento acima de 35 meses nos dois grupos. Diversos parâmetros do LCP mostraram diferenças significativas na espessura da CFN entre os dois grupos no inicio do seguimento (média de 27,4 meses antes do aparecimento de lesão perimétrica). Os parâmetros The Number, Maximum Modulation e Superior Average permaneceram diferentes entre os grupos no início e no final do seguimento. O odds ratio para desenvolvimento de conversão perimétrica, dado um resultado de The Number alterado (>32), foi estimado em 7,9 para esta série. CONCLUSÕES: O LCP foi capaz de detectar alterações significativas na CFN no grupo de hipertensos oculares que desenvolveram posteriormente lesão perimétrica glaucomatosa. Neste estudo, o resultado inicial anormal de The Number foi o principal fator de risco para desenvolvimento de alteração perimétrica futura em pacientes hipertensos oculares.