Modern agricultural production is one of the most technologically advanced sectors and is undergoing intensive transformation, driven by the development of digital technologies, measurement systems, automated data analysis methods, and artificial intelligence [...]

This paper reports an experimental evaluation of electrostatic discharge (ESD) effects on three cable types—coaxial, LAN Cat. 6 UTP, and BNC signal–under IEC 61000-4-2 bench conditions. Discharges were applied in air-discharge mode at voltages up to 25 kV, and disturbances were analyzed using repeated measurements in both time and frequency domains. The results indicate that LAN cables exhibit the highest susceptibility, producing voltages above 30 V and high disturbance energies, while coaxial cables show predictable linear growth with moderate values. The BNC signal cable demonstrated the lowest disturbance levels and the most repeatable FFT spectral characteristics, confirming its superior robustness.

Soil plays significant roles in different phases and in the continuous existence of human life. Its comprehensive knowledge, particularly as related to its physical characteristics, enhances its utilization, conservation, and management. The traditional methods of soil study are characterized with some pitfalls such as much time needed to perform such assessments. There are also issues of invasiveness that affect the soil structures and discrete sampling that may not reflect true spatial attributes in the outcome of such techniques. These problems are largely due to the concealing nature of soil layers that made its thorough evaluation difficult. In this study, an alternative geophysical approach has been adopted. The technique is the ground-penetrating method (GPR) that utilizes electromagnetic pulse energy via its equipment’s sensors, which can allow the investigation of soil properties, even in its concealing state. This study aimed at qualitatively evaluating the soil horizons and the matric potentials using the GPR signal attributes within the unsaturated zone with a view of having insight into the test field’s characterization. Field data measurements were obtained using MALA ProEX GPR equipment with its accessories manufactured by MALA Geosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Evaluation of the processed field data results and computed attributes show soil characteristics variations with depth that was interpreted as the layers. This can be seen from the GPR data presentation as an image representing the subsurface of the zones of propagation of the pulse energy. Spectral analysis of the GPR signals allows for the delineation of two zones of contrasting features, which were tagged as high and low matric potentials. Although the conventional direct measurement of the matric potential was not made at the time of the study to complement and confirm the veracity of the approach, the results indicate the possibility of the approach towards a quick and in situ technique of soil investigations. Such evaluation may be valuable input in precision agriculture where accurate data are sought for implementation.

Eucalyptus belongs to the Myrtaceae family, comprising some 900 species and subspecies. Eucalyptus leaf extracts have been approved for use as food additives, and are now also used in cosmetic preparations. Plants have a wide range of chemical and physical defense mechanisms against external threats. Most essential oils have some degree of antimicrobial activity, which can be attributed to the presence of a number of terpenoid and phenolic compounds. Essential oils have the potential to deal with various cellular and molecular cascades. Strong fields cause significant stretching of bonds in the molecule, and these fields can also cause geometric changes. EEF-induced global geometric changes are ubiquitous in organometallic and coordination complexes. The purpose of the study was to determine the possibility of identifying changes in the biological substance on the basis of photon emission characteristics. In addition, to determine the variation in photon emission of infusions of selected herbs that were subjected to the action of a constant electric field. The impact of the electric field affects the photon emission of biological material in a heterogeneous manner. The greatest decrease in the number of photons was observed with a three-hour stimulation with an electric field of 2.2 kV/cm. The use of different parameters of voltage and stimulation time modifies the structure of photon emission, thus providing an opportunity to identify the degree of interaction.

Essential oils have found widespread use due to their properties observed back in nature. Eucalyptus oil is obtained from the knobby eucalyptus, grown mainly in Australia and Tasmania. The predominant component of the oil is eucalyptol. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which a constant electric field affects the electromagnetic spectrum structure in the visible light range of eucalyptus oil. The experiments carried out showed differences in the electromagnetic spectrum depending on the applied values of the electric voltage parameters and the exposure time of the constant electric field. To generate significant changes in the light transmittance of eucalyptus oil, it should be subjected to electric field exposure with an electric voltage between 4 and 8.5 kV/cm and a time between 0.5 and 1.5 hours.

Plants produce a wide range of bioactive principles and are a rich source of medicines. The demand for plant-based therapies is increasing in both developing and developed countries due to the growing recognition that they are natural, non-narcotic, readily biodegradable, pose minimal environmental risk, have no unwanted side effects and are readily available at affordable prices. The beneficial properties of herbs are due to the presence of phytochemicals. Many studies have shown that various herbal medicines are sources of a variety of molecules, many of which exhibit radical scavenging and antimicrobial properties that can defend the human body against pathogens, as well as cell oxidation reactions. The application of photon emission in food is mainly in food quality control. It can serve as a convenient tool for assessing the quality of various types of food. The purpose of this study was to determine the possibility of identifying changes in biological substance based on photon emission characteristics. In addition, to determine the variation in photon emission of infusions of selected herbs that were subjected to an alternating electromagnetic field. The study was conducted on selected usable varieties of herbs: lemon balm and mint. The highest photon emission from plant infusions was obtained when an electromagnetic field intensity of 40 mT was applied. The use of different intensity parameters and stimulation time modifies the structure of photon emission, thus giving the possibility to identify the degree of interaction.

Essential oils have found wide use due to their properties already observed in nature. Because of the new interest in natural products such as essential oils, despite their widespread use and familiarity as fragrances, it is important to better understand their mode of biological action for new applications in medicine, agriculture and the environment. an important goal of modern chemical physics is to gain external control over the dynamics of elementary chemical processes. Manipulating chemical transformations with external electromagnetic fields is at the heart of modular chemistry, chemical stereodynamics and quantum control of molecular dynamics. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of influence of an alternating elecromagnetic field on the structure of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible light range of selected essential oils. The experiments conducted showed the effect of an alternating electromagnetic field on the electromagnetic spectrum of cedarwood oil. To generate significant changes in the light permeability of the suspension, for both oils, the oils must be subjected to a two-hour exposure to an electromagnetic field of 40 mT.

Wydawnictwo SIGMA-NOT wydaje czasopisma fachowe informujące swoich czytelników o najnowszych osiągnięciach naukowych i nowoczesnych rozwiązaniach technicznych w Polsce i na świecie, popularyzuje problemy techniczne oraz poszerza wiedzę i kulturę techniczną.

. The aim of the research was to parameterise the degree of influence of low-temperature plasma on the structure of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible light range of a selected fluid, which, after being parameterised, will constitute a benchmark marker of the analysed interaction. The scope of the research included the generation of plasma water in a plasma generator, the intensity of which was the differentiating element. The fluid so prepared was subjected to spectral analysis. Subsequently, water of varying interaction degree was used to prepare a medium for microorganisms, the growth of which was monitored by measuring the optical density of the solution. Differences were also observed in the kinetics of microbial growth, which developed in water subjected to cold plasma interaction and in water without this interaction. The measured optical density after a 6-fold exposure and 50-hour incubation was 3.72 McF and was 1.93 McF lower than that of the reference sample (without exposure)

The paper describes possibilities of automatic identification of Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell counts in suspension using a computer program written in Python environment. The software was validated in terms of accuracy of detection of abundance when confronted with traditional counting. The limits of repeatability, reproducibility and expanded uncertainty of measurement were determined for a confidence level of 95%. The software was found to count cells in suspension from images taken under a microscope at 400 times magnification for Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 1000 times for Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an accuracy of 15%.

Diseases caused by parasitic fungi have for many years affected the stability, health and sustainability of forest stands and hindered the production of planting material for restoration. Some of the fungal diseases can cause large numbers of trees to die. Fungi that cause conifer diseases include genera: Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Alternaria and Botrytis. Alternaria alternata is the most widespread species of the genus Alternaria, whose spores are found worldwide. The ability to accurately identify the organism is fundamental to all aspects of fungal diagnostics and epidemiology, whether in plant pathology, medical science, environmental research or biological control. An alternative to basic diagnostic techniques can be photon emission measurement, using the phenomenon of luminescence. The purpose of this study is to identify the fungi that cause disease in common fir and to determine the feasibility of using photon emission as a rapid method of detecting infection of the tree under study. The scope of work included isolation and microbiological identification of fungi causing disease in the common fir tree and measurement of ultra-weak photon emission from fragments of healthy and lesion-affected trees. The fungus Alternaria alternata is responsible for the formation of common fir lesions. The conducted research confirmed the possibility of identifying the presence of fungal infection in coniferous tree organs by means of ultra-weak photon emission.

The incidence of foodborne infections has increased worldwide over the past few years, with Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial pathogens at the epicenter of most reported cases. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of microbial contamination, understood as the abundance of microorganisms per unit of liquid biological substance, on the photon emission rate of the aforementioned substances. Such identification will allow to parametrize the process of microbial multiplication in a given substance by the photon emission rate, which would create a fast and contact-free method of estimating the concerned abundance of microorganisms. It was found that with the increase in the abundance of microorganisms in suspension, the number of photons emitted from it increases and the trend of this increase can be described by a linear function.

This paper discusses the effect of constant electric field on the geometrical parameters of selected microorganisms. In the experiment different time of exposure of suspension of microorganisms to constant electric field was applied and then the cell area and its diameter were determined. It was found that with increasing stimulation time the diameter and area of the cells relatively decreased in the case of Enterococcus faecalis strain ATCC 29212 as well as Candida krusei strain ATCC 14243. It should be noted, however, that in the case of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 cells the area and diameter of the cells after stimulation are higher than in the case of untreated cells, while in the case of Candida krusei ATCC 14243 both the area and diameter of the cells after stimulation are lower than in the cells from the control sample.

For centuries, mankind has been affected by the harmful effects of mold metabolites, resulting in poisoning caused by the consumption of moldy food or feed. The most harmful fungal metabolites include mycotoxins [3]. Molds are microorganisms that belong to the kingdom of fungi. Fungi of the genus Aspergillus can cause some human diseases [1]. In Poland, research was conducted using the phenomenon of ultra-weak photon emission, assessing the quality of food products, during which it was observed that there is a practical possibility of differentiating organic matter in terms of the degree of photon emission [5]. The aim of the study was to determine the size and structure of photon emission of selected biological substances, i.e. exotic fruit during their degradation, generated by Aspergillus mold, the expansion degree of which was determined on the basis of the number of spores identified on the fruit surface under controlled conditions. There was a correlation between the degree of degradation of organic matter, the number of spores and the number of emitted photons. It is possible to identify the degree of degradation of biological cells on the basis of photon analysis, which gives a new measurement method not used in any product quality control system.

Wydawnictwo SIGMA-NOT wydaje czasopisma fachowe informujące swoich czytelników o najnowszych osiągnięciach naukowych i nowoczesnych rozwiązaniach technicznych w Polsce i na świecie, popularyzuje problemy techniczne oraz poszerza wiedzę i kulturę techniczną.

This paper describes the response of rapeseed photon emission to their stimulation by an electric field. The stimulation time and the intensity of the electric field were the experimental factors. In the experiment, the electric field intensity was applied from 1 kV/cm to 3kV/cm in intervals of 0.5 kV/cm and for each of these values the stimulation time was from 5s to 30s in intervals of 5s. In the next stage of the project, field-stimulated seeds were parameterized using the Single Photon Couting (SPC) method. An R4220 photomultiplier was used to record photon radiation. It was found that the highest photon emission was characterised by the stimulation range from 1.8 kV/cm to 2.2 kV/cm, which expanded with increasing time of rapeseed stimulation. However, the amount of radiation increases monotonically depending on the duration of electrical stimulation. At the same time, the effect of changes in the intensity of the electric field is much smaller, which indicates the presence of structural features of the seed material and its selective susceptibility to electromagnetic interactions.

Currently, there is a significant increase in antibiotic resistance and associated multiresistance among microorganisms. An alternative may be the use of essential oils, which possess bactericidal properties. This paper discusses the effect of electromagnetic stimulation of a plant biologically active substance on the degree of their aseptic efficiency with respect to selected strains of Candida krusei ATCC 14243, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Paseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 278596 and Lactobacillus spp. It was found that the application of electromagnetic stimulation of essential oils affects their characteristics of antiseptic effect. Depending on the applied combination of 40 mT and 80 mT magnetic flux density and stimulation time, a progressive or regressive effect of the electromagnetic field was noted. In the case of 40 mT electromagnetic field irrespective of the stimulation time, a significant decrease in the antimicrobial properties of tea tree oil was noted.

Since the supply of basic needs, especially food, is among the strategic priorities of each country and conventional food production methods no longer suffice, food production methods are now transforming into industrial approaches. Industrialization, however, requires higher energy usage. Greater energy demand brings about the issue of energy sustainability. In particular, the depletion of fossil fuels results in serious challenges in food production processes. On the other hand, the utilization of energy carriers is accompanied by environmental contamination. In this regard, evaluating energy consumption and environmental pollution in the production systems can be a proper approach to finding the energy consumption and pollution centers for presenting applicable solutions to decrease pollution. In this study, energy indices of ER, EP, SE, and NEG were assessed to evaluate the energy consumption of lettuce production. The results showed values of 0.4, 17.28 kg/MJ, 0.06 MJ/kg, and 29,922 MG/ha for ER, EP, SE, and NEG, respectively. Among the consumption inputs, diesel fuel and nitrogen fertilizer had the highest consumption rate. Pollutants were also explored by the life cycle assessment method. Accordingly, chemicals and agricultural machinery led to the highest contaminating emissions. To reduce environmental contaminants, lowering the application of chemical pesticides, using biological approaches to combat pests, determining the proper amount of chemical fertilizers, using animal fertilizers, and using the proper agricultural machines should be considered.